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SuperTah

Joined 8 October 2014

Hello! I am currently living in Australia. I typically edit articles relating to paleontology, history, nature and Abya Yala. I also like making distribution maps.

Feel free to post a message on my talk page, or send me a message via WP:Discord :)

PT

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Ice free corridor, full article on pre-Clovis settlement, Mexican Transition Zone, Leptobison/Bison hanaizumiensis, List of extinct Pleistocene megafauna split from QEE, Miocene aridification of Australia, "Vanishing Indian" paradigm, Arroyo del Vizcaíno site, ?execution by dog?

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Pleistocene Ecology

Younger Dryas vs Bølling–Allerød extinctions

Modern Ecology

Beringia

Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

Panthera atrox

Other Felids

Glyptotherium

Other Xenathra

Notoungulata

Proboscidea

Humans

Rodentia

Agriotheriinae

 
 
 
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Tremarctinae

Diverse

Source banks edit

Talk:Arctodus, Talk:Beringia, Talk:Megalonyx, Talk:Palaeolama, Talk:Natural Trap Cave, Talk:Arctotherium, Talk:Quaternary Extinction Event, Talk:American cheetah, Talk:Euceratherium, Talk:Glyptotherium, Talk:Hydrochoerus, Talk:Tremarctos floridanus, Talk:Plionarctos, Talk:Homotherium, Talk:Nothrotheriops, Talk:Cuvieronius, Talk:Equus conversidens, Talk:Protarctos, Talk:Hartley Mammoth Site

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Arctodus appendix edit

A lot of great stuff has (perhaps rightly) been cut from Arctodus. This is a small refugium for that information.

Regional Paleoecology edit

Arctodus pristinus edit

Eastern North America edit

More fossils of Arctodus pristinus are known from Florida (about 150) than anywhere else.[1] In the Early Pleistocene of Blancan Florida, the Santa Fe River 1 site (~2.2 Ma), which Arctodus pristinus inhabited, was a fairly open grassland environment, dominated by longleaf pine flatwoods. Karst sinks and springs were present, very much like modern Florida. Arctodus pristinus would have co-existed with megafauna such as terror birds (Titanis), sabertooth cats (Xenosmilus), giant sloth (Eremotherium, Paramylodon, Megalonyx), giant armadillos (Holmesina, Glyptotherium, Pachyarmatherium), gomphotheres (Rhynchotherium (?Cuvieronius?)), hyenas (Chasmoporthetes), canids (Borophagus, Canis lepophagus), peccary (Platygonus), llama (Hemiauchenia), antilocaprids (Capromeryx), and three-toed horse (Nannippus). Smaller fauna included condors, rails and ducks among other small birds, rodents such as porcupines, lizards, snakes, alligators, turtles, and arthropods.[2][3] The evolution of Arctodus simus, competition with Tremarctos floridanus and black bears (both of which only appear in Florida in the Late Pleistocene),[1] and possibly the transitioning of Pleistocene Florida from a hot, wet, densely forested habitat to a still hot, but drier and much more open biome are thought to be factors behind the gradual disappearance of Arctodus pristinus in the Middle Pleistocene (300,000 BP).[4][5]

Arctodus simus edit

Mexico edit

Tremarctine bears were dominant in Mexico during the Late Pleistocene, with Arctodus simus and Tremarctos floridanus being plentiful.[5] Arctodus simus was limited to the Mexican plateau, which was generally occupied by tropical thorn scrub and scrub woodland.[6][7] An Arctodus simus individual from Cedral, San Luis Potosí, inhabited closed vegetation, based on the individual's δ13C signature. Consuming C3 resources, its diet may have incorporated contemporaneous C3 specialists such as tapir, llamas, camels, and Shasta ground sloth, likely along with browsed vegetation. Fauna which visited closed areas at Cedral include Paramylodon, peccaries, some horses, mastodon, and occasionally Glyptotherium, Megalonyx, bison, dire wolves, American lions and Colombian mammoths. The site, incorporating trees, herbs and cacti, hosted an open gallery forest near to grassland or scrub with a humid climate. This forest-savanna mosaic, supporting a diverse mammalian herbivore and carnivore fauna, was part of the wider mesic savanna and piñon–juniper woodland ecoregion which Arctodus inhabited in the Late Pleistocene central Mexico and southwestern USA.[8][9][10]

