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Subordinate Sandbox Pages edit

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Draft For Review edit

AFC-Logo Hold.svg Draft article not currently submitted for review. This is a draft Articles for creation (AfC) submission. It is not currently pending review. There are no deadlines as long as you are actively improving the submission. Drafts not being improved may be deleted after six months. Note: The submission-received box will appear at the bottom of the page at first. If it's there, your draft has been submitted correctly. To edit the draft click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. Do not copy-paste material from sources, or your submission will be rejected for copyright violations. Write from a neutral point of view and base your article on reliable sources that are independent of the subject. It is strongly discouraged to write about yourself or your own business. If you do so, you must declare it. Where to get help How to improve a draft Improving your odds of a speedy review Editor resources Last edited by Keith D (talk | contribs) 5 months ago. (Update){{AFC submission|t||ts=20201003124658|u=Nwbeeson|ns=118|demo=}} ===============Above was Boxed at top of article======== <!-- Note: The following pages were redirects to [[List_of_cable-stayed_bridges_in_the_United_States]] before draftification: *[[List of Cable-stayed bridges in the United States]] --> {{lead missing|date=October 2020}}

This List of cable-stayed bridges in the United States is organized by name and includes notable cable-stayed bridges (both existing and destroyed) in the United States of America. This list is incomplete you can help by adding to it.

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

P

R

S

T

U

V


References edit

  1. ^ Shafer, Sheldon S. (November 30, 2015). "It's official! New bridge named for Lincoln". The Courier-Journal. Louisville. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
  2. ^ "1996 Chapter 0179. An Act Designating Certain Bridge In The City Of Fitchburg As The Arthur J. Ditommaso Memorial Bridge". State Library of Massachusetts. Massachusetts. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  3. ^ "T.Y. Lin International Group | Projects | Arthur Ravenel Jr. (Cooper River) Bridge". Tylin.com. Retrieved 2013-05-05.
  4. ^ "Bridge controversies now history". Charleston Post and Courier. Archived from the original on 2007-08-12. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
  5. ^ Conover, Daniel (July 10, 2005). "Will Lowcountry outgrow new bridge?". Charleston, SC: The Post and Courier. Archived from the original on May 6, 2006. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
  6. ^ "Barton Creek Bridge,Spanning Barton Creek, Huckabay, Erath County, Texas". Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  7. ^ "Texas Historic Bridges Recording Project II". Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  8. ^ Olfat, Sarhang Zadeh (2012). "2: Comparison of Post-tensioning Cable Forces Between Three types of the Cable-stayed Bridges". Comparison Between Three Types of Cable Stayed Bridges Using Structural Optimization. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. p. 19. the Quincy Bayview Bridge located in Illinois, USA as shown in Fig. 2.1 is chosen as a typical cable-stayed bridge
  9. ^ "State Highway Log Planning Report 2012: SR 2 to SR 971" (PDF). Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). p. 1152. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
  10. ^ "Bill Emerson Memorial Bridge Main Span Completed, Cape Girardeau, Missouri". Segments. American Segmental Bridge Institut. Winter 2004. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  11. ^ Brown, Mark M. (August 1996). "Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge" (PDF). Historic American Engineering Record. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 7. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  12. ^ "Ground Broken On Pedestrian Bridge". Omaha, NE: KETV-TV. October 26, 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2006. Retrieved November 17, 2006.
  13. ^ Culverwell, Wendy (September 16, 2018). "The incredible, improbable cable bridge turns 40". Tri-City Herald. p. A1. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  14. ^ "MoDOT Kansas City Area District News Release". Modot.org. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2011-08-25.
  15. ^ David Goodyear and Ralph Salamie, "The Clark Bridge", Civil Engineering, August 1994, accessed 4 August 2009
  16. ^ "Cochrane/Africatown USA Bridge". State of Alabama Engineering Hall of Fame. University of Alabama, et al. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  17. ^ Hannan, Larry (March 10, 2009). "Dames Point bridge reaches 20-year mark". The Florida Times-Union. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  18. ^ https://qctimes.com/news/local/skybridge-dedication-set-for-father-s-day/article_d2ac2b22-28a8-5070-9641-76d8f1d4d898.html
  19. ^ "Denver Millennium Footbridge". ARUP. Archived from the original on 2007-02-16.
  20. ^ "Two bridge spans open over highways 101 and 237 in Sunnyvale". mercurynews.com. 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  21. ^ David Wilma (January 30, 2003), "Cable-stayed bridge over Tacoma's Thea Foss Waterway opens on January 22, 1997", HistoryLink, Seattle: History Ink
  22. ^ Tang, Man-Chung (1 November 1987). "Construction of East Huntington Bridge". PCI Journal. 32 (6): 32–48. doi:10.15554/pcij.11011987.32.48. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  23. ^ Begley, Dug. "New Ship Channel Bridge will be one for the record books". Huston Chronicle. Hearst Newspapers, LLC. Retrieved 6 October 2020.


Category:Bridges in the United States by type USA Cable-stayed

aaaatest edit

air contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen[1][2]



(2016–2017, 100.004667%), which cites Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Both are used as references in this article. Both exceed 100% because their CO2 values were increased to 345 ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate. This is made worse by the April 2019 CO2 value, which is 413.32 ppmv.[3] Although minor, the January 2019 value for CH4 is 1866.1 ppbv (parts per billion).[4] Two older reliable sources have dry atmospheric compositions, including trace molecules, that total less than 100%: U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976[5] (99.9997147%); and Astrophysical Quantities[6]

Color edit

The colors of the visible light spectrum[7]
Color Wavelength
interval 		Cycle time
interval
Red ~ 700–635 nm ~ 2.3–2.1 fs
Orange ~ 635–590 nm ~ 2.1-2.0 fs
Yellow ~ 590–560 nm ~ 2.0-1.9 fs
Green ~ 560–520 nm ~ 1.9-1.7 fs
Cyan ~ 520–490 nm ~ 1.7-1.6 fs
Blue ~ 490–450 nm ~ 1.6-1.5 fs
Violet ~ 450–400 nm ~ 1.5-1.3 fs

Inflation edit

$5 in 1974 is worth $62 today


$10 billion in 1994 is worth $21 today
$13.9 billion in 2016. An inflation adjusted drop of 13%.


$250,000 in 1836 is worth $6,936,364 today
$250,000 in 1836 is equivalent to $6,936,364 in 2023

$146,000,000 in 1964 is worth $1,434,309,013 today
$146,000,000 in 1964 is equivalent to $1,434,309,013 in 2023


$32,295.84 in 1964 is worth $317,275 today $32,295.84 in 1964 equivalent to $317,275 in 2023

(worth $equivalent to $1,915 in 2,023 today)


J. L. Hudson's Downtown peaked at $156,000,000 in 1953(worth $1,776,537,313 today) $100,000 in 1964 is worth $982,403 today

In 1832 it took ₤10 (worth ₤1,174 today) to vote.

In 1976 a 10 cent bottle deposit was worth 54 cents.

Isaac Azimov's son received $3,000 a month (worth $5,608 today)from his estate in 1998.

