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This page is about the social sciences concepts. For biological life stages, see Biological life cycle.

Generation is the act of producing offspring. In kinship terminology, it is a structural term designating the parent-child relationship. It is also known as biogenesis, reproduction, or procreation in the biological sciences. The term is also often used synonymously with cohort in social science; under this formulation the term means "people within a delineated population who experience the same significant events within a given period of time".[1] Generation in this sense of birth cohort, also known as a "social generation", is widely used in popular culture, and has been the basis for societal analysis. Serious analysis of generations began in the nineteenth century, emerging from an increasing awareness of the possibility of permanent social change and the idea of youthful rebellion against the established social order. Some analysts believe that a generation is one of the fundamental social categories in a society, while others view its importance as being overshadowed by other factors such as class, gender, race, education, and so on.

Etymology edit

The word generate comes from the Latin generāre, meaning "to beget".[2] The word generation as a cohort in social science signifies the entire body of individuals born and living at about the same time, most of whom are approximately the same age and have similar ideas, problems, and attitudes (e.g., Beat Generation and Lost Generation).[3]

Familial generation edit

 
Five generations of one family—a child with her mother, grandmother, her great-grandmother and great-great-grandmother.

A familial generation is a group of humans constituting a single step in the line of descent from an ancestor.[4] In developed nations the average familial generation length is in the high 20s and has even reached 30 years in some nations.[5] Factors such as greater industrialisation and demand for cheap female labour, urbanisation, delayed first pregnancy and a greater uncertainty in relationship stability have all contributed to the increase of the generation length from the late 18th century to the present. These changes can be attributed to both societal level factors, such as GDP and state policy, and related individual level variables, particularly a woman's educational attainment.[6] Conversely, generation length has changed little and remains in the low 20s in less developed nations.[5][7]

Social generation edit

 
The U.S. baby boom generation is seen here as the widest bulge (ages 35-44) of the 2000 Census data.

Social generations are cohorts of people who were born in the same date range and share similar cultural experiences. Social generation is defined as the process of identifying as belonging to a particular generation is conditioned through the way in which social change result in the emergence of new experience which, in turn, encourage the new generation to challenge the values of the older generation.[8] The idea of a social generation, in the sense that it is used today, gained currency in the 19th century. Prior to that the concept "generation" had generally referred to family relationships, not broader social groupings. In 1863, French lexicographer Emile Littré had defined a generation as, "all men living more or less at the same time".[9]

However, as the 19th century wore on, several trends promoted a new idea of generations, of a society divided into different categories of people based on age. These trends were all related to the processes of modernisation, industrialisation, or westernisation, which had been changing the face of Europe since the mid-18th century. One was a change in mentality about time and social change. The increasing prevalence of enlightenment ideas encouraged the idea that society and life were changeable, and that civilization could progress. This encouraged the equation of youth with social renewal and change. Political rhetoric in the 19th century often focused on the renewing power of youth influenced by movements such as Young Italy, Young Germany, Sturm und Drang, the German Youth Movement, and other romantic movements. By the end of the 19th century, European intellectuals were disposed toward thinking of the world in generational terms—in terms of youth rebellion and emancipation.[9]

Two important contributing factors to the change in mentality were the change in the economic structure of society. Because of the rapid social and economic change, young men particularly were less beholden to their fathers and family authority than they had been. Greater social and economic mobility allowed them to flout their authority to a much greater extent than had traditionally been possible. Additionally, the skills and wisdom of fathers were often less valuable than they had been due to technological and social change.[9] During this time, the period of time between childhood and adulthood, usually spent at university or in military service, was also increased for many people entering whitecollar jobs. This category of people was very influential in spreading the ideas of youthful renewal.[9]

Another important factor was the breakdown of traditional social and regional identifications. The spread of nationalism and many of the factors that created it (a national press, linguistic homogenisation, public education, suppression of local particularities) encouraged a broader sense of belonging beyond local affiliations. People thought of themselves increasingly as part of a society, and this encouraged identification with groups beyond the local.[9]

Auguste Comte was the first philosopher to make a serious attempt to systematically study generations. In Cours de philosophie positive Comte suggested that social change is determined by generational change and in particular conflict between successive generations.[10] As the members of a given generation age, their "instinct of social conservation" becomes stronger, which inevitably and necessarily brings them into conflict with the "normal attribute of youth"—innovation. Other important theorists of the 19th century were John Stuart Mill and Wilhelm Dilthey.