At La Cinta-Portalitos (Michoacán/Guanajuato) in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, prime habitat for Arctodus simus was the closed temperate forests of the Madrean pine–oak woodlands, dominated by pines, oaks, hornbeams, and ferns (Polypodium & Pecluma). Associated fauna primarily found in this habitat include Sigmodon, Aztlanolagus, ocelots, gray fox, Hemiauchenia, pronghorns (Capromeryx, Stockoceros, Tetrameryx), cottontail rabbits, bobcats, ground sloths (Nothrotheriops, Megalonyx), Smilodon fatalis and Panthera atrox. Today, these high-humidity forests are found between 2500-2800m altitude- however, in the Late Pleistocene, they were found at less than 2000m altitude. Tremarctos floridanus at this locality, on the other hand, inhabited gallery forests and their wetlands, along with white-tailed deer, capybaras, Pampatherium, horses, and Cuvieronius.[6] Similar highland Arctodus simus remains have been recovered from Zacoalco, Valsequillo, and Tequixquiac.[11][12]

Western USA edit
 
Arctodus simus inhabited Californian savannas for over a million years.

With over 50% (22/38) of specimens found in the contiguous United States from the terminal Pleistocene (<40,000 BP), the Western USA was highly productive habitat for Arctodus simus.[5] In particular, the Pacific Mountain System seems to represent a cradle of evolution for Arctodus simus. The earliest finds of Arctodus simus are from California, from early and middle Irvingtonian age sites such as Vallecito Creek, Irvington, Riverside, and Fairmead.[13][14][15][16]

Evidence from Inland California suggests that despite the shift to aridified environments from the Early to Late Pleistocene of California (1.1Ma to ~15,000 BP), Arctodus simus remained consistent with the consumption of C3 resources. This period saw the evolution from wetter mixed woodland-grassland and marsh/prairie C3 dominated environs at Irvington and Fairmead, to the more arid, mixed C3-C4 savannas of the McKittrick Tar Pits. Whereas jaguars, Homotherium, Miracinonyx and Smilodon ultimately transitioned to Panthera atrox and coyotes in the local predator guild, only dire wolves and Arctodus simus remained ever present. Foraging opportunities would have been plentiful for Arctodus, with grasses, chenopods, Xanthium, cattails, sedges, willow, oak, spruce, juniper, and sagebrush at Fairmead, and pines, juniper, saltbush, manzanita, and wild cucumber at McKittrick.[17] To what extent Arctodus fed on this vegetation, versus consuming generalists and specialized browsers such as deer (Cervus & Odocoileus), camelids (Hemiauchenia & Camelops), Paramylodon, and peccaries can be clued from the La Brea Tar Pits. Microwear and general wear patterns on the teeth of recovered from Arctodus specimens are most similar to the herbivorous spectacled bear, and suggest that they avoided hard/brittle foods, and had a more specialized diet than black bears recovered from the same site. Should Arctodus have also been a predator, competition with closed habitat, browser specialists would have included Smilodon and Panthera atrox in Late Pleistocene inland California.[17][18][19] Many more finds come from across California, and Oregon,[20][21][22] where the semi-arid woodland/scrub transitioned to forest-steppe.[7]

 
A reconstruction of Rancholabrean New Mexico (White Sands).