Stan Laural earned $75/week in 1917 (worth $1,784 today)

Personal edit

I earned $85,000 in 1995 (worth $169,963 today)

I earned $85,000 in 2004 (worth $137,114 today)

I earned $4,25 an hour in 1974 (worth $26 today)

I earned $8,000 an hour in 1974 (worth $49,425 today)

Perry Mason edit

by Erle Stanley Gardner,
The Case of the Lonely Heiress
$350,000 inheiretence (worth $4,438,504 today)



Nero Wolfe edit

Champagne for One
$2,000/month (worth $22,947 today)
$55,000/annually (worth $631,053 today)
half of that is $27,500/annually (worth $315,526 today)
$2,000,000 in fund (worth $22,947,368 today)


Trouble in Triplicate Before I Die
$100 (worth $1,562 today)
$1000 (worth $15,625 today)
$10,000 (worth $156,246 today)
$50,000 (worth $781,229 today)
$1,000,000 (worth $15,624,573 today)

Some Buried Ceasar
Archie Goodwin paid $66.57 for major car repair in 1938 (worth $1,441 today)
Archie Goodwin found $2,000 in the blackguard's wallet in 1938 (worth $43,291 today)
Clyde made a $10,000 bet in 1938 (worth $216,454 today)

Death of a Dude
Archie Goodwin earned $428.57 per week in 1969 (worth $3,561 today)
Archie Goodwin earned $22,285 per year in 1969 (worth $185,156 today)

1962 $20,000 (worth $201,452 today)
1962 $40,000 (worth $402,904 today)
1962 $5 (worth $50 today)
1962 $6.50 (worth $65 today)
1962 $5 (worth $50 today)
1962 $7.50 (worth $76 today)
1962 $7 (worth $71 today)
1962 $8 (worth $81 today)
1962 $10 (worth $101 today)
1962 $20 (worth $201 today)
1962 $260 (worth $2,619 today)


The UAW autoworker earned $130 per week in 1969 (worth $1,080 today)
that was $21,428 per year (worth $178,035 today)

UAW earned $3.25 per hour in 1969 (worth $27 today)
that was $6,760 per year (worth $56,166 today)

1926 $2,000 per year (worth $34,421 today)

Coit donated a tower to San Fransisco in the year 1929. She had an $118,000 fortune (worth $2,093,814 today) of which she gave $40,000 (worth $709,767 today) for the tower.

Earned $85,000 in 1895c (worth $3,113,040 today)

Made a million pounds in 1978 (worth £7,246,409 today)

Was a millionaire in 1938, having $1,500,000 (worth $32,468,085 today)

$32,468 million = $26,300 million

$125,269

$111,257

(equivalent to $659,687 today) $100 in 1955 (equivalent to $1,137 today)

A bachelor, Marshall left virtually all of his $1.5 million estate (equivalent to $32,468 million today) to three causes dear to him: socialism, civil liberties and wilderness preservation.[8] Three trusts were established in his will.

Beginning of content edit

== edit

Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations

Autoignition point of selected substances edit

Temperatures vary widely in the literature and should only be used as estimates. Factors that may cause variation include partial pressure of oxygen, altitude, humidity, and amount of time required for ignition. Generally the autoignition temperature for hydrocarbon/air mixtures decreases with increasing molecular mass and increasing chain length. The autoignition temperature is also higher for branched-chain hydrocarbons than for straight-chain hydrocarbons.[9]

Substance Autoignition[D] Note
Barium 550 °C (1,022 °F) 550±90[10][C]
Bismuth 735 °C (1,355 °F) 735±20[10][C]
Butane 405 °C (761 °F) [11]
Calcium 790 °C (1,450 °F) 790±10[10][C]
Carbon disulfide 90 °C (194 °F) [12]
Diesel or Jet A-1 210 °C (410 °F) [13]
Diethyl ether 160 °C (320 °F) [14]
Ethanol 365 °C (689 °F) [12]
Gasoline (Petrol) 247–280 °C (477–536 °F) [12]
Hydrogen 536 °C (997 °F) [15]
Iron 1,315 °C (2,399 °F) 1315±20[10][C]
Lead 850 °C (1,560 °F) 850±5[10][C]
Leather / parchment 200–212 °C (392–414 °F) [13][16]
Magnesium 635 °C (1,175 °F) 635±5[10][B][C]
Magnesium 473 °C (883 °F) [12][B]
Molybdenum 780 °C (1,440 °F) 780±5[10][C]
Paper 218–246 °C (424–475 °F) [13][17]
Phosphorus,white 34 °C (93 °F) [12][A][B]
Silane 21 °C (70 °F) [12] or below
Strontium 1,075 °C (1,967 °F) 1075±120[10][C]
Tin 940 °C (1,720 °F) 940±25[10][C]
Triethylborane −20 °C (−4 °F) [12]
A On contact with an organic substance, melts otherwise.
B There are two distinct results in the published literature. Both are separately listed in this table.
C At 1 atm. The ignition temperature depends on the air pressure.
D Under standard conditions for pressure.

Anchor edit

13 years

Saudi King edit

[18] [19]

Reference edit

old story

Index levels edit

Date Nasdaq % Chng.§ S&P 500 % Chng.§ Dow Jones % Chng.§ Notes
January 3, 2007 2,423.16 — 1,416.60 — 12,474.52 —
October 9, 2007 2,803.91 +15.71% 1,565.15 +10.49% 14,164.53 +13.55% The day the DJIA and S&P 500 peaked.
October 10, 2007 2,811.61 +0.27% 1,562.47 −0.17% 14,078.69 −0.61% The day the NASDAQ peaked.
January 2, 2008 2,609.63 −7.18% 1,447.16 −7.38% 13,043.96 −7.35%
June 27, 2008 2,315,63 −11.27% 1,278.38 −11.66% 11,346.51 −13.01% The day the bear market declared.
November 4, 2008 1,780.12 −23.13% 1,005.75 −21.33% 9,625.28 −15.17% Election day
January 2, 2009 1,632.21 −8.31% 899.35 −10.58% 9,034.69 −6.14%
January 20, 2009 1,440.86 −11.72% 804.47 −10.55% 7,949.09 −12.02% Inauguration of Barack Obama
March 9, 2009 1,268.64 −11.95% 676.53 −15.90% 6,507.04 −18.14% The day the DJIA, S&P 500 and NASDAQ bottomed.
October 9/10, 2007 to March 9, 2009 −1,542.97 −54.9% −888.62 −56.8% −7,657.49 −54.1% Cumulative change (from peak to bottom)

[20][21][22]

§Values represent percent change from previous date listed in table.


test edit

At the beginning of the 21st century, in 2016, a Michelson interferometer made the first detection of gravitational waves. [23][24] The observation confirms the last remaining unproven prediction of general relativity and validates its predictions of space-time distortion in the context of large scale cosmic events (known as strong field tests).[25] “The consequences of this detection are difficult to overstate…”.[26]

Notes edit

This is a test of how to add a note[note 1] to add a clarification to the text.[note 2]

Scott Kelly edit

Scott Joseph Kelly (born February 21, 1964) is an American astronaut, engineer and a retired U.S. Navy Captain. A veteran of four space flights, Kelly commanded the International Space Station (ISS) on Expeditions 26, 44, and 45.

Kelly's first spaceflight was as pilot of Space Shuttle Discovery during STS-103 in December 1999. This was the third servicing mission to the Hubble Space Telescope, and lasted for just under eight days.

Kelly's second spaceflight was as mission commander of STS-118, a 12-day Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station in August 2007.

Kelly's third spacflight was as commander of Expedition 26 on the ISS. He arrived 9 October 2010, on a Russian Soyuz spacecraft,[27] during Expedition 25, and served as a flight engineer until it ended.[28] He took over command of the station on 25 November 2010, at the start of Expedition 26 which began officially when the spacecraft Soyuz TMA-19 undocked, carrying the previous commander of the station, Douglas H. Wheelock.[29] Expedition 26 ended on 16 March 2011 with the departure of Soyuz TMA-01M. This was Kelly's first long-duration spaceflight.

In November 2012, Kelly was selected, along with Mikhail Korniyenko, for a special year-long mission to the International Space Station.[30][31][32] Their year is space commenced 27 March 2015 with the start of Expedition 43, continued through the entirety of Expeditions 44, and 45, both of which Kelly commanded. He passed command to Timothy Kopra[33] on 29 February 2016, when the ISS year long mission ended. He returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TMA-18M on 1 March 2016.

