Deseadan

The Deseadan (Spanish: Deseadense) age is a period of geologic time (29.0–21.0 Ma) within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene to the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification of South America. It follows the Tinguirirican and precedes the Colhuehuapian age.

Etymology

The age is named after the Deseado Formation of the Deseado Massif in eastern Patagonia, Argentina.

Formations

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Locations of Deseadan formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Deseado Formation	Argentina	Deseado Massif
Abanico Formation	Chile	Abanico Basin
Agua de la Piedra Formation	Argentina	Precordillera
Barzalosa Formation	Colombia	Upper Magdalena Valley
Castillo Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin
Chambira Formation	Peru	Ucayali Basin
Chilcatay Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin
Dos Bocas Formation	Ecuador	Progreso Basin
Fray Bentos Formation	Argentina Uruguay	Paraná Basin
Monte León Formation	Argentina	Austral Basin
Moquegua Formation	Peru	Moquegua Basin
Mugrosa Formation	Colombia	Middle Magdalena Valley
Petaca Formation	Bolivia	Subandean Belt
"Puca Group" - Lacayani fauna	Bolivia	Subandean Belt
Río Baguales Formation	Chile	Aysén Basin
Salla Formation	Bolivia	Salla-Luribay Basin
Sarmiento Formation	Argentina	Golfo San Jorge Basin
Tremembé Formation/São Paulo Formation	Brazil	Taubaté Basin