Sociologist Karl Mannheim was a seminal figure in the study of generations. He elaborated a theory of generations in his 1923 essay The Problem of Generations.[1] He suggested that there had been a division into two primary schools of study of generations until that time. Firstly, positivists such as Comte measured social change in designated life spans. Mannheim argued that this reduced history to "a chronological table". The other school, the "romantic-historical" was represented by Dilthey and Martin Heidegger. This school focused on the individual qualitative experience at the expense of social context. Mannheim emphasised that the rapidity of social change in youth was crucial to the formation of generations, and that not every generation would come to see itself as distinct. In periods of rapid social change a generation would be much more likely to develop a cohesive character. He also believed that a number of distinct sub-generations could exist.[1]

According to Gilleard and Higgs, Mannheim identified three commonalities that a generation shares:[11]

  • Shared temporal location – generational site or birth cohort
  • Shared historical location – generation as actuality or exposure to a common era
  • Shared sociocultural location – generational consciousness or "entelechy"

Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe developed the Strauss-Howe generational theory outlining what they saw as a pattern of generations repeating throughout American history. This theory became quite influential with the public and reignited an interest in the sociology of generations. This interest lead to the creation of an industry of generational consulting, publishing, and marketing.[12]

According to an article by Frank Giancola, cohort generations are "triumphant in popular culture but the cohort generation has been confined by experts to the shadow world of unproven hypothesis". He and others argued that the concept of a social generation may be overused and that the differences between generations have been overstated in many cases.[13]

Generational theory edit

The concept of a generation has a long history and can be found in ancient literature.[14] However, there are also psychological and sociological dimensions in the sense of belonging and identity that can define a generation.

The concept of a generation is also used to locate particular birth cohorts in specific historical and cultural circumstances, such as the "Baby Boomers".[14]

While all generations have similarities, there are differences among them as well. A 2010 Pew Research Center report called "Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change" noted the challenge of studying generations: "Generational analysis has a long and distinguished place in social science, and we cast our lot with those scholars who believe it is not only possible, but often highly illuminating, to search for the unique and distinctive characteristics of any given age group of Americans. But we also know this is not an exact science. We are mindful that there are as many differences in attitudes, values, behaviors, and lifestyles within a generation as there are between generations. But we believe this reality does not diminish the value of generational analysis; it merely adds to its richness and complexity."[15]

It is not where the birth cohort boundaries are drawn that is important, but how individuals and societies interpret the boundaries and how divisions may shape processes and outcomes. However, the practice of categorizing age cohorts is useful to researchers for the purpose of constructing boundaries in their work.[16]

Generational tension edit

Norman Ryder sheds light on the sociology of the discord between generations by suggesting that society "persists despite the mortality of its individual members, through processes of demographic metabolism and particularly the annual infusion of birth cohorts". He argues that generations may sometimes be a "threat to stability" but at the same time they represent "the opportunity for societal transformation".[17] Ryder attempts to understand the dynamics at play between generations.

Amanda Grenier offers yet another source of explanation for why generational tensions exist. Grenier asserts that generations develop their own linguistic models that contribute to misunderstanding between age cohorts, "Different ways of speaking exercised by older and younger people exist, and may be partially explained by social historical reference points, culturally determined experiences, and individual interpretations".[18]

Karl Mannheim believed that people are shaped through lived experiences as a result of social change. Howe and Strauss also have written on the similarities of people within a generation being attributed to social change. Based on the way these lived experiences shape a generation in regard to values, the result is that the new generation will challenge the older generation's values, resulting in tension. This challenge between generations and the tension that arises is a defining point for understanding generations and what separates them.[19]

List of generations edit

Western world edit

For the purposes of this list "Western world" can be taken to mean North America, Europe, South America, and Oceania. However, it should also be noted that many variations may exist within the regions, both geographically and culturally which mean that the list is broadly indicative, but necessarily very general. For details see the individual articles.