In October 2015, he set the record for the total accumulated number of days spent in space by an American astronaut, 382. For the ISS year long mission, Kelly spent 340 consecutive days in space.[34]

Kelly's identical twin brother, Mark Kelly, is a former astronaut. The Kelly brothers are the only siblings to have traveled in space.[30][35]

B52 Table edit

Aircraft deliveries
 Fiscal 
Year		 B-52 model   Annual
Total  		   Total  
  A  
[36]		   B  
[37]		   C  
[38]		   D  
[39]		   E  
[40]		   F  
[41]		   G  
[42]		   H  
[43]
1954 3 3 3
1955 13 13 16
1956 35 5 1 41 57
1957 2 30 92 124 181
1958 77 100 10 187 368
1959 79 50 129 497
1960 106 106 603
1961 37 20 57 660
1962 68 68 728
1963 14 14 742
Total 3 50 35 170 100 89 193 102 742 742

Primary schedule edit

Date State State Delegation (only voting delegates) Allocation Election (CD) Election (AL) Threshold
RNC AL CD Total U B Contest AL CD Date Type Date Type
Mar 5 Kansas 3[a] 25 12 40 0 40 Caucus (closed) Proportional Proportional Apr 23 Convention May 21 Committee N/A
Kentucky 3 25 18 46 3 43 Caucus (closed) Proportional Proportional[b] May 17 Convention May 18 Convention 5%
Louisiana 3 25 18 46 3 43 Primary (closed) Proportional Proportional Mar 12 Convention Mar 12 Convention 20%
Maine 3 14 6 23 0 23 Caucus (closed) Winner-take-most Winner-take-most[b] Apr 22 Convention Apr 22 Convention 10%
Mar 6 Puerto Rico 3 20 0 23 3 20 Primary (open) Winner-take-most N/A N/A N/A Mar 6 Direct Elec. 20%
Mar 8 Hawaii 3 10 6 19 3 16 Caucus (closed) Proportional Proportional Mar 8 Slate Mar 8 Slate N/A
Idaho 3 29 0 32 0 32 Caucus (closed) Winner-take-most N/A N/A N/A Jun 4 Convention 20%
Michigan 3 14 42 59 0 59 Primary (open) Proportional Proportional Apr 8 Convention Apr 9 Convention 15%
Mississippi 3 25 12 40 3 37 Primary (open) Proportional Winner-take-most May 14 Convention May 14 Convention 15%
Mar 12 Washington D.C. 3 16 0 19 0 19 Caucus (closed) Winner-take-most N/A N/A N/A Mar 12 Convention 15%
Guam 3 6 0 9 9 0 Caucus (closed) (No allocation) N/A N/A N/A Mar 12 Convention N/A
Mar 15 Florida 0 18 81 99 0 99 Primary (closed) Winner-take-all Winner-take-all[b] Jun 3 Convention Jun 3 Committee N/A
Illinois 3[a] 12 54 69 69 Primary (open) Winner-take-all Direct Elec.[c] N/A N/A May 22 Convention N/A
Missouri 3 25 24 52 0 52 Caucus (semi-closed) Winner-take-all Winner-take-all[d] Apr 30 Convention Jun 2 Convention N/A
North. Mariana Is. 3 6 0 9 0 9 Caucus (closed) Winner-take-all N/A N/A N/A Direct Elect. Mar 15 N/A
North Carolina 3 52 0 55 3 52 Primary (semi-closed) Proportional Proportional[b] Apr 31 Convention May 8 Convention N/A
Ohio 3 66 0 66 0 66 Primary (semi-closed) Winner-take-all N/A N/A N/A Mar 15 Slate N/A
Mar 19 U.S Virgin Islands 3 6 0 9 0 9 Caucus (closed) Winner-take-all N/A N/A N/A Mar 19 Convention N/A
Mar 22 American Samoa 3 6 0 9 9 0 Caucus (open) (No allocation) N/A N/A N/A Mar 22 Convention N/A
Arizona 3 28 27 58 0 58 Primary (closed) Winner-take-all Winner-take-all[b] Apr 30 Convention Apr 30 Convention N/A
Utah 3 37 0 40 0 40 Primary (semi-closed) Winner-take-most N/A N/A N/A Apr 23 Convention 15%[e]
Apr 5 Wisconsin 3 15 24 42 0 42 Primary (open) Winner-take-all Winner-take-all Apr 17 Slate May 14 Slate N/A
Apr 19 New York 3 11 81 95 0 95 Primary (closed) Winner-take-most Winner-take-most Apr 19 Slate May 26 Committee 20%
Apr 26 Connecticut 3 10 15 28 3 25 Primary (closed) Winner-take-most Winner-take-all May 20 Slate May 20 Slate 20%
Delaware 3 13 0 16 0 16 Primary (closed) Winner-take-all N/A N/A N/A Apr 26 Convention N/A
Maryland 3 11 24 38 0 38 Primary (closed) Winner-take-all Winner-take-all Apr 19 Direct Elec. May 14 Convention N/A
Pennsylvania 3 14 54 71 54 17 Primary (closed) Winner-take-all (No allocation) Apr 19 Direct Elec. May 21 Committee N/A
Rhode Island 3 10 6 19 0 19 Primary (semi-closed) Proportional Proportional Apr 26 Direct Elec. Apr 26 Direct Elec. 10%
May 3 Indiana 3 27 27 46 0 57 Primary (open) Winner-take-all Winner-take-all May 3 Slate May 3 Slate N/A
May 10 Nebraska 3 24 9 36 3 32 Caucus (closed) Winner-take-all Winner-take-all[b] May 14 Convention May 14 Convention N/A
West Virginia 3 22 9 34 0 34 Primary (semi-closed) Direct Elec.[c] Direct Elec.[c] May 10 Direct Elec. May 10 Direct Elec. N/A
May 17 Oregon 3 10 15 28 3 25 Primary (closed) Proportional Proportional Jun 4 Convention Jun 4 Convention 3.57%
May 24 Washington 3 11 30 44 0 44 Primary (closed) Proportional Winner-take-most May 24 Slate May 24 Slate 20%
June 7 California 3 10 159 172 0 172 Primary (closed) Winner-take-all Winner-take-all Jun 7 Slate Jun 7 Slate N/A
Montana 3 24 0 27 0 27 Caucus (closed) Winner-take-all N/A N/A N/A Jun 16 Slate N/A
New Jersey 3 48 0 51 0 51 Primary (semi-closed) Winner-take-all N/A N/A N/A Jun 5 Slate N/A
New Mexico 3 12 9 24 0 24 Primary (closed) Proportional Proportional[b] May 21 Convention May 21 Convention 15%
South Dakota 3 26 0 29 0 29 Primary (closed) Winner-take-all N/A N/A N/A Mar 19 Convention N/A

Notes

  1. ^ a b RNC delegates are bound to the candidate receiving most votes statewide.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Cite error: The named reference district was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference choice was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Missouri: 16 of the AL delegates are allocated in the CD, giving a total of five delegates to the candidate receiving most votes in every CD. The state also have a winner-take-most trigger.
  5. ^ Utah: The threshold will only be activated if three or more candidates pass it.

Flint water edit

 
Protected geographical indication

In late April 2014, in an effort to save about $5 million over less than two years,[44][45][46] Flint EM Darnell Earley switched Flint from purchasing treated Lake Huron water from Detroit, as it had done for 50 years, to treating water from the Flint River. The plan was to attach to the Karegnondi system, which was under construction, and would be completed almost three years later. The Flint river had been the designated backup water source for years.[47][48][49]

By December 2014, the city had invested $4 million into its water plant.[50]

Mars edit

Editing List of missions to Mars (section) Content that violates any copyrights will be deleted. Encyclopedic content must be verifiable. Work submitted to Wikipedia can be edited, used, and redistributed—by anyone—subject to certain terms and conditions.