Fossils

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Ancylocoelus frequens, A. minor, Archaeohyrax patagonicus, Archaeutatus malaspinensis, Argyrohyrax proavus, Asmodeus osborni, Australohyaena antiqua, Cephalomys arcidens, C. plexus, Chubutomys simpsoni, Deseadomys arambourgi, Liarthrus copei, Litodontomys chubutensis, Meteutatus aff. lagenaformis, Parastrapotherium holmbergi, Progaleopithecus tournoueri, Protosteiromys asmeodeophilus, P. medianus, Prozaedyus aff. impressus, cf. Sallacyon hoffstetteri, Scotamys antiquus, Stenotatus aff. ornatus, Trachytherus spegazzinianus, Astrapotherium sp., Coresodon sp., Deuterotherium sp., Hegetotherium sp., Homalodontotherium sp., Leontinia sp., Nesodon sp., Octodontotherium sp., Trimerostephanos sp., Palaeothentidae indet.	Deseado
	Archaeohyrax suniensis, Argyrohyrax proavus, Asmodeus petrasnerus, Fieratherium sorex, Gualta cuyana, Hegetotheriopsis sulcatus, Mendozahippus fierensis, Meteutatus aff. lagenaformis, Proborhyaena gigantea, Prohegetotherium malalhuense, P. schiaffinoi, P. cf. sculptum, Propachyrucos cf. smithwoodwardi, ?Prozaedyus aff. impressus, Pyrotherium romeroi, Stenotatus aff. ornatus, Trachytherus cf. spegazzinianus, cf. Archaeotypotherium sp., Pharsophorus sp., Proadinotherium sp., Progaleopithecus sp., cf. Prosotherium sp., Acaremyidae indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Interatheriidae indet., Litopterna indet., ?Megalonychidae indet., Notohippidae indet., Toxodontidae indet.	Agua de la Piedra
	Lophiodolodus chaparralensis, Xenastrapotherium chaparralensis, Proadinotherium sp., Protheosodon sp., Astrapotheriidae indet.	Barzalosa
	Canaanimico amazonensis, Chambiramys shipiborum, C. sylvaticus, Deseadomys cf. arambourgi, Loretomys minutus, Palaeosteiromys amazonensis, Plesiosteiromys newelli, Maquiamys praecursor, Ucayalimys crassidens, Abderites sp., aff. Eosallamys sp., cf. Neoglyptatelus sp., Adelphomyinae indet., Anthropoidea indet., Astrapotheriidae indet., ?Caenolestidae indet., Caviomorpha indet., ?Chinchilloidea indet., Emballonuridae indet., ?Erethizontoidea indet., ?Herpetotheriidae indet., Interatheriinae indet, Litopterna indet., Marsupialia indet., Microbiotheria indet., Mylodontidae indet., Mylodontoidea indet., Notoungulata indet., Octodontoidea indet., ?Palaeothentidae indet., Pampatheriidae indet., ?Rhinolophoidea indet., Tolypeutinae indet., Toxodontidae indet., Typotheria indet., Vespertilionoidea indet.	Chambira
	Chilcacetus cavirhinus, Huaridelphis raimondii, Incacetus broggii, Macrosqualodelphis ukupachai, Notocetus vanbenedeni, cf. Kentriodon sp., Cetotheriidae indet., Eurhinodelphinidae indet., Mysticeti indet., Odontoceti indet., Pinnipedia indet., Physeteroidea indet., Squalodelphinidae indet.	Chilcatay
	Urkudelphis chawpipacha	Dos Bocas
	Dasypodon atavus, Eopachyrucos ranchoverdensis, Fiandraia romeii, Palaeopeltis inornatus, Palmiramys waltheri, Proborhyaena cf. gigantea, Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi, Proterotherium berroi, Pseudohegetotherium palmirense, Scarrittia robusta, Trachytherus spegazzinianus, Urotherium interundatum, Uruguaytherium beaulieui, Argyrohyrax sp., Berthawyleria sp., Cephalomyopsis sp., Doellotatus sp., Eoviscaccia sp., Hegetotherium sp., Protypotherium sp., ?Scelidodon sp., ?Vassallia sp., Archaeohyracidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Euphractini indet., Glyptatelinae indet., Interatheriinae indet., Leontiniidae indet., Machlydotherium indet., Trachytheriinae indet.	Fray Bentos
	Odontoceti indet., Phocidae indet.	Gaiman
	Diaphorocetus poucheti, Notocetus vanbenedeni, Prosqualodon australis, cf. Kentriodon sp.	Monte León
	?Rhynchippus sp.	Petaca
	Eoviscaccia boliviana, Trachytherus spegazzinianus, Cephalomyopsis sp., Glyptatelus sp., Prohegetotherium sp., Borhyaenidae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Orophodontidae indet.	Lacayani fauna
	Anayatherium ekacoa, A. fortis, Andinogale sallensis, Antawallathentes illimani, A. quimsacruza, Archaeohyrax suniensis, Branisamys luribayensis, Branisella boliviana, Brucemacfaddenia boliviensis, Cephalomys bolivianus, ?Coniopternium primitivum, Eurygenium pacegnum, Evolestes hadrommatos, Federicoanaya sallaensis, Incamys bolivianus, Kuntinaru boliviensis, Luribayomys masticator, Migraveramus beatus, Notogale mitis, Palaeothentes boliviensis, Paraborhyaena boliviana, Paroctodontotherium calleorum, Pascualihippus boliviensis, Pharsophorus lacerans, Proargyrolagus bolivianus, Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi, Pseudoglyptodon sallaensis, Pyrotherium macfaddeni, cf. Pyrotherium romeroi, Ronwolffia pacifica, Rhynchippus cf. brasiliensis, Sallacyon hoffstetteri, Salladolodus deuterotherioides, Sallamys pascuali, Sallatherium altiplanense, Thadanius hoffstetteri, Trachytherus alloxus, Tricoelodus boliviensis, cf. Acamana sp., cf. Eocoleophorus sp., Glyptatelus sp., aff. Neoreomys sp., Peltephilus sp., Astrapotheriidae indet., Borhyaeninae indet., Dasypodidae indet., Dasyproctidae indet., Megalonychidae indet., Nesodontinae indet., Polydolopidae indet.	Salla