 
This photograph depicts four generations of one family: an infant, her mother, her maternal grandmother, and one of her maternal great-grandmothers.
  • The Lost Generation, also known as the Generation of 1914 in Europe,[20] is a term originating with Gertrude Stein to describe those who fought in World War I. The members of the lost generation were typically born between 1883 and 1900.
  • The Baby Boomers are the generation that was born following World War II, generally from 1943 up to the early 1960s, a time that was marked by an increase in birth rates. The term "baby boomer" is sometimes used in a cultural context. Therefore, it is impossible to achieve broad consensus on a defined start and end date.[23] The baby boom has been described variously as a "shockwave"[24] and as "the pig in the python".[25] In general, baby boomers are associated with a rejection or redefinition of traditional values; however, many commentators have disputed the extent of that rejection, noting the widespread continuity of values with older and younger generations. In Europe and North America boomers are widely associated with privilege, as many grew up in a time of affluence.[24] One of the features of Boomers was that they tended to think of themselves as a special generation, very different from those that had come before them. In the 1960s, as the relatively large numbers of young people became teenagers and young adults, they, and those around them, created a very specific rhetoric around their cohort, and the change they were bringing about.[26]
  • Generation Z is one name used for the cohort of people born after the Millennial Generation. There is no agreement on the exact dates of the generation with some sources starting it at the mid or late 1990s[33] or from the mid-2000s [37] to the present day. This is the generation that is currently being born.

Arab world edit

 
A map of the Arab World with flags

The Arab world compromises 20 countries and territories as designated by the Arab league. Youth between the ages of 15 and 29 years old, create over 32% of the population in the Arab region. The youth represent over 100 million of the current population.[38] Since youth have such a large portion of the population they have the ability to create social change or movements by uniting and mobilizing. Arab spring is an an example of how youth uniting can have a great influence on policy. By mobilizing and accessing the technology of today, they are able to voice their opinions and views in mass numbers across all media platforms. With the sheer numbers of youth getting involved online, young people are able to draw world wide attention and help to organize the agendas that they value.

Politics edit

One example of youth creating a change in society is found in Lebanon's parliamentary elections in 2009. After the assassination of Rafic Hariri, a prime minister of Lebanon who helped build the wealth of the country, around 1 million Lebanese took to the streets of Beirut. Their protests efforts to pass voting for their next government leader were successful.[39] Youth played a significant role in the elections of 2009. Even youth who could not vote, due to being under 21, helped fuel activism by using social media to call out youth who they knew had not voted yet. [40] The Lebanese youth created a higher level of importance to politics than any other previous generation. This reshapes the way the people in Lebanon view politics, and ways in which they can create the change they want in the government.

Youth in Tunisia are facing a different problem after their success in Arab spring revolution. The country is approaching its 2014 elections and are seeing more youth involved in a different political group other than the government. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria,

The technology expansions of information and communications technology(ICT) have shaped the way in which youth today are able to communicate. Specifically in Morocco, Facebook completely changed the way social interactions occur between youth. 79% of all Moroccans on Facebook consist of youth between the ages of 15 and 29. [41] The ability of young people to use social media and be proficient creates a generational gap between youth and adults. The Moroccan youth are able to use Facebook as a private way in communicating with minimal adult interaction. With the Arab spring happening around Morocco and surrounding communities, youth were able to set up their own social movement through Facebook. Between January and February of 2011, 590,360 new users of Facebook emerged in Morocco alone. [42] Youth's deep understanding of advancements in social media and technology have created and environment where they are able to organize protests. One way that they were successful was known as the 2011–12 Moroccan protests.

Education edit

With such major growth in Arab youth population, two things begin to lack; education as well as job opportunity. Due to large enrollment numbers in education each individuals access begins to decrease. A world bank report in 2008,"estimated that the secondary school population in the region will grow by one-third during the next 30 years, and that tertiary education cohorts will more than double". [43] On top of an increase in youth and no change to the education system with greater demand, millions of kids are still unable to attend primary and secondary schooling. 13 million kids between the ages 6 and 15 are currently out of school or never have attended.[44]. Youth fall under this category for many reasons, some including; cant afford schooling, are already employed, disabled, or live within an area where schooling is impossible due to conflicts. [45]