BoldItalicLinkEmbedded fileReferenceAdvancedSpecial charactersHelpCite TemplatesNamed referencesNamed referencesError checkCheck for errors

Missions edit

Spacecraft Launch date[51] Operator Mission[51] Outcome[51] Remarks Carrier rocket[52]
1M No.1 10 October 1960 OKB-1
Soviet Union 		Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit Molniya
1M No.2 14 October 1960 OKB-1
Soviet Union 		Flyby Launch failure Failed to orbit Molniya
2MV-4 No.1 24 October 1962 Soviet Union Flyby Launch failure Disintegrated in LEO Molniya
Mars 1
(2MV-4 No.2) 		1 November 1962 Soviet Union Flyby Spacecraft failure Communications lost before flyby Molniya
2MV-3 No.1 4 November 1962 Soviet Union Lander Launch failure Never left LEO Molniya
Mariner 3 5 November 1964 NASA
United States 		Flyby Launch failure Payload fairing failed to separate Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
Mariner 4 28 November 1964 NASA
United States 		Flyby Successful Closest approach at 01:00:57 UTC on 15 July 1965 Atlas LV-3 Agena-D
Zond 2
(3MV-4A No.2) 		30 November 1964 Soviet Union Flyby Spacecraft failure Communications lost before flyby Molniya
Mariner 6 25 February 1969 NASA
United States 		Flyby Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
2M No.521 27 March 1969 Soviet Union Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Proton-K/D
Mariner 7 27 March 1969 NASA
United States 		Flyby Successful Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
2M No.522 2 April 1969 Soviet Union Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Proton-K/D
Mariner 8 9 May 1971 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Launch failure Failed to orbit Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Kosmos 419
(3MS No.170) 		10 May 1971 Soviet Union Orbiter Launch failure Never left LEO; upper stage burn timer set incorrectly Proton-K/D
Mariner 9 30 May 1971 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Successful[53] Entered orbit on 14 November 1971, deactivated 516 days after entering orbit Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D
Mars 2
(4M No.171) 		19 May 1971 Soviet Union Orbiter Mostly successful Entered orbit 27 November 1971, operated for 362 orbits. Mapping operations unsuccessful due to dust storms on the surface[54] Proton-K/D
Mars 2 lander
(SA 4M No.171) 		19 May 1971 Soviet Union Lander Spacecraft failure Deployed from Mars 2, failed to land during attempt on 27 November 1971 Proton-K/D
Mars 3
(4M No.172) 		28 May 1971 Soviet Union Orbiter Mostly successful Entered orbit 2 December 1971, operated for 20 orbits.[55] Mapping operations unsuccessful due to dust storms on the surface[56] Proton-K/D
Mars 3 lander
(SA 4M No.172) 		28 May 1971 Soviet Union Lander Partial failure Deployed from Mars 3; landed at 13:52 UTC on 2 December 1971 but contact lost 14.5 seconds later Proton-K/D
Prop-M Rover rover
(SA 4M No.172) 		28 May 1971 Soviet Union Rover Spacecraft failure Failed to deploy Proton-K/D
Mars 4
(3MS No.52S) 		21 July 1973 Soviet Union Orbiter Spacecraft failure Failed to perform orbital insertion burn Proton-K/D
Mars 5
(3MS No.53S) 		25 July 1973 Soviet Union Orbiter Spacecraft failure Failed after nine days in Mars orbit Proton-K/D
Mars 6
(3MP No.50P) 		5 August 1973 Soviet Union Lander
Flyby 		Spacecraft failure Contact lost upon landing, atmospheric data mostly unreadable. Flyby bus collected data.[57] Proton-K/D
Mars 7
(3MP No.51P) 		9 August 1973 Soviet Union Lander
Flyby 		Spacecraft failure Separated from coast stage prematurely, failed to enter Martian atmosphere Proton-K/D
Viking 1 orbiter 20 August 1975 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Successful Operated for 1385 orbits Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 1 lander 20 August 1975 NASA
United States 		Lander Successful Deployed from Viking 1 orbiter, operated for 2245 sols Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 orbiter 9 September 1975 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Successful Operated for 700 orbits Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Viking 2 lander 9 September 1975 NASA
United States 		Lander Successful Deployed from Viking 2 orbiter, operated for 1281 sols Titan IIIE Centaur-D1T
Fobos 1
(1F No.101) 		7 July 1988 Soviet Union Orbiter
Phobos lander 		Spacecraft failure Communications lost before reaching Mars; failed to enter orbit Proton-K/D-2
Fobos 2
(1F No.102) 		7 July 1988 Soviet Union Orbiter
Phobos lander 		Partial failure Orbital observations successful, communications lost before landing Proton-K/D-2
Mars Observer 25 September 1992 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Spacecraft failure Lost communications before orbital insertion Commercial Titan III
Mars Global Surveyor 7 November 1996 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Successful Operated for seven years Delta II 7925
Mars 96
(M1 No.520) 		16 November 1996 Rosaviakosmos
Russia 		Orbiter
Penetrators 		Launch failure Never left LEO Proton-K/D-2
Mars Pathfinder 4 December 1996 NASA
United States 		Lander Successful Landed at 19.13°N 33.22°W on 4 July 1997[58] Delta II 7925
Sojourner 4 December 1996 NASA
United States 		Rover Successful Operated for 84 days[59] Delta II 7925
Nozomi
(PLANET-B) 		3 July 1998 ISAS
Japan 		Orbiter Spacecraft failure Ran out of fuel before reaching Mars M-V
Mars Climate Orbiter 11 December 1998 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Spacecraft failure Approached Mars too closely during orbit insertion attempt due to unit conversion error and burned up in the atmosphere Delta II 7425
Mars Polar Lander 3 January 1999 NASA
United States 		Lander Spacecraft failure Failed to land Delta II 7425
Deep Space 2 3 January 1999 NASA
United States 		Penetrators Spacecraft failure Deployed from MPL, no data returned Delta II 7425
Mars Odyssey 7 April 2001 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Operational Delta II 7925
Mars Express 2 June 2003 ESA
Europe 		Orbiter Operational Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Beagle 2 2 June 2003 ESA
Europe 		Lander Lander failure Deployed from Mars Express. Successful landing, but two solar panels failed to deploy, obstructing its communications. Soyuz-FG/Fregat
Spirit
(MER-A) 		10 June 2003 NASA
United States 		Rover Successful operated for 2208 sols Delta II 7925
Opportunity
(MER-B) 		8 July 2003 NASA
United States 		Rover Operational Delta II 7925H
Rosetta 2 March 2004 ESA
Europe 		Gravity assist Successful Flyby in February 2007 en route to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko[60] Ariane 5G+
MRO 12 August 2005 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Operational Atlas V 401
Phoenix 4 August 2007 NASA
United States 		Lander Successful Delta II 7925
Dawn 27 September 2007 NASA
United States 		Gravity assist Successful Flyby in February 2009 en route to 4 Vesta and Ceres Delta II 7925H
Fobos-Grunt 8 November 2011 Roskosmos
Russia 		Orbiter
Phobos sample 		Spacecraft failure Never left LEO (intended to depart under own power) Zenit-2M
Yinghuo-1 8 November 2011 CNSA
PR China 		Orbiter Failure
Lost with Fobos-Grunt 		To have been deployed by Fobos-Grunt Zenit-2M
Curiosity
(Mars Science Laboratory) 		26 November 2011 NASA
United States 		Rover Operational Atlas V 541
Mars Orbiter Mission
(Mangalyaan) 		5 November 2013 ISRO
India 		Orbiter Operational Entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. Mission extended by six months.[61][62] PSLV-XL
MAVEN 18 November 2013 NASA
United States 		Orbiter Operational Orbit insertion on September 22, 2014[63] Atlas V 401 
 – — ° ′ ″ ≈ ≠ ≤ ≥ ± − × ÷ ← → · §     Cite your sources: Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page).