The Intermontane Plateau, which largely hosted subalpine parkland,[7] had the highest number of Arctodus simus specimens south of the ice sheets. The region has yielded some of the largest specimens of A. simus, including, what was once the largest specimen on record, from Salt Lake Valley, Utah.[23] In contrast with other parts of North America, the plateau received more rainfall during the Late Pleistocene, because glacially cooled air collided with hot desert air, resulting in increased precipitation and cool cloudy conditions. As a result, this greatly expanded the range of woodlands where desert exists today, with pluvial lakes being abundant in the south-west. The mid-Wisconsian U-Bar cave (New Mexico) was populated by fauna typically found in cooler and more mesic habitats, particularly habitats characterized by a notable pulse of cool-season precipitation, relatively warm winters, and limited warm-season moisture. Sagebrush, grasses, and woodland vegetation suggests cooler summers and a more pronounced emphasis on cool-season precipitation than in lowland New Mexico (Dry Cave). This more xeric and warmer climate contrasts with the sagebrush steppe-woodland of the Last Glacial Maximum. Notable fauna which lived alongside Arctodus simus included Shasta ground sloth, shrub-ox, pronghorns (Stockoceros, Capromeryx), Camelops, Odocoileus, horses, Lynx, puma, black bear, mountain goats, prairie dogs, and Stock's vampire bat.[24][25] Dire wolves were also found in association with Arctodus simus at U-Bar cave, along with Conkling Cavern- both species are the most common carnivorans of Rancholabrean New Mexico.[26] Beyond New Mexico,[27][28][29][30][31] other important specimens have also been found in Arizona, Idaho, Montana,[32] Nevada,[33] and Utah. The Intermontane Plateau extended deep into Mexico, where it demarked the southernmost habitat of Arctodus simus.

 
Dire wolves are often found at the same localities as Arctodus simus, and were the most common predator of western North America.

Comparatively, the Rocky Mountain System had the fewest number of specimens of Arctodus simus in western North America. However, one of the youngest dated Arctodus simus is from a cave near Huntington Reservoir, Utah, which sits at an elevation of 2,740m (~9,000 ft),. The central and southern Rocky Mountains may have acted as refugia for Arctodus simus, in addition to other contemporary high-elevation alpine fauna such as Colombian mammoths, mastodon, horses, and giant bison ≤11,400 BP (10,000 14C BP).[34][35][36] Other remains have been found from Natural Trap Cave and Little Box Elder Cave in Wyoming,[37] and Montana.[38]

Interior USA edit

The Interior Plains were composed of temperate steppe grassland,[7] and among the specimens yielded from this region is one the largest Arctodus simus currently on record, from the banks of the Kansas river. The Irvingtonian age Doeden gravel pits in Montana preserves an open grassland habitat, with riparian woodlands, and likely some shrublands.[39] Arctodus simus co-existed with ground sloths (Megalonyx, Paramylodon), Pacific mastodon, camels, and oxen (Bootherium).[40][41][42] As bison were yet to migrate into North America, Colombian mammoths and horses dominated these Sangamonian grasslands.[43] Additional Irvingtonian remains have been recovered from Arkalon in Kansas, Hay Springs in Nebraska, and Rock Creek in Texas.

 
Arctodus also roamed the southern mixed grasslands of Texas.

Whereas the northern plains aridified into cold steppe in the Rancholabrean age (e.g. Mammoth site, South Dakota),[44] the southern plains were a parkland with riparian deciduous forests (e.g. hackberry), and large expanses of mixed grass prairie grasslands grading into wet meadows. At Lubbock Lake on the Llano Estacado, Texas, above freezing/mild winters and cool summers highlighted a regional climate of reduced seasonality and stable humidity in the latest Pleistocene.[45] Overall, Arctodus simus, grey wolves and coyotes were part of a predator guild throughout the Rancholabrean great plains, and were joined by Colombian mammoths, camels, Hemiauchenia, and American pronghorns. In the northern plains, woolly mammoths also ranged across the steppe, whereas in the south, Smilodon, dire wolves, grey fox and red fox in the south preyed upon horses prairie dogs, horses (Equus & Haringtonhippus), peccaries, Odocoileus, Capromeryx, Bison antiquus and Holmesina.[44][45] Beyond Texas,[46] Arctodus has also been found from the Kaw River and Jinglebob in Kansas.[47]

In the lowlands in the eastern Interior plains, the plains transitioned to closed habitat. At the terminal Pleistocene Sheriden Cave, Ohio, a mosaic habitat consisting of marsh, open woodland, and patchy grassland was home to Arctodus simus, Cervalces scotti, caribou, peccaries (Platygonus, Mylohyus), giant beaver, porcupine, and American pine marten.[48][49] Similar remains have been found in Indiana and Iowa.[50]