Employment edit

Education has a large effect on the ability to achieve stable employment. In the case of Arab youth, job opportunities begin to greatly decrease over time. Arab youth as a whole, have one of the greatest unemployment rates out of the entire world. A report done by The Arab Human Development found an unemployment of Arab youth at 30%, nearly doubling the worlds unemployment at 14%. [46] It is estimated by the year 2020 there would need to be 51 million jobs created in order to absorb the new workers in the labor market.[47] With an increase in youth population, as well as lack of education the job market is inflated. With little optimism for future education and employment many Arab youth consider leaving their countries to seek opportunities. One survey done on young people in the Arab league found that 30% wanted to permanently leave their country due to the dissatisfaction with their own nation. [48]



Other areas edit

  • In China, the Post-80s (Chinese: 八零后世代 or 八零后) (born-after-1980 generation) are those who were born between the year 1980 to 1989 in urban areas of Mainland China. Growing up in modern China, the Post-80s has been characterized by its optimism for the future, newfound excitement for consumerism and entrepreneurship and acceptance of its historic role in transforming modern China into an economic superpower. There is also the similarly named Post-90s (Chinese: 九零后), referring to modern teenagers and college students. [citation needed]
  • (Quoted From "Post-80's in Hong Kong" section in Post-80s) Post-80s in Hong Kong and the after-eighty generation in mainland China are for the most part different.[49] The term Post-80s (八十後) came into use in Hong Kong between 2009 and 2010, particularly during the course of the opposition to the Guangzhou-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, during which a group of young activists came to the forefront of Hong Kong's political scene.[50] They are said to be "post-materialist" in outlook, and they are particularly vocal in issues such as urban development, culture and heritage, and political reform. Their campaigns include the fight for the preservation of Lee Tung Street, the Star Ferry Pier and the Queen's Pier, Choi Yuen Tsuen Village, real political reform (on June 23), and a citizen-oriented Kowloon West Art district. Their discourse mainly develops around themes such as anti-colonialism, sustainable development, and democracy.
  • In South Korea, generational cohorts are often defined around the democratization of the country, with various schemes suggested including names such as the "democratization generation", 386 generation[51][52] (also called the "June 3, 1987 generation"), that witnessed the June uprising, the "April 19 generation" (that struggled against the Syngman Rhee regime in 1960), the "June 3 generation" (that struggled against the normalization treaty with Japan in 1964), the "1969 generation" (that struggled against the constitutional revision allowing three presidential terms), and the shinsedae ("new") generation.[52][53][54]
  • In India, generations tend to follow a pattern similar to the broad western model, although there are still major differences, especially in the older generations.[55] One interpretation sees India's independence in 1947 as India's major generational shift. People born in the 1930s and 1940s tended to be loyal to the new state and tended to adhere to "traditional" divisions of society. Indian "boomers", those born after independence and into the early 1960s, tended to link success to leaving India and were more suspicious of traditional societal institutions. Events like the Indian Emergency between 1975 and 1977 made them more sceptical of government. Gen Xers experienced India's economic ascendance and are more comfortable with diverse perspectives. Generation Y continues this pattern.[citation needed]
  • In Armenia, people born after the country's independence from the Soviet Union (1991) are known as the "Independence generation"[56] (Armenian: անկախության սերունդ).[57]

Other generations edit

The term generation is sometimes applied to a cultural movement, or more narrowly defined group than an entire demographic. Some examples include:

  • The Beat Generation, a popular American cultural movement that most social scholars say laid the foundation of the pro-active American counterculture of the 1960s. It consisted of Americans born between the two world wars who came of age in the rise of the automobile era, and the surrounding accessibility they brought to the culturally diverse, yet geographically broad and separated nation.[citation needed]
  • In Europe, a variety of terms have emerged in different countries particularly hard hit following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects.[61] The Generation of €700 is a term popularized by the Greek mass media and refers to educated Greek twixters of urban centers who generally fail to establish a career. Young adults are usually forced into underemployment in temporary and occasional jobs, unrelated to their educational background, and receive the minimum allowable base salary of €700. This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the Greek debt crisis and participated in the 2010–2011 Greek protests.[62] In Spain they are referred to as the mileurista (for €1,000),[63] in France “The Precarious Generation”, and in Italy also the generation of 1,000 euros.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Pilcher, Jane (September 1994). "Mannheim's Sociology of Generations: An undervalued legacy" (PDF). British Journal of Sociology. 45 (3): 481–495. doi:10.2307/591659. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  2. ^ "Generate | Define Generate at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. 1995-06-15. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  3. ^ "Dictionary.com definition of the word "generation"".
  4. ^ "Generation". Miriam-Webster.
  5. ^ a b Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Social Policy Division [1] SF2.3: Mean age of mothers at first childbirth, accessed April 15, 2011.
  6. ^ Bedasso, Biniam Egu. [2] Investing in education as a means and as an end: exploring the microfoundations of the MDGs. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Research Report, March 2008, accessed April 15, 2011.
  7. ^ Mathews TJ, Hamilton BE. [3] Delayed childbearing: More women are having their first child later in life. NCHS data brief, no 21. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2009, accessed April 14, 2011.
  8. ^ Mannheim, k (1952). Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge. London: RKP. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e Wohl, Robert (1979). The generation of 1914. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 203–209. ISBN 978-0-674-34466-2.
  10. ^ "Hans Jaeger. Generations in History: Reflections on a Controversy. Translation of "Generationen in der Geschichte: Überlegungen zu einer umstrittenen Konzeption," originally published in Geschichte und Gesellschaft 3 (1977), 429-452. p 275" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  11. ^ "The third age: Class, cohort or generation?". Ageing and Society. 22 (3): 369–382. 2002. doi:10.1017/s0144686x0200870x. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  12. ^ Eric Hoover (11 October 2009). "The Millennial Muddle". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  13. ^ Giancola, 2006. "Research and expert opinion do not fully support the generational premise. For example, two Duke University sociologists have found that the three assumptions behind the premise are not always supported by a body of research (Hughes & O'Rand, 2005)...According to an independent review of the literature, there were no major published academic articles on the generation gap in the United States in the 1990s (Smith, 2000), and a search by this author of academic journals in the past five years did not locate articles supporting generational concepts."
  14. ^ a b Biggs, Simon (2007). "Thinking about generations: Conceptual positions and policy implications". Journal of Social Issues. 63 (4): 695–711. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00531.x.
  15. ^ "The Millennials. Confident, Connected. Open to Change". 24 February 2010. p. 5. {{cite web}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  16. ^ Grenier, Amanda (2007). "Crossing age and generational boundaries: Exploring intergenerational research encounters". Journal of Social Issues. 63 (4): 713–727. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00532.x.
  17. ^ Ryder, Norman (1965). "The cohort as a concept in the study of social change". American Sociological Review. 30 (6): 843–861. doi:10.2307/2090964.
  18. ^ Grenier, Amanda (2007). "Crossing age and generational boundaries: Exploring intergenerational research encounters". Journal of Social Issues. 63 (4): 718. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00532.x.
  19. ^ Mannheim, Karl. (1952) 'The problem of generations', in K. Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge, London: RKP
  20. ^ Wohl, Robert (1979). The generation of 1914. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-34466-2.
  21. ^ Hunt, Tristram (2004-06-06). "One last time they gather, the Greatest Generation". The Observer. London. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
  22. ^ Strauss, William; Neil Howe (1991). Generations: The History of Americas Future, 1584 to 2069. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. p. 279. ISBN 0-688-11912-3.
  23. ^ U.S. Census Bureau