	Acarechimys leucotheae, Ancylocoelus frequens, Archaeohyrax patagonicus, Archaeophylus patrius, Archaeotypotherium propheticus, Archaeutatus malaspinensis, Argyrohyrax proavus, Asmodeus osborni, Asteromys punctus, Australohyaena antiqua, Bryanpattersonia sulcidens, Cephalomys arcidens, C. ceciae, C. plexus, Changquin woodi, Chubutomys navaensis, C. simpsoni, Clypeotherium magnum, Coresodon scalpridens, Cramauchenia normalis, Deseadomys arambourgi, Deuterotherium distichum, Draconomys verai, Elmerriggsia fieldia, Eomicrobiotherium matutinum, Eopachyrucos pliciformis, ?Eoviscaccia australis, Epiklohnia verticalis, Ethelomys loomisi, Eurygenium latirostris, Eutrachytherus grandis, Galileomys baios, Hegetotheriopsis sulcatus, Henricofilholia lustrata, H. vucetichia, Hondonadia parca, H. cf. pumila, Incamys bolivianus, I. menniorum, Kramadolops maximus, Leontinia gaudryi, Leucokephalos zeffiae, Liarthrus copei, Litodontomys chubutensis, Llitun notuca, Loncolicu tretos, Maddenia lapidaria, Medistylus dorsatus, Meteutatus lagenaformis, Notodiaphorus crassus, Notogale mitis, Palaeopeltis inornatus, Palaeothentes chubutensis, P. lucina, P. praecursor, Parabderites minusculus, Parastrapotherium holmbergi, Parutaetus ?chilensis, Patagonhippus canterensis, P. dukei, Pharsophorus lacerans, P. tenuis, Pilchenia intermedia, Platypittamys brachyodon, Proadiantus excavatus, P. gibbus, Proadinotherium leptognathus, Proborhyaena gigantea, Proeuphractus setiger, Progaleopithecus fissurellatus, P. tournoueri, Prohegetotherium sculptum, Propachyrucos ameghinorum, Prosotherium garzoni, P. triangulidens, ?Protacaremys adilos, Protarchaeohyrax minor, Protheosodon coniferus, Protosteiromys asmodeophilus, P. medianus, Prozaedius impressus, P. planus, Pseudhalmarhiphus guaraniticus, Pyrotherium sorondoi, Rhynchippus equinus, R. pumilus, Rosendolops cf. ebaios, Sadypus tortuosus, Santiagorothia chiliensis, Scarrittia barranquensis, S. canquelensis, Scotamys antiquus, ?Stenotatus aff. ornatus, Trachytherus spegazzinianus, Tricoelodus bicuspidatus, Vallehermosomys mazzonii, ?V. merlinae, Barrancatatus sp., Cephalomyopsis sp., Cochilius sp., Evolestes sp., Octodontotherium sp., Peltephilus sp., Prohegetotherium sp., Trachytherus sp., Caviomorpha indet., ?Chinchilloidea indet., ?Dasyproctidae indet., cf. Eobranisamys indet., Eocardiidae indet., Henricosborniidae indet., Interatheriinae indet., Isotemnidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Palaeothentidae indet., Pichipilidae indet., Propalaehoplophorinae indet., Rodentia indet., Stegotheriini indet., Toxodontia indet.	Sarmiento
	cf. Leontinia gaudryi	São Paulo
	Moqueguahippus glycisma, Rhynchippus cf. pumilus, Sallamys quispea, Trachytherus ramirezi, T. cf. spegazzinianus, cf. Coniopternium sp., cf. Dasypodinae indet., Hegetotheriidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet.	Moquegua
Birds	Cladornis pachypus, Cruschedula revola	Deseado
	cf. Andrewsornis sp.	Agua de la Piedra
	Palaeospheniscus sp.	Chilcatay
	Devincenzia gallinali	Fray Bentos
	Eretiscus tonnii, Palaeospheniscus patagonicus, Palaeospheniscus wimani, Paraptenodytes antarcticus	Gaiman
	Arthrodytes andrewsi, Paraptenodytes brodkorbi, P. robustus, Pseudospheniscus concavus	Monte León
	Spheniscidae indet.	Río Baguales
	Phorusrhacidae indet.	Salla
	Physornis sp.	Sarmiento
	Paraphysornis brasiliensis, Taubatornis campbelli	Tremembé
	Phorusrhacidae indet.	Moquegua
Reptiles & amphibians	Balanerodus logimus, Gavialidae indet.	Barzalosa
	?Balanerodus sp., Podocnemis sp., cf. Purussaurus sp., cf. Sebecus sp., Anura indet., Booidea indet., Caimaninae indet., Colubroidea indet., Gavialoidea indet., Serpentes indet.	Chambira
	Testudines indet.	Chilcatay
	Testudinidae indet.	Fray Bentos
	Eusuchia indet., Sebecosuchia indet.	Mugrosa
	?Chelonoidis sp.	Petaca
	cf. Calyptocephalella sp., Testudines indet.	Salla
	Calyptocephalella canqueli, Neoprocoela edentatus, Eupsophus sp., ?Madtsoia sp., Iguaninae indet., Sebecidae indet.	Sarmiento
	Caiman tremembensis	Tremembé
Fishes	cf. Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp., cf. Phractocephalus sp., Potamotrygon sp., Actinopterygii indet., Cichlidae indet., ?Erythrinidae indet., Loricariidae indet., Pimelodidae indet.	Chambira
	Carcharhinus cf. brachurus, Carcharodon hastalis, Carcharodon subauriculatus, Hemipristis cf. serra, Isurus desori	Chilcatay
	Carcharodon hastalis, Carcharoides catticus, Echinorhinus pozzii, Galeocerdo aduncus, Lamna totuserrata, Megascyliorhinus trelewensis, Heterodontus sp., Labrodon sp., Sphyrna sp., Squatina sp., Molidae indet., Myliobatoidea indet.	Gaiman
	Isurus dolloi, Striatolamia macrota, Abdounia sp.	Río Baguales
	Taubateia paraiba	Tremembé
Insects	?Archaeodrapetiops elongata, A. mezzalirai, A. nefera, A. transversa, Archaeolycorea ferreirai, Eternia papaveroi, Indusia suguioi, Kleopathra nemogypsia, K. noctodiva, Microbasis longinota, Neorinella garciae, Parafitopteryx duarteae, Paratilgidopsis praecursora, Petisca dryellina, Philodarchia cigana, Psephenella ferreirai, ?Tabanus tremembeensis, Taubocicadellina breviptera, Taubarixa macrocelata, Tauborixella santosae, Tauborixiellopsis breviclavata, Taubatehymen minuta, Tremembaetalion minutum, Tremembecarabus rotundus, Tremembella gracilis, Tremembellina microcelata, Trulaxia primula, Curculioninae indet., Hydrophilidae indet.	Tremembé