To the south, the Interior Highlands had a very high density of Arctodus simus specimens (second only to the black bear),[5] due to the high rate of preservation in the cave-rich region. Sympatry between the two species is most apparent in Missouri- Arctodus simus has been found in association with black bears at Riverbluff, Bat and Big Bear caves.[51] At Riverbluff Cave, the most abundant claw marks are from Arctodus simus. Some being up to 4 meters high on the cave walls, they are most abundant at the bear beds and their associated passageways, indicating a close relationship with denning. Other impressions found include claw marks from a large cat (either Panthera atrox or Smilodon fatalis) and Platygonus trackways.[52] Big Bear Cave preserves fossilized hair associated with Arctodus.[53] During the Last Glacial Maximum, both bears were joined by dire wolves, coyotes, jaguars, snowshoe hare, groundhogs and beavers at Bat Cave, which also records thousands of Platygonus remains. These fauna inhabited well-watered forest-grassland ecotone with a strong taiga influence. These open woodlands were dominated by pines and spruce, and to a lesser extent by oaks.[54][55][56][57] However, evidence from Riverbluff Cave suggests that the region occasionally cycled through drier, grassier periods in the last 55,000 years.[58]

 
Open boreal woodlands provided adequate resources for Arctodus simus.
Eastern USA edit

Compared to other regions, Arctodus simus was relatively rare in eastern North America.[5] To the north, the Appalachian Highlands were dominated by taiga.[7] Post-LGM Saltville, Virginia, was a mosaic of grassy/herb laden open areas intermixed with open canopy boreal woodlands (oaks, pines, spruce, birch, firs) and marshes. Inhabiting in this C3 resource dominated environment were Arctodus simus, mastodon, (southernmost) woolly mammoths, oxen (Bootherium), horses, caribou, ground sloths (Megalonyx), dire wolves, beavers, Cervalces, and a variety of warm-adapted reptiles, suggesting that a more mesic and less seasonal climate allowed for the mixing of more typically northern and southern fauna. Heavy bone damage on a mammoth carcass by both dire wolves and Arctodus suggests a potentially competitive scavenging relationship [59][60] Additional remains have been found at Island Ford Cave in Virginia, and Frankstown in Pennsylvania.

 
Lake Rousseau, Florida, is the south-easternmost locality which Arctodus simus is known to have inhabited.

To the south, the Atlantic Plains covered a great expanse of lowland, from the open deciduous woodlands of the Atlantic coast, to the semi-arid woodland/scrub of Florida, to the spruce-fir conifer forests and open habitat of the Gulf Coastal Plain. Although scarce, this contrast of habitats highlights the adaptability of Arctodus simus. At the Rainbow River and Lake Rousseau localities in Rancholabrean Florida, three Arctodus simus specimens have been recovered, alongside Smilodon, dire wolves, jaguars, ground sloths (Paramylodon, Megalonyx), llamas (Palaeolama, Hemiauchenia), Vero's tapir, giant beaver, capybara, Holmesina, horses, Bison antiquus, mastodon, Colombian mammoths and Tremarctos floridanus, in a climate similar to today's. That one of the three individuals was a very large, older specimen establishes extreme sexual dimorphism as the explanation behind size differences in Arctodus simus. Furthermore, the abundance of black bears, and particularly Florida short faced bears in Florida, has led to a theorized niche partitioning of ursids in Florida, with Tremarctos floridanus being herbivorous, and black bears and Arctodus simus being omnivorous, with Arctodus being possibly more inclined towards carnivory.[4]