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Response 1 2 3 edit

[64]

I believe the assertion, "is really only true of people brought up in the Americas (and perhaps only the USA)", to be demonstrably incorrect, because:
* The Oxford English dictionary gives "the Americas" definition first, indicating it is the older, that it is still in common use, and that it is used in the United Kingdom;
* The Chambers Dictionary, published in England in 2011, says "This dictionary was written with the British speaker of English in mind" and claims to be the most popular dictionary in England. Chambers gives only "the Americas" definition and mentions not a word about the geographical meaning current here;
* I explicitly and clearly stated that I searched two, respected, nationally circulated, English newspapers, The Guardian & The Times, and found only "the Americas" meaning for their use of "Western Hemisphere";
* I explicitly and clearly stated that I searched an Australian newspaper and found only "the Americas" meaning for their use of "Western Hemisphere";
* It makes the false assumption that the variety of English spoken in the United States is inferior to that variety of English spoken elsewhere. Wikipedia explicitly prohibits this.
Altogether I researched five, non-Americas and non-USA, sources. I found, in four, only the meaning "the Americas". The fifth contained both meanings.
But even if the assertion were true, 71% of English native speakers reside in the United States, easily making their version the most common in the world. It is a bad idea to withhold the most common meaning (by far) from the rest of the world. The non-native speakers who come to Wikipedia to learn the meaning of something they have read elsewhere should learn how 71% of English speakers use the phrase. Nick Beeson (talk) 16:54, 29 May 2015 (UTC)

Western Hemisphere Article edit

For the geopolitical term, see Western world.
 
The Western hemisphere.

The Western Hemisphere is a geopolitical term term for "the hemisphere of the world containing the Americas."[65][66][67] The Western Hemisphere is the half of the world that includes North America and South America[68][69][70][71] The Western Hemisphere consists of the Americas, adjacent islands, and surrounding waters. Longitude 160° E to longitude 20° W are considered the boundaries of the Western Hemisphere.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). In 1569, Mercator published his first world map using the Mercator Projection. It too places the prime meridian through the Azores. Mercator's atlas was published in full, by his son Rumold in 1595. This atlas was in print continously, until at least 1641, and consistantly placed the prime meridian in the Azores.[72]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JodocusHondius-ChristianKnightMap-1597.jpg

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, maps and atlases placed the prime meridian through the Azores.[73]

Countries in Western Hemisphere edit

Below is a list of the countries which are in the Western Hemisphere, in order from north to south:

Geography and cartography edit

In the fields of navigation, geography, and cartography the Western Hemisphere is the half of the world that lies west of the prime meridian (0° longitude) and east of 180° longitude.[75] Until October 1884, when the prime meridian was standardized[76] there were dozens of prime meridians used by navigators and cartographers.

Sources edit

  1. ^ Cox, Arthur N., ed. (2000), Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (Fourth ed.), AIP Press, pp. 258–259, ISBN 0-387-98746-0
  2. ^ Haynes, H. M., ed. (2016–2017), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.), CRC Press, p. 14-3, ISBN 978-1-4987-5428-6
  3. ^ "Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide", Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, NOAA, 2019, retrieved 2019-05-31
  4. ^ "Trends in Atmospheric Methane", Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network, NOAA, 2019, retrieved 2019-05-31
  5. ^ National Aeronautics and Space Administration (1976), U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (PDF), p. 3
  6. ^ Allen, C. W. (1976), Astrophysical Quantities (Third ed.), Athlone Press, p. 119, ISBN 0-485-11150-0
  7. ^ Craig F. Bohren (2006). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation: An Introduction with 400 Problems. Wiley-VCH. p. 214. Bibcode:2006fari.book.....B. ISBN 978-3-527-40503-9.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference society bio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Zabetakis, M. G. (1965), Flammability characteristics of combustible gases and vapours, U.S. Department of Mines, Bulletin 627.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cite error: The named reference LAURENDEAU was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ "Butane - Safety Properties". Wolfram|Alpha.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Fuels and Chemicals - Autoignition Temperatures, engineeringtoolbox.com
  13. ^ a b c Cafe, Tony. "PHYSICAL CONSTANTS FOR INVESTIGATORS". tcforensic.com.au. TC Forensic P/L. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  14. ^ "Diethyl Ether - Safety Properties". Wolfram|Alpha.
  15. ^ "Hydrogen - Safety Properties". Wolfram|Alpha.
  16. ^ "Flammability and flame retardancy of leather". leathermag.com. Leather International / Global Trade Media. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  17. ^ Tony Cafe. "Physical Constants for Investigators". Journal of Australian Fire Investigators. (Reproduced from "Firepoint" magazine)
  18. ^ Raghavan, Sudarsan; Fahim, Kareem (June 21, 2017). "Saudi king names son as new crown prince, upending the royal succession line". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  19. ^ "Saudi royal decrees announcing Prince Mohammed BinSalman as the new crown prince". TheNational. Abu Dhabi Media. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  20. ^ ^IXIC: Historical prices for NASDAQ Composite
  21. ^ ^GSPC: Historical prices for S&P 500
  22. ^ ^DJI: Historical Prices for Dow Jones Industrial Average
  23. ^ Abbott, B. P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (15 June 2016). "GW151226: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a 22-Solar-Mass Binary Black Hole Coalescence". Physical Review Letters. 116 (24): 241103. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.241103.
  24. ^ Castelvecchi, Davide (23 March 2016). "The black-hole collision that reshaped physics". Nature. 531 (7595). Bibcode:2016Natur.531..428C. doi:10.1038/531428a.
  25. ^ http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2016/02/11/gravitational_waves_finally_detected_at_ligo.html
  26. ^ ’’Nature’’, m. Coleman Miller, “Dawn of a new astronomy”, page 40, vol 531, issue 7592, 3 March 2016
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference Exp25 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference Exp25-landing was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference Exp26 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference Twins in Outer Space was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference Assign was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference BeginsTrip was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Cite error: The named reference jsc.nasa.gov was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference record in space was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Cite error: The named reference NASA-bio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference knaack_p230 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Knaack 1988, p. 241.
  38. ^ Knaack 1988, p. 247.
  39. ^ Knaack 1988, p. 258.
  40. ^ Knaack 1988, p. 262.
  41. ^ Knaack 1988, p. 269.
  42. ^ Knaack 1988, p. 280.
  43. ^ Cite error: The named reference knaack_p289 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  44. ^ Winston, Samuel (October 7, 2015). "How the Flint water crisis emerged". Flint Journal. p. 5. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  45. ^ "City switch to Flint River water slated to happen Friday". The Flint Journal. April 24, 2014 – via MLive.
  46. ^ Greg Botelho, Sarah Jorgensen & Joseph Netto, Water crisis in Flint, Michigan, draws federal investigation, CNN (January 9, 2016).
  47. ^ Fonger, Ron (February 25, 2015). "Detroit offers Flint alternative to using river for long-term water backup". Flint Journal. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  48. ^ Schuch, Sarah (October 7, 2015). "How the Flint water crisis emerged". Flint Journal. p. 4. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  49. ^ Fonger, Ron (February 25, 2015). "Detroit offers Flint alternative to using river for long-term water backup". Flint Journal. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  50. ^ Winston, Samuel (October 7, 2015). "How the Flint water crisis emerged". Flint Journal. p. 3. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
  51. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference chrono was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  52. ^ Cite error: The named reference rusweb was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  53. ^ Pyle, Rod (2012). Destination Mars. Prometheus Books. pp. 73–78. ISBN 978-1-61614-589-7. It was the first spacecraft to enter orbit around another world.
  54. ^ "Missions to Mars". The Planetary Society.
  55. ^ Perminov, V.G. (July 1999). The Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union (PDF). NASA Headquarters History Division. pp. 34–60. ISBN 0-16-058859-6.
  56. ^ Webster, Guy (April 11, 2013). "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander". NASA. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
  57. ^ NSSDC - Mars 6
  58. ^ "Mars Pathfinder Science Results". NASA.
  59. ^ Mars Pathfinder - Welcome to Mars - Sol 86
  60. ^ "ESA - Beautiful new images from Rosetta's approach to Mars: OSIRIS UPDATE". Esa.int. 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2012-01-16.
  61. ^ "The first image sent from Mars Orbiter". ISRO.
  62. ^ "Mangalyaan Completes 6 Months in Martian Orbit, Could Last Much Longer". NDTV. 24 March 2015.
  63. ^ Brown, Dwayne; Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth (September 21, 2014). "NASA's Newest Mars Mission Spacecraft Enters Orbit around Red Planet". NASA. Retrieved September 22, 2014.
  64. ^ Lukiw WJ; Cui; Marcheselli; Bodker; Botkjaer; Gotlinger; Serhan; Bazan (October 2005). "A role for docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell survival and Alzheimer disease". J Clin Invest. 115 (10): 2774–83. doi:10.1172/JCI25420. PMC 1199531. PMID 16151530. {{cite journal}}: More than one of |author2= and |last2= specified (help); More than one of |author3= and |last3= specified (help); More than one of |author4= and |last4= specified (help); More than one of |author5= and |last5= specified (help); More than one of |author6= and |last6= specified (help); More than one of |author7= and |last7= specified (help); More than one of |author8= and |last8= specified (help)
  65. ^ "Western Hemisphere", Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2001, p. 1294, The part of the Earth comprising North and South America and surrounding waters; longitudes 20°W and 160°E are often considered its boundaries.
  66. ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica". Retrieved 20 May 2015. Western Hemisphere, Part of Earth comprising North and South America and the surrounding waters. Longitudes 20° W and 160° E are often considered its boundaries.
  67. ^ O'Neal, Mary, ed. (2011). The Chambers Dictionary (12 ed.). London: Chambers Harrap Publishers, Ltd. p. 1780. ISBN 978-0550-10237-9. This dictionary was written with the British speaker of English in mind.
  68. ^ [www.worldbook.com The World Book Dictionary]. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 2003. p. 2377. ISBN 0-7166-0299-7. Western Hemisphere, the half of the world that includes North and South America. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  69. ^ The American Heritage College Dictionary (Fourth ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2010. p. 1557. ISBN 978-0-544-24766-3. Western Hemisphere The half of the earth comprising North America, Central America, and South America {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  70. ^ Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A., eds. (2010). New Oxford American Dictionary (Third ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1963. The Half of the earth that contains the Americas
  71. ^ Webster's New World College Dictionary (Fifth ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. ISBN 978-0-544-16606-6. Western Hemisphere that half of the earth which includes North & South America
  72. ^ Short, John Rennie (2003). "12 The Atlas Makers: Mercator's Atlas". The Wolrd Through Maps: A History of Cartography (First ed.). Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books (U.S.) Inc. p. 126. ISBN 1-55297-811-7.
  73. ^ "Western Hemisphere", Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.), Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 2001, p. 1294.
  74. ^ French Guiana is an is an overseas department
  75. ^ "III. Today's Realities". UNITED STATES COAST GUARD WESTERN HEMISPHERE STRATEGY (PDF) (CG-DCO-X ed.). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. September 2014. p. 13. For the purpose of this strategy and associated implementation plans, the Western Hemisphere is defined as the geographic region spanning the area between the International Date Line and the Prime Meridian. It does not include the Polar Regions in either the Northern or Southern Hemispheres, and maintains a decided focus on our strategic priorities in the Americas.
  76. ^ "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October, 1884. Protocols of the proceedings". Project Gutenberg. 1884. Retrieved 30 November 2012.