Correlations

The Deseadan South American land mammal age (SALMA) is equivalent to the Arikareean in the North American land mammal age (NALMA) and the Harrisonian in the 2000 version of the classification. It overlaps with the Hsandagolian of Asia and the MP 25 zone of Europe, the Waitakian and the Landon epoch of New Zealand.

Deseadan correlations in South America

Formation	Agua	Rancahué	Guillermo	Deseado	Sarmiento	Salla	Lacayani	Fray Bentos	Moquegua	Chambira	Barzalosa	Tremembé	Cascadas	Map
Basin	Neuquén		Austral	Deseado	San Jorge	Salla	Subandean	Norte	Moquegua	Ucayali	VSM	Taubaté	Panama	Deseadan (South America)
Country	Argentina					Bolivia		Uruguay	Peru		Colombia	Brazil	Panama
Archaeohyrax
Prohegetotherium
Pyrotherium
Pharsophorus
Trachytherus
Proadinotherium
Proborhyaena
Meteutatus
Andrewsornis
Terror birds
Rodents
Reptiles
Primates
Flora
Insects
Environments	Alluvial		Fluvial	Fluvial		Alluvial	Fluvial-alluvial	Fluvial	Fluvio-lacustrine		Alluvial-fluvial	Lacustrine	Fluvial	Deseadan volcanoclastics Deseadan fauna Deseadan flora
Volcanic	Yes				Yes	Yes	Yes		Yes				Yes

References

Bibliography

General

• Woodburne, M.O.; F.J. Goin; M. Bond; A.A. Carlini; J.N. Gelfo; G.M. López; A. Iglesias, and A.N. Zimicz. 2013. Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 21. 1–73. Accessed 2019-02-15.