In the Black Belt of Late Pleistocene Mississippi, a terrestrial floodplain at Cedar Creek hosted a mixture of grassland and mixed woodlands adapted species (including Arctodus simus). Horses, then bison, are the most numerous of the fauna, but were also joined by Colombian mammoths, coyotes, Dasypus bellus and Holmesina on the plains. Mastodon, ground sloths (Eremotherium, Megalonyx), peccaries (Platygonus, Mylohylus), deer (Cervus, Odocoileus), lynx, black bear, Florida short-faced bear, margays, gray fox, Hemiauchenia, turkeys and racoons in the open woodlands, with giant beavers, lesser beavers, and capybara inhabiting the marshes. Coyotes and black bears from this locality are unusually small for the Late Pleistocene. Further west, in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, the fauna Arctodus simus encountered at the Bar, Arkansas was similar to Saltville, Virginia, with the addition of Paleolama, Bison, Mylohyus, black bears, tapirs, manatees and alligator snapping turtles. During the Last Glacial Maximum, in part due to glacial meltwaters producing a cold microclimate, boreal forests extended from 40° N to coastal regions near 23° N. Mississippi's boreal forests were dominated by pine, spruce, ash, aspen, oak and hickory, with more deciduous trees and herbs/grasses in the lowlands. However, the presence of the giant tortoise, Hesperotestudo crassiscutata, in both localities is indicative of mild winters, and limited seasonality.[61][62][63][64] Arctodus, along with Colombian mammoths, seems to have avoided the coastal savannas of the south east, where Mixotoxodon was present. Additional finds of south-eastern Arctodus simus are from Alabama,[65] South Carolina.[66] and Texas.[67][68]

Canada edit
 
On the boundary of the northern glacier

The vast majority of Canada was glaciated during the Late Pleistocene. However, southern Alberta may have been spared, providing a tundra ecosystem (at least until the Last Glacial Maximum).[69] Arctodus simus remains have been recovered from the mid-Wisconsian (~22,000 BP) near Edmonton, forming a predator guild with the gray wolf and American lion. Also present were Megalonyx, horses (E. conversidens & E. niobrarensis), caribou, camels, mammoths (Colombian and woolly), mastodon, bison (B. priscus & B. latifrons), and oxen (Ovibos & Bootherium). The higher diversity of grazers to browsers suggested a more open environment- that the American lion individual was noticeably smaller than its southern contemporaries contrasts with the huge Arctodus and large wolf specimens.[70]

The entry to the ice-free corridor to Beringia may have also been near Edmonton, providing a migration pathway to Beringia. Arctodus remains from similar habitat has also been recovered from Saskatchewan,[71] and from the forest-steppe of Late Pleistocene Vancouver Island.[72][73] Arctodus was a scarce member of the Pleistocene fauna of southern Canada- extant herbivorous bears are browsers, not grazers, so the scarcity of Arctodus in mid-latitude North America may be due to a lack of suitable vegetation on the steppe. On the other hand, should Arctodus simus have been a large and strict carnivore, perhaps Arctodus simus would never have been very numerous in an open ecosystem.[70]

Beringia edit
 
Arctodus is suggested to have had a kleptoparasitic relationship with Beringian wolves, akin to modern wolves and brown bears.

Mostly isolated by the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets, Beringia is considered ecologically separate to the rest of North America, being largely an extension of the Eurasian mammoth steppe.[74] However, due to the occasional opening of an ice-free corridor, and the migration barrier of the Beringian gap, meant that Eastern Beringia (Alaska and the Yukon) supported a unique assemblage of fauna, with many endemic North American fauna flourishing (such as Arctodus simus) within a mostly Beringian ecosystem.[75] This mostly open and treeless steppe-tundra, dominated by grasses, sedges, Artemisia spp., and a range of other forbs had a cold, dry climate, which prevented glaciation. Currently, all specimens of A. simus in Beringia have been dated to a 27,000 year window (50,000 BP~23,000 BP) from Eastern Beringia.[76][72] However, additional undated remains may be of Sangamonian age.[77] The largest skull of A. simus known was recovered from the Yukon, and may represent the largest specimen known.[78][79]