External links edit

  Media related to Western Hemisphere at Wikimedia Commons 0°N 90°W / 0°N 90°W / 0; -90

Category:Hemispheres of the Earth



End of Western Hemisphere Article edit

Great Lakes Table edit

Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Michigan Lake Ontario Lake Superior
Surface area[1] 9,910 sq mi (25,700 km2) 23,000 sq mi (60,000 km2) 22,300 sq mi (58,000 km2) 7,340 sq mi (19,000 km2) 31,700 sq mi (82,000 km2)
Water volume[1] 116 cu mi (480 km3) 850 cu mi (3,500 km3) 1,180 cu mi (4,900 km3) 393 cu mi (1,640 km3) 2,900 cu mi (12,000 km3)
Elevation[2] 571 ft (174 m) 577 ft (176 m) 577 ft (176 m) 246 ft (75 m) 600.0 ft (182.9 m)
Average depth[3] 62 ft (19 m) 195 ft (59 m) 279 ft (85 m) 283 ft (86 m) 483 ft (147 m)
Maximum depth[4] 210 ft (64 m) 748 ft (228 m) 925 ft (282 m) 804 ft (245 m) 1,335 ft (407 m)
Major settlements[5] Buffalo, NY
Erie, PA
Cleveland, OH
Lorain, OH
Toledo, OH
Detroit, MI
 Alpena, MI
Bay City, MI
Owen Sound, ON
Port Huron, MI
Sarnia, ON 		Chicago, IL
Gary, IN
Green Bay, WI
Sheboygan, WI
Milwaukee, WI
Kenosha, WI
Racine, WI
Muskegon, MI
Traverse City, MI 		Hamilton, ON
Kingston, ON
Mississauga, ON
Oshawa, ON
Rochester, NY
Toronto, ON
 Duluth, MN
Marquette, MI
Sault Ste. Marie, MI
Sault Ste. Marie, ON
Superior, WI
Thunder Bay, ON

NPRC edit

GamerGateControversy edit

User:Nwbeeson/GamersGateControversy

reference edit

The formation of the peptide bond consumes energy, which, in living systems, is derived from ATP.[6] Polypeptides and proteins are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Living organisms employ enzymes to produce polypeptides, and ribosomes to produce proteins. Peptides are synthesized by specific enzymes. For example, the tripeptide glutathione is synthesized in two steps from free amino acids, by two enzymes: gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthetase.[7][8]

Footnotes within footnotes edit

Remote footnotes can contain other remote footnotes, or include ref-tag footnotes. Also, any ref-tag footnote ("<ref>...</ref>") can contain a remote-footnote link, circumventing the 10-year problem where a ref-tag footnote cannot contain another ref-tag footnote.

An example (of footnotes within footnotes) would be:

The term "time dilation"[p] refers to a slowing of elapsed duration.
Notes
   [p] – The word dilation is pronounced "dy-LAY-shun" [a] and is the preferred term.[b]
   [a] – Merriam-Webster Dictionary lists "dilation" with pronunciation: \dī-'lā-shən\.[c]
   [b] – The term "time dilation" has been used since 1934 but is sometimes called "time dilatation".[d]
   [c] – Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2009, webpage: MW-dilation.
   [d] – Merriam-Webster Online Dict., 2009, webpage: MW-time+dilation.