Deseado Formation

• Agnolin, Federico. 2006. Posición sistemática de algunas aves fororracoideas (Ralliformes: Cariamae) Argentinas. Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales 8. 27–33. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Forasiepi, Analía M.; M. Judith Babot, and Natalia Zimicz. 2014. Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13(6). 503–525. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Abanico Formation

• Bertrand, Ornella C.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft, and André R. Wyss. 2012. Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile). American Museum Novitates 3750. 1–36. Accessed 2019-02-15.
• Bradham, Jennifer; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft, and Andre R. Wyss. 2015. New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3841. 1–24. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Croft, Darin A.; John J. Flynn, and André R. Wyss. 2008. The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 66. 191–211. Accessed 2019-02-12. Archived 2018-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
• Engelman, Russell K.; John J. Flynn; Philip Gans; André R. Wyss, and Darin A. Croft. 2018. Chlorocyon phantasma, a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile. American Museum Novitates 3918. 1–22. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Godoy, Estanislao. 2012. Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 69. 570–577. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Muñoz, Marcia; Francisco Fuentes; Mario Vergara; Luis Aguirre; Jan Olov Nyström; Gilbert Féraud, and Alain Demant. 2006. Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S). Revista Geológica de Chile 33. 109–140. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Agua de la Piedra Formation

• Cerdeño, Esperanza, and Marcelo Reguero. 2015. The Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) assemblage from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35(2). e907173. Accessed 2015-02-13.
• Cerdeño, Esperanza, and Bárbara Vera. 2014. A new Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Oligocene beds of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13(11). 943–962. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Combina, Ana María, and Francisco Nullo. 2011. Ciclos tectónicos, volcánicos y sedimentarios del Cenozoico del sur de Mendoza-Argentina (35-37° S y 69° 30'W). Andean Geology 38. 198–218. Accessed 2018-09-11.
• Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Federico D. Seoane, and Esperanza Cerdeño. 2017. New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 62. 195–210. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Seoane, Federico, and Esperanza Cerdeño. 2014. First extra-Patagonian record of Asmodeus Ameghino (Notoungulata, Homalodotheriidae) in the Late Oligocene of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana 51(5). 373–384. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Barzalosa Formation

• Acosta, Jorge E.; Rafael Guatame; Juan Carlos Caicedo A., and Jorge Ignacio Cárdenas. 2002. Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa, 1–92. INGEOMINAS.

Castillo Formation

• Johnson, Kenneth G.; Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra, and Órangel A. Aguilera. 2009. The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela). PALAIOS 24. 59–69. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; H. Gregory McDonald, and Mónica Núñez Flores. 2017. Baraguatherium takumara, gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 24(2). 179–191. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; Mouloud Benammi; Patrick Vignaud, and H. Gregory McDonald. 2014. Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis. Andean Geology 41. 507–528. Accessed 2018-09-07.
• Solórzano, Andrés; Ascanio D. Rincón; Giovanne M. Cidade; Mónica Núñez Flores, and Leonardo Sánchez. 2018. Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments _. 1–19. Accessed 2018-09-07.
• Urbani, Franco, and David Mendi. 2010. Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela. Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales LXX. 9–25. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Chambira Formation