The North Slope of Alaska <40,000 BP (Ikpikpuk and Titaluk rivers) preserves an upland and floodplain environment, with horses, bison then caribou being the most populous herbivores, and woolly mammoths, muskoxen, elk and saiga antelope more scarce. Cave lions, bears (Ursus arctos and Arctodus simus), and Beringian wolves made up the megafaunal predator guild.[80][81] That caribou and muskox utilized the warmer, wetter portions of the regional vegetation mosaic (similar to the moist acidic tundra vegetation which dominates today), while horse, bison, and mammoth were dryland specialists,[80] may reflect the preferred habitat of Arctodus, as isotope data suggests caribou and muskox were principal components of the carnivorous portion of Beringian Arctodus simus' diet.[82]

Additionally, upon the flooding of the Bering Strait and expansion of peatlands in Eastern Beringia during MIS-3, lions, brown bears and Homotherium went regionally extinct ~35,000 BP, whereas Arctodus persisted. Simultaneously, muskox, bison, non-caballine horses (Haringtonhippus) and other megafaunal herbivores in Beringia experienced population bottlenecks in MIS-3, whilst mammoth populations steadily declined. This restriction of prey and habitat could explain the extinctions. However, genetically distinct Panthera spelaea and brown bears appear in MIS-2 circa the extinction of Arctodus in a re-emerged Beringia ~23,000 BP (possibly due to sharp climatic cooling associated with Heinrich Event-2), opening up the possibility that some level of competition was at play.[76][82][83][84] The idea that Arctodus had a kleptoparasitic relationship with wolves and Homotherium in Beringia has been explored,[82] and with the additional possibility that Arctodus restricted brown bears and Homotherium access to caribou pre-LGM.[85]

Not only did Arctodus likely compete at a higher trophic level than the majority of brown bears in Beringia, Arctodus' nitrogen-15 levels are higher in the Yukon, suggesting that Arctodus possibly occupied an even higher trophic level there relative to other Arctodus in Beringia. However, isotope differences more likely reflect subtle differences in the isotopic composition of primary producers in the region.[86][87]

It would be reasonable to assume that meat and bone marrow were likely to be the primary food resources for some northern populations of A. simus, in which the survival during the cold season could have depended on the regular scavenging of ungulate carcasses, as is the case with Alaskan brown bears.[88] Ultimately, an opportunistic foraging strategy including up to 50% vegetation, and the meat of reindeer, muskox, carrion, and possibly some predators, is consistent with the isotopic data and the conclusions of the ecomorphological studies.[82]

Data edit

Below is a table comparing the dimensions of several adult Arctodus simus femora,[89][90][70] including one of the largest on record from Bonner Springs, Kansas,[citation needed] and some associated weight estimates.[88] Also included is the mean from 9 specimens in Björn Kurtén's seminal 1967 study.[91]

Element ID & Location Proximal Length (mm) Total Length (mm) Transverse Width (midshaft, mm) Ratio of TL to TW (M) x 100 Standard Deviation Estimated weight (kg)
P.89.13.91, Edmonton 585 707 (est.) 63.2 9.0 ~ ~
UVP 015/1, Salt Lake Valley 598 723 64 8.9 ~ 957
UC 3721, Potter Creek Cave ~ 524 43.3 8.3 ~ ~
F:AM 25531, Hay Springs ~ 658 62.6 9.5 ~ 863
FMNH PM24880, Fulton County ~ 651 57 ~ ~ 740
UM 25611, Jinglebob ~ 507 43.3 8.5 ~ 388
KUVP 131586, Bonner Springs ~ ~ 65.7 ~ ~ ~
UC 44687, Irvington ~ 678 62 9.1 ~ ~
LACMNH-Z75, Rancho La Brea 444 ~ 42.3 ~ ~ 317
U.S.A. sites, x̄ values (Kurtén, 1967) ~ 584 47.8 8.1-9.5 (x̄= 8.7) 0.45 ~

Radiocarbon dated specimens edit

Below is a table collating radiocarbon dates directly sampled from Arctodus simus specimens (not including dates from associated remains nor stratigraphy).[92][93][94][95][96][72][80][97][98][99][100][101][102][103]

Location Element & ID 14C Date (1σ) 14C Range (2σ) Calibrated dates
Friesenhahn Cave, Texas M3 molar dentine (TMM 933–2205) 10,814 ± 55 BP 10,704–10,924 BP 12,700 BP
Bonner Springs (Kansas River/ Kaw River Bank), Kansas Lumbar vertebra (KUVP 81230)

