Nothrotheriops is a genus of Pleistocene ground sloth found in North America, from what is now central Mexico to the southern United States.[1] This genus of bear-sized xenarthran was related to the much larger, and far more famous Megatherium, although it has recently been placed in a different family, Nothrotheriidae.[2] The best known species, N. shastensis, is also called the Shasta ground sloth.
| Nothrotheriops Temporal range: Pleistocene,
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| N. shastensis skeleton with preserved skin, Yale Peabody Museum | |
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| Restoration of N. shastensis | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Pilosa |
| Family: | †Nothrotheriidae |
| Subfamily: | †Nothrotheriinae |
| Genus: | †Nothrotheriops Hoffstetter, 1954 |
| Type species | |
| †Nothrotheriops shastensis Sinclair, 1905
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| Species | |
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Taxonomy, history, and etymology edit
Nothrotheriops fossils were first collected by the University of California's Anthropology Department during an exploration of caves at Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California, the fossils dating to the late Quaternary period.[3][4] These first fossils (UCMP 8422), consisting of an incomplete mandibular ramus lacking teeth of an individual and 14 additional molars, were sent to the University of California Museum of Paleontology where they were described by paleontologist William Sinclair in 1904 as a new species of Nothrotherium, N. shastensis (species name meaning "from Shasta").[3] 11 years later in 1916, Smithsonian paleontologist Oliver P. Hay named Nothrotherium texanus (species name meaning "from Texas") based on a partial skull that was transferred from Baylor University in Baylor, Texas. The skull had been collected in the Pleistocene strata of Wheeler County, Texas and given to a clergyman who then gave it to university staff in 1901.[4][5] Many fossils were later referred to the two, but N. shastensis wasn't placed in a new genus until 1954 when it was placed in a new genus, Nothrotheriops ("near slothful beast", due to its similarity to Nothrotherium) by Robert Hoffstetter during a study of fossil sloths.[6][4] N. texanus was recombined into the genus in 1995, and had many fossils referred to it from Florida, the easternmost occurrence of the genus.[4]
Fossils of the best-known species, the Shasta ground sloth (N. shastensis), have been found throughout western North America, especially in the American Southwest. It is the ground sloth found in greatest abundance at the La Brea Tar Pits. The most famous specimen was recovered from a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico and was found to still have hair and tendon preserved.[7] This nearly complete specimen is on display at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in New Haven, Connecticut. Numerous dung boluses belonging to Nothrotheriops have also been found throughout the southwestern United States and have provided an insight into the diet of these extinct animals.
This genus's lineage dates back to the Miocene. The ancestors of Nothrotheriops migrated to North America from South America as part of the Great American Interchange during the Blancan, about 2.6 MYA.[1]
Description edit
Although N. shastensis was one of the smallest mainland ground sloth species, it still reached 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) from snout to tail tip and weighed 250 kilograms (551 lb)[8] (one-quarter of a tonne) – much smaller than some of its contemporary species such as the Eremotherium, which could easily weigh over two tonnes and be 6 metres (20 ft) long.[9] It had large, stout hindlegs and a powerful, muscular tail that it used to form a supporting tripod whenever it shifted from a quadrupedal stance to a bipedal one (i.e. Eremotherium).[10]
Paleobiology edit
Nothrotheriops behaved like all typical ground sloths of North and South America, feeding on various plants like the desert globemallow, cacti, and yucca. It was hunted by various local predators, like dire wolves and Smilodon, from which the sloths may have defended themselves by standing upright on hindlegs and tail and swiping with their long foreclaws, like its distant relative Megatherium, as conjectured in the BBC series Walking with Beasts. The same claws could also have been used as tools to reach past the plant spines and grab softer flowers and fruits. Also, the Shasta ground sloth may have had a prehensile tongue (like a giraffe) to strip leaves off branches.[10]
The Shasta ground sloth is believed to have played an important role in the dispersal of Yucca brevifolia, or Joshua tree, seeds. Preserved dung belonging to the sloth has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves and seeds, confirming that they fed on the trees. It has been suggested that the lack of Shasta ground sloths helping to disperse the seeds to more favourable climates is causing the trees to suffer.[11][12]
Distribution and habitat edit
A fossil find had been described from as far north as the Canadian province of Alberta; however, this report is believed to have been mistaken.[13] The genus lived primarily in the southwestern region of the U.S., from the states of Texas and Oklahoma to California; it has also been found in Florida.[1][4]
The best known historical specimen was found in a lava tube at Aden Crater in New Mexico; it was found with hair and tendon still preserved.[7] The Rampart Cave, located on the Arizona side of the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, has a plentiful amount of the sloth's hair and dung, both of which scientists used for radiocarbon dating to establish when it lived.[10] The most recent credible dates from this and each of about half a dozen other southwestern caves are about 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP).[14] In addition to North America, fossils assigned to Nothrotheriops sp. have also been found as far south as Argentina's Santa Fe Province.[15]
References edit
- ^ a b c PaleoBiology Database: Nothrotheriops, basic info
- ^ Muizon, C. de; McDonald, H. G.; Salas, R.; Urbina, M. (June 2004). "The Youngest Species of the Aquatic Sloth Thalassocnus and a Reassessment of the Relationships of the Nothrothere Sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 387–397. Bibcode:2004JVPal..24..387D. doi:10.1671/2429a. S2CID 83732878.
