Rhynchippus ("Snout Horse") is an extinct genus of notoungulate mammals from the Late Oligocene (Deseadan in the SALMA classification) of South America. The genus was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1897 and the type species is R. equinus, with lectotype MACN A 52–31.[2] Fossils of Rhynchippus have been found in the Agua de la Piedra and Sarmiento Formations of Argentina,[3] the Salla and Petaca Formations of Bolivia, the Tremembé Formation of Brazil,[4] and the Moquegua Formation of Peru.[5][6]
| Rhynchippus | |
|---|---|
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| Palate and upper dentition of R. equinus | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | †Notoungulata |
| Family: | †Notohippidae |
| Genus: | †Rhynchippus Ameghino 1897 |
| Type species | |
| †Rhynchippus equinus Ameghino 1897
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| Species | |
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Description edit
Rhynchippus was about 1 metre (3.3 ft) in length and weighed up to 120 kilograms (260 lb), with a deep body and three clawed toes on each foot.[7] Although its teeth were extremely similar to those of horses or rhinos, Rhynchippus was actually a relative of Toxodon, having developed teeth suitable for grazing through convergent evolution. Unlike its relatives, Rhynchippus had no large tusks; they were the same size and shape as the incisors. Enamel on the molars allowed it to chew tough food.[8] The genus shows similarities with Mendozahippus, Eurygenium and Pascualihippus.[2]
In 2016, a well-preserved specimen of R. equinus was described by Martínez et al. from the Sarmiento Formation in central Patagonia.[2] The extraordinary preservation of the specimen allowed the researchers to appreciate the three connected spaces that constitute a heavily pneumatized middle ear; the epitympanic sinus, the tympanic cavity itself, and the ventral expansion of the tympanic cavity through the notably inflated bullae.[2]
Paleoecology edit
Fossils of Rhynchippus have been found in various fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South America, all restricted to the Deseadan South American land mammal age. Several specimens come from the Sarmiento Formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin in central Patagonia, with other finds from the Petaca Formation of the Subandean Belt in Bolivia, the Salla Formation from the same country, the Moquegua Formation of the Moquegua Basin in southern Peru, the Agua de la Piedra Formation of the Neuquén Basin in Argentina, and the Tremembé Formation of the Taubaté Basin in eastern Brazil.
The Sarmiento and Salla Formations have provided a rich assemblage of many mammals and terror birds, as Physornis. The faunal assemblage of Rhynchippus fossil locations also constitutes several crocodilians, snakes (Madtsoia), helmeted bull frogs, a catfish; Taubateia paraiba, and the caiman Caiman tremembensis. The Tremembé Formation is known for the preservation of several insects.
Gallery edit
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Sketch of Rhynchippus by Frederic Brewster Loomis
Notes and references edit
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ Martínez et al., 2016, p.5
- ^ a b c d Martínez, Gastón; Dozo, María Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N.; Marani, Hernán (2016-05-27). "Cranial Morphology of the Late Oligocene Patagonian Notohippid Rhynchippus equinus Ameghino, 1897 (Mammalia, Notoungulata) with Emphases in Basicranial and Auditory Region". PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0156558. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156558M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156558. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4883762. PMID 27232883.
- ^ Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Seoane, Federico; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2017). "New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62. doi:10.4202/app.00301.2016. hdl:11336/63620. ISSN 0567-7920.
- ^ Rhynchippus at Fossilworks.org
- ^ Shockey, Bruce J.; Salas, Rodolfo; Quispe, Rossana; Flores, Alexander; Sargis, Eric J.; Acosta, Jorge; Pino, Adan; Jarica, Nestor J.; Urbina, Mario (2006-03-30). "Discovery of Deseadan fossils in the upper Moquegua Formation (late Oligocene—?early Miocene) of southern Peru". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 26 (1): 205–208. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[205:DODFIT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85593383.
- ^ Shockey, Bruce J.; Gismondi, Rodolfo Salas; Gans, Phillip; Jeong, Annie; Flynn, John J. (2009). "Paleontology and Geochronology of the Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Moquegua, Perú". American Museum Novitates (3668): 1–24. doi:10.1206/662.1. ISSN 0003-0082.
- ^ Patterson & Pires Costa, 2012, p.83
- ^ Palmer et al., 1999, p.252
Bibliography edit
- Martínez, Gastón; Dozo, María Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N.; Marani, Hernán (2016). "Cranial Morphology of the Late Oligocene Patagonian Notohippid Rhynchippus equinus Ameghino, 1897 (Mammalia, Notoungulata) with Emphases in Basicranial and Auditory Region". PLoS ONE. 11 (5): 1–29. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156558M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156558. PMC 4883762. PMID 27232883.
- Palmer, D.; et al. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 252. ISBN 1-84028-152-9
- Patterson, Bruce D.; Pires Costa, Leonora (2012). Bones, Clones, and Biomes: The History and Geography of Recent Neotropical Mammals. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–432. ISBN 978-0226649191