~

Femur (KUVP 131586)

9630 ± 60 BP

10,921 ± 50 BP¹

11,688 ± 50 BP

N/A

10,821–11,021 BP¹

11,588–11,788 BP

12,800 BP¹
Huntington Dam, Utah Maxilla (UMNH VP 9510) 10,870 ± 75 BP

10,976 ± 40 BP

~

10,896–11,056 BP

12,800 BP
McKittrick Tar Seeps, California Ulna (UCMP 153245) 11,040 ± 310 BP N/A N/A
Fulton County, Indiana Rib 11,500 ± 520 BP* N/A N/A
Sheriden Cave, Ohio Scapholunar (CMNH 2001)

~

~

Astragalus

~

11,480 ± 60 BP

11,566 ± 40 BP¹

11,570 ± 50 BP

11,570 ± 70 BP

11,610 ± 90 BP

11,486–11,646 BP¹ N/A
Pellucidar Cave, Vancouver Island Palatine (PC2–1c)

M2 molar dentine (PC2–1a)

Humerus (PC2-3)

11,615 ± 30 BP

11,720 ± 50 BP

11,775 ± 30 BP

N/A 13,379–13,557 BP

13,477–13,725 BP

13,575–13,964 BP

Salt Lake Valley (Bonneville), Utah Femur (UVP 015/1) 12,650 ± 70 BP* N/A N/A
San Miguel Island (Daisy Cave), California Metacarpal I (PSU-5973) 14,130 ± 70 BP N/A 17,009 ± 135 BP
Saltville Valley, Virginia M2 molar dentine 14,853 ± 55 BP N/A N/A
Perkins Cave, Missouri Dentine 16,910 ± 50 BP N/A N/A
La Sena, Nebraska I3 incisor dentine 19,487 ± 95 BP 19,297–19,677 BP N/A
Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming KU 31956 20,220 ± 150 BP N/A 24,300 ± 208 BP
Cleary (Fairbanks), Alaska F:AM 30492 20,524 ± 180 BP? N/A N/A
Eldorado Creek (Loc.45), Yukon Calcaneum (CMN37957/FM177762) 22,417 ± 452 BP N/A N/A
Hester Creek, Hunker Creek, Yukon NMC-50367 24,850 ± 150 BP N/A N/A
Ester (Fairbanks), Alaska F:AM 30494 25,496 ± 224 BP N/A N/A
Gold Run Creek, Yukon Cranium (NMC-7438 (NMC 7468)) 26,040 ± 270 BP N/A N/A
Indet. Hunker Creek, Yukon

Hester Creek, Hunker Creek, Yukon

Radius (YG 76.4)

Ulna (CMN-49874)

26,520 ± 110 BP¹

26,720 ± 290 BP

N/A 30,800 BP¹
Quartz Creek, Yukon N/A, YT03/134 26,940 ± 570 BP N/A N/A
Ikpikpuk River, Alaska Humerus (ROM:VP 43646) 27,160 ± 280 BP N/A N/A
Upper Cleary Creek (Fairbanks North Star), Alaska A-37-I0 27,511 ± 279 N/A N/A
Canyon Creek, Yukon Femur (fragment, YG 546.562) 27,850 ± 220 BP N/A 31,800 BP
La Brea Tar Pits, California Humerus (LACMRLP 19258)

Metatarsal (LACMRLP 54077)

Cervical VI (LACMRLP 42063)

27,330 ± 140 BP

28,130 ± 330 BP

28,350 ± 470 BP

N/A N/A
Lower Hunker Creek (80 pup), Yukon Humerus (NMC 37577) 29,695 ± 1200 BP N/A N/A
Gittin Down Mountain Cave, Oklahoma M2 molar dentine (UAM75-839-1) 34,063 ± 460 BP 33,143–34,983 BP N/A
Island Ford Cave, Virginia M1 molar dentine (USNM 521336) 34,080 ± 480 BP 33,120–35,040 BP N/A
Birch Creek, Alaska "Birch" 34,974 ± 652 BP N/A N/A
Meander Cave "?Arctodus faecal remains" ? N/A 37,940 ± 460 BP
Ester (Fairbanks), Alaska AMNH 99209 39,565 ± 1126 BP N/A N/A
Sixtymile River (Loc. 3), Yukon NMC-42388 44,240 ± 930 BP N/A N/A
Titaluk River, Alaska Metapodial (UAMES T99-033) 42,600 ± 2,200 BP