Nested footnotes can be used to address several common issues that would tend to clutter the top-text of an article:

  • Dates differ: some sources give one date while others give another date, and a remote footnote could explain the reasons.
  • The fact is not so simple: September 11th is the 12th in some specific later time zone, and could be noted.
  • Opinions differ: perhaps explain how the Hatfields and McCoys stated different views of events.
  • A pronunciation differs with local residents or slang, such as NOLA as "Nawlins" or "New Orluns" or "New Orleens" (etc.), so a foonote could list them, plus link further footnote sources for each.

There is no limit to the nesting of remote footnotes within other footnotes.

Top Down View edit

Top down view is a programming style in video games.

German edit

German
[Deutsch, deutsche Sprache] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Pronunciation[ˈdɔʏtʃ]
Native toPrimarily in German-speaking Europe, as a minority language, and amongst the German diaspora worldwide
Native speakers
Standard German: 90 million (2010)[9]
all varieties of German: 120 million (1990–2005)[10][failed verification][improper synthesis?]
L2 speakers: 80 million[11][verification needed] (55 million (2005) in EU claimed by Eurobarometer[12])
Early forms
Latin (German alphabet)
German Braille
Signed German, LBG
(Lautsprachbegleitende/Lautbegleitende Gebärden)
Official status
Official language in
  Austria

  Belgium
  Germany
  Liechtenstein
  Italy
(South Tyrol)
  Luxembourg
   Switzerland

  European Union (official and working language)
Recognised minority
language in
  Czech Republic[13]
  Denmark[14]
  Hungary[15]

  Kazakhstan[16]
  Italy
(Trentino)
(spoken by some communities and most studied language in schools and high schools)

  Namibia (National language; official language 1984–90)[17][18]
  Poland (Auxiliary language)[19]
  Romania[20]
  Russia[21]
  Slovakia (Official municipal language of Krahule/Blaufuß)[22][23]
  Brazil (Co-official municipal language in Pomerode and other municipalities)[24]
  South Africa[25]
  Vatican City (Co-Administrative and co-commanding language of the Swiss Guard)[26]
  Venezuela (Colonia Tovar)[27]
Regulated byNo official regulation
(German orthography regulated by the Council for German Orthography[28]).
Language codes
ISO 639-1de
ISO 639-2ger (B)
deu (T)
ISO 639-3Variously:
deu – Standard German
gmh – Middle High German
goh – Old High German
gct – Alemán Coloniero
bar – Austro-Bavarian
cim – Cimbrian
geh – Hutterite German
ksh – Kölsch
nds – Low German
sli – Lower Silesian
ltz – Luxembourgish
vmf – Main-Franconian
mhn – Mócheno
pfl – Palatinate German
pdc – Pennsylvania German
pdt – Plautdietsch
swg – Swabian German
gsw – Swiss German
uln – Unserdeutsch
sxu – Upper Saxon
wae – Walser German
wep – Westphalian
Glottologhigh1287  partial match
Linguasphere
further information
52-AC (Continental West Germanic) > 52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch) >
52-ACB-d (Central German incl. 52-ACB–dl & -dm Standard/Generalised High German) + 52-ACB-e & -f (Upper German & Swiss German) + 52-ACB-h (émigré German varieties incl.
52-ACB-hc Hutterite German & 52-ACB-he Pennsylvania German etc.) + 52-ACB-i (Yenish); totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i
 
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Cladogram edit

  

Section Wikilink edit

Photoreceptor_protein#Photoreceptors_in_animals

Sears & Frandor edit

Sears opened a store on property just to the south of Frandor the year before[29] Frandor opened. Although not a part of Frandor, shoppers would not be aware of that, so this Sears has acted as an anchor store for Frandor throughout its existance.

TV Camera Tube edit

 
vidicon tube (2/3 inch in diameter)

The video camera tube was a type of cathode ray tube used to capture the television image prior to the introduction of charge-coupled devices in the mid to late 1980s. Several types were in use from the 1930s to the 1980s.

In these tubes, the cathode ray was scanned across a target which was illuminated by the scene to be broadcast. The resultant current was dependent on the brightness of the image on the target. The In older video cameras, before the mid to late 1980s, a video camera tube or pickup tube was used instead of a charge-coupled device (CCD) for converting an optical image into an electrical signal. Several types were in use from the 1930s to the 1980s. The most commercially successful of these tubes were various types of cathode ray tubes or "CRTs".

Any vacuum tube which operates using a focused beam of electrons ("cathode rays") is known as a cathode ray tube. However, in the popular lexicon "CRT" usually refers to the "picture tube" in a television or computer monitor. The proper term for this type of display tube is kinescope, only one of many types of cathode ray tubes. Others include the tubes used in oscilloscopes, radar displays, and the camera pickup tubes described in this article.[30] (The word "kinescope" has also become the popular name for a film recording made by focusing a motion picture camera onto the face of a kinescope cathode ray tube, a common practice before the advent of video tape recording.[31])

Video camera tubes typically had a certain maximum brightness tolerance. If that limit were exceeded, such as by pointing the camera at the sun, sun-reflecting shiny surfaces, like chrome car bumpers, or extremely bright point light sources, the tube detecting surface would instantly "burn out" and be rendered insensitive on part or all of the screen. A slight burn might fade away over a matter of weeks, but for a severe burn the only remedy was replacing the video tube.[32]

Book Citation Using Only ISBN edit

[33]

Animal Intro edit

Talk:Service_star#Obsolete Most known animal phyla appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, about 542 million years ago. Animals are divided into various sub-groups, some of which are: vertebrates (birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, fish); mollusks (clams, oysters, octopuses, squid, snails); arthropods (millipedes, centipedes, insects, spiders, scorpions, crabs, lobsters, shrimp); annelids (earthworms, leeches); sponges; and jellyfish.

1925 Ford Pickup truck edit

A 1925 Ford pickup truck cost $281 which is $4,882 today.

Hatton Gospels edit

The Bible in English
Main category: Bible translations into English
  Bible portal

Hatton Gospels is the name now given to a manuscript produced in the late twelfth century or early thirteenth century. It contains a translation of the four gospels into West Saxon.[34] The translators worked from the Vulgate, the Latin Bible that was the standard Biblical text of Western Christianity.

section link test edit

digeridoo

free will

Game results edit

Winners in Boldface. Italics denote a tie game.