• Boivin, Myriam; Laurent Marivaux, and Pierre-Olivier Antoine. 2019. New insight from the Paleogene record of Amazonia into the early diversification of Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): phylogenetic, macroevolutionary, and paleobiogeographic implications. Geodiversitas 41(4). 143–245. Accessed 2019-02-28.
• Boivin, Myriam; Laurent Marivaux; Adriana M. Candela; Maëva J. Orliac; François Pujos; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Julia V. Tejada Lara, and Pierre-Olivier Antoine. 2016. Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia. Papers in Palaeontology 3(1). 69–109. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Marivaux, Laurent; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Myriam Boivin; François Pujos; Anusha Ramdarshan; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Julia Tejada, and Pierre-Olivier Antoine. 2016. Neotropics provide insights into the emergence of New World monkeys: New dental evidence from the late Oligocene of Peruvian Amazonia. Journal of Human Evolution 97. 159–175. Accessed 2019-02-04.

Chilcatay Formation

• Bianucci, Giovanni; Giulia Bosio; Elisa Malinverno; Christian De Muizon; Igor M. Villa; Mario Urbina, and Olivier Lambert. 2018. A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology. Royal Society Open Science 5(4). 172302. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• De la Cruz, Aldo Alván. 2008. Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 11. 51–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Lambert, Olivier; Christian De Muizon; Elisa Malinverno; Claudio Di Celma; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2017. A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16(12). 981–1016. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Lambert, Olivier; Giovanni Bianucci, and Mario Urbina. 2014. Huaridelphis raimondii, a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(5). 987–1004. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Dos Bocas Formation

• Lorenzo, Erica; Wladimir Andrés Roca Beltrán; Manuel Martínez; Antonio Morato; Paulo César Escandón Panchana, and Cristian Paul Álvarez Domínguez. 2018. Correlación geoquímica entre crudos y rocas del sistema petrolero de la península de Santa Elena y el golfo de Guayaquil. Boletín de Geología 40. 31–42. Accessed 2018-10-01.
• Tanaka, Yoshihiro; Juan Abella; Gabriel Aguirre Fernández; María Gregori, and R. Ewan Fordyce. 2017. A new tropical Oligocene dolphin from Montañita/Olón, Santa Elena, Ecuador. PLoS ONE 12(12). e0188380. Accessed 2018-10-01.

Fray Bentos Formation

• Bond, Mariano; Guillermo López; Marcelo A. Reguero; Gustavo J. Scillato Yané, and María G. Vucetich. 1998. Los mamíferos de la Formación Fray Bentos (Edad mamífero Deseadense, Oligoceno Superior) de las provincias de Corrientes y Entre Ríos, Argentina. Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial 5. 41–50. Accessed 2018-09-12.
• Tófalo, Ofelia Rita, and Héctor J.M. Morrás. 2009. Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 674–686. Accessed 2018-09-12.

Gaiman Formation

• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina. 2007. Revisión sistemática de Palaeospheniscus biloculata (Simpson) nov. comb. (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la Formación Gaiman (Mioceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina. Ameghiniana 44. 417–426. Accessed 2018-09-11.
• Viglino, Mariana; Mónica R. Buono; Carolina S. Gutstein; Mario A. Cozzuol, and José I. Cuitiño. 2018. A new dolphin from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina: Insights into the evolution of Platanistoidea in the Southern Hemisphere. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63(2). 261–277. Accessed 2019-02-11.

Lacayani fauna

• Billet, Guillaume; Christian De Muizon, and Bernardino Mamani Quispe. 2008. Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152. 153–200. Accessed 2018-09-11.