46,500 ± 3,600 BP

N/A 43,570 BP

49,016 BP

Ophir Creek, Yukon Petruous bone (YG 24.1 / CRH- 95–3) 46,500 BP¹

(20,210 ± 110 BP)

N/A 49,800 BP¹

DNA samples edit

This table collates the current DNA samples extracted from Arctodus specimens, with their associated haplogroups.[92][104][94][103]

Location DNA extract ID 14C Date (1σ) & source Calibrated dates & Haplogroups
Chiquihuite Cave, Zacatecas UE1605 11,419 ± 34 BP / 11,942 ± 33 / 12,901 ± 75 BP (sediments) 13,000 - 15,000 BP
Sheriden Cave, Ohio ACAD 1734A 11,619 ± 40 BP (phalange, CMNHS VP8289) Haplogroup E
Eldorado Creek (Loc.45), Yukon ACAD 424A/NC011116 22,417 ± 452 BP (calcaneum, CMN37957/FM177762) Haplogroup A
"Alaska" ACAD 450A 25,264 ± 650 BP (humerus, AMNH "ALASKA Bx35‟) Haplogroup A
Hester Creek, Yukon ACAD 344 & PH092 26,520 ± 110 BP (radius, YG 76.4) 30,800 BP, Haplogroup A
Hester Creek (Loc.57), Yukon ACAD 330A & AC688 26,720 ± 270 BP (ulna, CMN49874) Haplogroup A
Quartz Creek, Yukon ACAD1954A 26,940 ± 570 BP (N/A, YT03/134) Haplogroup D
Canyon Creek, Yukon N/A 27,850 ± 220 BP (femur, YG 546.562) 31,800 BP
Sixtymile, Yukon ACAD 438A & IB187 44,240 ± 930 BP (metacarpal, CMN 42388) Haplogroup F
Ophir Creek, Yukon PH095 46,500 BP (petruous bone, YG 24.1) 49,800 BP, Haplogroup F
Edmonton (Pit #48), Alberta ACAD 346A Radius, P96.2.38 Haplogroup F
Gold Run, Yukon ACAD 428A Femur, CMN34556 Haplogroup A
Goldstream, Alaska ACAD 436A Ulna (pathology), AMNH A-1828 Haplogroup B
Goldstream, Alaska ACAD 437A Radius, #850 575 UCLA Haplogroup C
Ester Creek, Alaska ACAD 441A Humerus, FAM 95656 Haplogroup A
No.2 G-Strip Area ("Goldstream"), Alaska ACAD 443A Ramus, AMNH A-82- 1039 Haplogroup G
Natural Trap Cave, Wyoming ACAD 5177 KU 31956 N/A
Eva Creek Mine, Alaska BS3 Femur, PM-97-001-100 Haplogroup D
Hunker Creek (80 Pup), Alaska BS71 N/A, CMN 44566 Haplogroup A
"Dawson area", Yukon BS72 Tibia, CMN 36236 Haplogroup D
Lower Hunker Creek, Yukon BS73 N/A, CMN 42335 Haplotype A
Lillian Creek, Alaska BS74 Humerus, UAF/Paleo V-55-524 Haplogroup A
Dawson Cut, Alaska IB191 Fibula, AMNH A-676- 5625 Haplogroup F
Cripple Creek, Yukon IB195 Tibia, AMNH A-217- 2297 Haplogroup F
Dawson, Yukon IB255 N/A, CMN 37577 Haplogroup A
Hester Creek, Yukon JW131 Ulna, YT03/288 Cat. No. 129.1 (JS) Haplogroup A

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  104. ^ Cite error: The named reference :28 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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