  24. ^ a b Owram, Doug (1997). Born at the Right Time. Toronto: Univ Of Toronto Press. p. x. ISBN 0-8020-8086-3. Cite error: The named reference "Owram1997" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  25. ^ Jones, Landon (1980). Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan.
  26. ^ Owram, Doug (1997). Born at the Right Time. Toronto: Univ Of Toronto Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-8020-8086-3.
  27. ^ William Strauss and Neil Howe (1991). Generations. New York, NY: Harper Perennial. p. 318. ISBN 0-688-11912-3.
  28. ^ Shin, Annys. "Non-Toxic Tots". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  29. ^ Rosenburg, Matt (2009-03-01). "Names of Generations (per the Population Reference Bureau)". About.com. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  30. ^ Strauss, William & Howe, Neil. Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069. Perennial, 1992 (Reprint). ISBN 0-688-11912-3 p. 324
  31. ^ Carlson, Elwood (2008-06-30). The Lucky Few: Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-8540-6.
  32. ^ Ulrich, John (2003-11-05). "Introduction: A (Sub)cultural Genealogy". In Andrea L. Harris (ed.). GenXegesis: essays on alternative youth. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-87972-862-5.
  33. ^ a b Horovitz, Bruce (May 4, 2012). "After Gen X, Millennials, what should next generation be?". USA Today. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  34. ^ "Is Your Firm Ready for the Millennials? - Knowledge@Emory". Knowledge.emory.edu. 2006-03-08. Retrieved 2010-08-24. born between 1982 and 2002
  35. ^ Millennial generation the next big thing
  36. ^ Armour, Stephanie (2005-11-08). "The new workplace mix". USA Today.
  37. ^ Jeanine Poggi (Feb 26, 2013). "Nickelodeon Targets 'Post-Millennials' in Upfront". Advertising Age. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  38. ^ Lancaster, Pat (July 2009). "Youth: the great 21st-century challenge". Middle East (402): 12–16.
  39. ^ Lancaster, Pat (July 2009). "Youth: the great 21st-century challenge". Middle East (402): 12–16.
  40. ^ Lancaster, Pat (July 2009). "Youth: the great 21st-century challenge". Middle East (402): 12–16.
  41. ^ Desrues, Thierry (March 2012). "Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism". Mediterranean Politics. 17 (1): 23–40.
  42. ^ Desrues, Thierry (March 2012). "Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism". Mediterranean Politics. 17 (1): 23–40.
  43. ^ Desrues, Thierry (March 2012). "Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism". Mediterranean Politics. 17 (1): 23–40.
  44. ^ Desrues, Thierry (March 2012). "Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism". Mediterranean Politics. 17 (1): 23–40.
  45. ^ Desrues, Thierry (March 2012). "Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism". Mediterranean Politics. 17 (1): 23–40.
  46. ^ Desrues, Thierry (March 2012). "Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism". Mediterranean Politics. 17 (1): 23–40.
  47. ^ Desrues, Thierry (March 2012). "Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism". Mediterranean Politics. 17 (1): 23–40.
  48. ^ Desrues, Thierry (March 2012). "Moroccan Youth and the Forming of a New Generation: Social Change, Collective Action and Political Activism". Mediterranean Politics. 17 (1): 23–40.
  49. ^ Post 80s rebels with a cause, The Standard, Coleen Lee, 15 Jan 2010, Accessed 20 Jun 2010
  50. ^ Kwong wing-yuen (ed.), Zhan zai dan de yi bian, Xianggang bashihou, Hong Kong, UP Publications Limited, 2010, pp. 16-32.
  51. ^ "Fiasco of 386 Generation". Koreatimes.co.kr. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  52. ^ a b "Shinsedae: Conservative Attitudes of a 'New Generation' in South Korea and the Impact on the Korean Presidential Election". Eastwestcenter.org. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  53. ^ (in Korean) http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/NEWKHSITE/data/html_dir/2009/08/26/200908260078.asp
  54. ^ [4][dead link]
  55. ^ "Generational Differences Between India and the U.S". Blogs.harvardbusiness.org. 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
  56. ^ The Independence Generation
  57. ^ Անկախության սերունդ. գնահատում է հոգեբանը Report.am
  58. ^ Jensen, J.B. (2007). Future consumer tendencies and shopping behaviour: The development up until 2015-17. Research paper No. 1. Denmark: Marianne Levinsen & Jesper Bo Jensen. pp. 13–17.Seigle, Greg (April 6, 2000). "Some Call It 'Jones'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  59. ^ "Press Release: Generation Jones is driving NZ Voter Volatility". Scoop Independent News (NZ). 13 September 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
  60. ^ Wastell, David (15 Oct 2000). "Generation Jones comes of age in time for election". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2009-06-12.
  61. ^ Itano, Nicole (14 May 2009). "In Greece, education isn't the answer". Global Post. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  62. ^ Γενιά των 600 € και "αγανακτισμένοι" της Μαδρίτης - βίοι παράλληλοι; | Πολιτική | DW.DE | 30.05.2011
  63. ^ Pérez-Lanzac, Carmen (12 March 2012). "1,000 euros a month? Dream on…". El Pais. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  64. ^ http://www.garagerasmus.org/the-erasmus-generation.html
  65. ^ http://www.eng.notre-europe.eu/011-17169-Generation-Erasmus-Comment-l-Europe-fait-bouger-l-Europe.html

External links edit

Category:Demographics Category:Cultural generations

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