- ^ a b Sinclair, W. J. (1905). New mammalia from the Quaternary caves of California. University of California Press.
- ^ a b c d e McDonald, H. G. (1995). Gravigrade xenarthrans from the early Pleistocene Leisey Shell Pit lA, Hillsborough County, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 37(11), 245-373.
- ^ Hay, O. P. (1916). Descriptions of two extinct mammals of the Order Xenarthra from the Pleistocene of Texas (Vol. 51, No. 2147). US Government Printing Office.
- ^ Hoffstetter, R. (1954). Les gravigrades (Edentés Xénarthres) des cavernes de Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais, Brésil). Annales des Sciences Natureles, Zoologie, 16, 741-764.
- ^ a b Lull, S. 1929. A remarkable ground sloth. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale University, 3: 1-39.
- ^ "Extinct Ground Sloth Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 2015-02-14. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
- ^ Lange, Ian M., Ice Age Mammals of North America: A Guide to the Big, the Hairy, and the Bizarre, Mountain Press Publishing Company, 2002. Pg. 83, 85
- ^ a b c Barton Miles & Co., Prehistoric America. A journey through the Ice Age and beyond. BBC publishing, 2002. Pg 108-9.
- ^ Cole, Kenneth L.; Kirsten Ironside; Jon Eischeid; Gregg Garfin; Phillip B. Duffy; Chris Toney (2011). "Past and ongoing shifts in Joshua tree distribution support future modeled range contraction" (PDF). Ecological Applications. 21 (1): 137–149. Bibcode:2011EcoAp..21..137C. doi:10.1890/09-1800.1. PMID 21516893.
- ^ "Outlook Bleak for Joshua Trees". Npr.org. 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2012-03-30.
- ^ Akersten, W. A.; McDonald, H. G. (June 1991). "Nothrotheriops from the Pleistocene of Oklahoma and Paleogeography of the Genus". The Southwestern Naturalist. 36 (2): 178–185. doi:10.2307/3671918. JSTOR 3671918.
- ^ Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary (ed.). American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer. pp. 21–37. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9.
- ^ Brandoni, Diego; Vezzosi, Raúl I. (2019). "Nothrotheriops sp. (Mammalia, Xenarthra) from the Late Pleistocene of Argentina: implications for the dispersion of ground sloths during the Great American Biotic Interchange". Boreas. 48 (4): 879. Bibcode:2019Borea..48..879B. doi:10.1111/bor.12401. ISSN 0300-9483. S2CID 181709381.
Further reading edit
- Gill, Fiona L.; Crump, Matthew P.; Schouten, Remmert; Bull, Ian D. (2009). "Lipid analysis of a ground sloth coprolite" (PDF). Quaternary Research. 72 (2). Elsevier: 284–288. Bibcode:2009QuRes..72..284G. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.06.006. S2CID 56281409. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
- Hofreiter, M; Poinar, HN; Spaulding, WG; Bauer, K; Martin, PS; Possnert, G; Pääbo, S (2000). "A molecular analysis of ground sloth diet through the last glaciation" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 9 (12). Blackwell Science: 1975–1984. Bibcode:2000MolEc...9.1975H. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2000.01106.x. PMID 11123610. S2CID 22685601. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-03.
- Naples, Virginia L. (1987), Reconstruction of Cranial Morphology and Analysis of Function in the Pleistocene Ground Sloth Nothrotheriops shastense (Mammalia, Megatheriidae), Contributions in Science 389, October 1987, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
- Schmidt, Gerald D.; Duszynski, Donald W.; Martin, Paul S. (1992), Parasites of the Extinct Shasta Ground Sloth, Nothrotheriops shastensis, in Rampart Cave, Arizona, J. Parasitol., 78(5), 1992, p. 811-816, American Society of Parasitologists
- Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Jull, A. J. T.; McDonald, H. G.; Woods, C. A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G. W. L. (2005-08-16). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (33). National Academy of Sciences: 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
External links edit