Monte León Formation

• Náñez, Carolina; Mirta E. Quattrocchio, and Liliana Ruiz. 2009. Palinología y micropaleontología de las Formaciones San Julián y Monte León (Oligoceno - Mioceno temprano) en el subsuelo de cabo Curioso, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina. Ameghiniana 46. 669–693. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Moquegua Formation

• Alván, Aldo; Katerin Ramírez; Hilmar von Eynatten; István Dunkl; Javier Jacay, and Gabriela Bertone. 2017. Evolución Geológica de las Cuencas de Antearco del Sur de Perú (Moquegua y Camaná-Mollendo): Proveniencia Sedimentaria y Análisis de Facies en Rocas Cenozoicas. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú 112. 53–77. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Shockey, Bruce J.; Guillaume Billet, and Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A new species of Trachytherus (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids. Zootaxa 4111(5). 565–583. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Mugrosa Formation

• Gómez, Luis Alfonso; Alejandro Patiño; Giancarlo Renzoni; Alejandro Beltrán; Claudia Quintero, and Martín Manrique. 2008. Geología de la Plancha 119 Barrancabermeja - 1:100,000, 1–105. INGEOMINAS.

Petaca Formation

• Hernández, R.; T. Jordan; A. Dalenz Farjat; L. Echavarría; B. Idelman, and J. Reynolds. 2002. Edades, distribución, controles tectónicos y eustáticos de las ingresiones marinas paranense y caribeana en el sur de Bolivia y Argentina, 1–27. V Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología. Accessed 2018-09-10.

Río Baguales Formation

• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Jacqueline Puratich; F. Amaro Mourgues; José Luis Oyarzún; Rodrigo A. Otero; Teresa Torres, and Francisco Hervé. 2010. Estuary deposits in the Río Baguales Formation (Chattian-Aquitanean), Magallanes Province, Chile. Andean Geology 37. 329–344. Accessed 2017-10-25.

Salla Formation

• Reguero, Marcelo A., and Esperanza Cerdeño. 2005. New late Oligocene Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla, Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25. 674–684. Accessed 2018-09-11.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Bruce J. Shockey; Federico Anaya, and Andrés Solórzano. 2015. Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22(4). 455–471. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Shockey, Bruce J. 2017. New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 58(2). 371–396. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Sarmiento Formation

• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina, and Claudia Tambussi. 2005. Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina [Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina]. Revista Española de Paleontología 20. 127–132. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Arnal, Michelle; Alejandro G. Kramarz; M. Guiomar Vucetich, and E. Carolina Vieytes. 2014. A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(2). 397–406. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Cheme Arriaga, Lucas; María Teresa Dozo, and Javier N. Gelfo. 2016. A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(6). e1229672. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Dozo, María Teresa; Martín Ciancio; Pablo Bouza, and Gastón Martínez. 2014. Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas. Andean Geology 41. 224–247. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Pérez, María Encarnación; Marcelo Krause, and María Guiomar Vucetich. 2012. A new species of Chubutomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto. Geobios 45(6). 573–580. Accessed 2019-02-15.
• Shockey, Bruce J.; John J. Flynn; Darin A. Croft; Phillip Gans, and André R. Wyss. 2012. New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses. American Museum Novitates 3737. 1–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
• Sterli, Juliana; Marcelo S. De la Fuente, and J. Marcelo Krause. 2015. A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174(3). 519–548. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Vucetich, M.G.; M.T. Dozo; M. Arnal, and M.E. Pérez. 2015. New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology 27(2). 236–257. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Vucetich, María G.; María E. Pérez; Martín R. Ciancio; Alfredo A. Carlini; Richard H. Madden, and Matthew J. Kohn. 2014. A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34(3). 689–698. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Wyss, André R.; John J. Flynn, and Darin A. Croft. 2018. New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3903. 1–42. Accessed 2019-02-11.

Tremembé Formation

• Do Couto Ribeiro, Graziella. 2010. Avaliação morfológica, taxonômica e cronológica dos mamíferos fósseis da Formação Tremembé (Bacia de Taubaté), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, 1–112. Universidade de São Paulo.
• Malabarba, Maria Claudia, and John G. Lundberg. 2007. A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 5. 263–270. Accessed 2018-10-08.
• Olson, Storrs L., and Herculano M.F. Alvarenga. 2002. A new genus of small teratorn from the Middle Tertiary of the Taubate Basin, Brazil (Aves: Teratornithidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 115. 701–705. Accessed 2017-09-04.