Date played West / PCC / Pac-12 East / Big Ten Notes
January 1, 1902 Stanford 0 Michigan 49 notes
January 1, 1916 Washington State 14 Brown 0 notes
January 1, 1917 Oregon 14 Pennsylvania 0 notes
January 1, 1918* Mare Island - USMC 19 Camp Lewis - US Army 7 notes
January 1, 1919* Mare Island - USMC 0 Great Lakes - US Navy 17 notes
January 1, 1920 Oregon 6 Harvard 7 notes
January 1, 1921 California 28 Ohio State 0 notes
January 2, 1922 California 0 Washington & Jefferson 0 notes
January 1, 1923 USC 14 Penn State 3 notes
January 1, 1924 Washington 14 Navy 14 notes
January 1, 1925 Stanford 10 Notre Dame 27 notes
January 1, 1926 Washington 19 Alabama 20 notes
January 1, 1927 Stanford 7 Alabama 7 notes
January 2, 1928 Stanford 7 Pittsburgh 6 notes
January 1, 1929 California 7 Georgia Tech 8 notes
January 1, 1930 USC 47 Pittsburgh 14 notes
January 1, 1931 Washington State 0 Alabama 24 notes
January 1, 1932 USC 21 Tulane 12 notes
January 2, 1933 USC 35 Pittsburgh 0 notes
January 1, 1934 Stanford 0 Columbia 7 notes
January 1, 1935 Stanford 13 Alabama 29 notes
January 1, 1936 Stanford 7 SMU 0 notes
January 1, 1937 Washington 0 Pittsburgh 21 notes
January 1, 1938 California 13 Alabama 0 notes
January 2, 1939 USC 7 Duke 3 notes
January 1, 1940 USC 14 Tennessee 0 notes
January 1, 1941 Stanford 21 Nebraska 13 notes
January 1, 1942** Oregon State 20 Duke 16 notes
January 1, 1943 UCLA 0 Georgia 9 notes
January 1, 1944 USC 29 Washington 0 notes
January 1, 1945 USC 25 Tennessee 0 notes
January 1, 1946 USC 14 Alabama 34 notes
January 1, 1947 UCLA 14 Illinois 45 notes
January 1, 1948 USC 0 Michigan 49 notes
January 1, 1949 California 14 Northwestern 20 notes
January 2, 1950 California 14 Ohio State 17 notes
January 1, 1951 California 6 Michigan 14 notes
January 1, 1952 Stanford 7 Illinois 40 notes
January 1, 1953 USC 7 Wisconsin 0 notes
January 1, 1954 UCLA 20 Michigan State 28 notes
January 1, 1955 USC 7 Ohio State 20 notes
January 2, 1956 UCLA 14 Michigan State 17 notes
January 1, 1957 Oregon State 19 Iowa 35 notes
January 1, 1958 Oregon 7 Ohio State 10 notes
January 1, 1959 California 12 Iowa 38 notes
January 1, 1960 Washington 44 Wisconsin 8 notes
January 2, 1961 Washington 17 Minnesota 7 notes
January 1, 1962 UCLA 3 Minnesota 21 notes
January 1, 1963 USC 42 Wisconsin 37 notes
January 1, 1964 Washington 7 Illinois 17 notes
January 1, 1965 Oregon State 7 Michigan 34 notes
January 1, 1966 UCLA 14 Michigan State 12 notes
January 2, 1967 USC 13 Purdue 14 notes
January 1, 1968 USC 14 Indiana 3 notes
January 1, 1969 USC 16 Ohio State 27 notes
January 1, 1970 USC 10 Michigan 3 notes
January 1, 1971 Stanford 27 Ohio State 17 notes
January 1, 1972 Stanford 13 Michigan 12 notes
January 1, 1973 USC 42 Ohio State 17 notes
January 1, 1974 USC 21 Ohio State 42 notes
January 1, 1975 USC 18 Ohio State 17 notes
January 1, 1976 UCLA 23 Ohio State 10 notes
January 1, 1977 USC 14 Michigan 6 notes
January 2, 1978 Washington 27 Michigan 20 notes
January 1, 1979 USC 17 Michigan 10 notes
January 1, 1980 USC 17 Ohio State 16 notes
January 1, 1981 Washington 6 Michigan 23 notes
January 1, 1982 Washington 28 Iowa 0 notes
January 1, 1983 UCLA 24 Michigan 14 notes
January 2, 1984 UCLA 45 Illinois 9 notes
January 1, 1985 USC 20 Ohio State 17 notes
January 1, 1986 UCLA 45 Iowa 28 notes
January 1, 1987 Arizona State 22 Michigan 15 notes
January 1, 1988 USC 17 Michigan State 20 notes
January 2, 1989 USC 14 Michigan 22 notes
January 1, 1990 USC 17 Michigan 10 notes
January 1, 1991 Washington 46 Iowa 34 notes
January 1, 1992 Washington 34 Michigan 14 notes
January 1, 1993 Washington 31 Michigan 38 notes
January 1, 1994 UCLA 16 Wisconsin 21 notes
January 2, 1995 Oregon 20 Penn State 38 notes
January 1, 1996 USC 41 Northwestern 32 notes
January 1, 1997 Arizona State 17 Ohio State 20 notes
January 1, 1998 Washington State 16 Michigan 21 notes
January 1, 1999 UCLA 31 Wisconsin 38 notes
January 1, 2000 Stanford 9 Wisconsin 17 notes
January 1, 2001 Washington 34 Purdue 24 notes
January 3, 2002*** Miami (FL) 37 Nebraska 14 notes
January 1, 2003 Washington State 14 Oklahoma 34 notes
January 1, 2004 USC 28 Michigan 14 notes
January 1, 2005 Texas 38 Michigan 37 notes
January 4, 2006*** USC 38 Texas 41 notes
January 1, 2007 USC 32 Michigan 18 notes
January 1, 2008 USC 49 Illinois 17 notes
January 1, 2009 USC 38 Penn State 24 notes
January 1, 2010 Oregon 17 Ohio State 26 notes
January 1, 2011 TCU 21 Wisconsin 19 notes
January 2, 2012 Oregon 45 Wisconsin 38 notes
January 1, 2013 Stanford 20 Wisconsin 14 notes
January 1, 2014 Stanford 20 Michigan State 24 notes

* During WWI, military teams played.
** Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 1942 game was moved to Duke University's Wallace Wade Stadium in Durham, North Carolina, as officials were wary of allowing such a large crowd to congregate anywhere on the West Coast due to World War II security concerns.
*** Denotes BCS National Championship Game under the original format, teams outside the usual parameters played this year

Sodium polycarboxylate edit

Sodium polycarboxylate is the name used on labels in the United States to designate a family of anionic polymers with a long carbon chain backbone along which are many attached carboxyl functional groups.

Indentation edit

Linkage Disequilibrium edit

In population genetics, linkage disequilibrium is a combination of alleles (DNA sequences) at various locations (loci) in a genome (usually on one chromosome) that are inherited together more (or less) often than expected from the frequency of the alleles in the population. (see Example )

A linkage disequilibrium may be one locus, several loci, an entire chromosome, or the genome depending on the number of recombination events that have occurred between a given set of loci. In other words, linkage disequilibrium is the occurrence of some combinations of alleles or genetic markers in a population more often or less often than would be expected from a random formation of haplotypes from alleles based on their frequencies. It is indicative of a recent mutation, because there has not been time for recombination to separate the mutation from the particular alleles carried by its founder individual. [35]

Since linkage disequilibrium is the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci, that may or may not be on the same chromosome, it would be more appropriate to term it allelic association.[35] It is also referred to as gametic phase disequilibrium,[36] or simply gametic disequilibrium.

It is a second order phenomenon derived from linkage, which is the presence of two or more loci on a chromosome with limited recombination between them. The amount of linkage disequilibrium depends on the difference between observed allelic frequencies and those expected from a homogenous, randomly distributed model. Populations where combinations of alleles or genotypes can be found in the expected proportions are said to be in linkage equilibrium.

The level of linkage disequilibrium is influenced by a number of factors, including genetic linkage, selection, the rate of recombination, the rate of mutation, genetic drift, non-random mating, and population structure. A limiting example of the effect of rate of recombination may be seen in some organisms (such as bacteria) that reproduce asexually and hence exhibit no recombination to break down the linkage disequilibrium. An example of the effect of population structure is the phenomenon of Finnish disease heritage, which is attributed to a population bottleneck.

Example edit

Along the linear DNA molecule one gene follows another. These genes are said to be linked since they follow each other on the same DNA molecule, and are inherited as a group. For every gene there are several varieties. For example suppose hair color (red, brown, blond, black), eye color (hazel, green, blue, brown), heart attack rate (high, normal, low), hair curliness (straight, wavy, curly) appear one after the other. The most common pattern of the 144 possible patterns of these four genes would be black, brown, normal, and straight. Suppose a mutation occurs in a Swede in the heart attack rate gene. Now there is in the world one copy of DNA with blond, blue, ultra-low (the new mutation), and wavy. This is a linkage disequilibrium. This linkage disequilibrium would propagate because the ultra-low heart attack rate would allow the people carrying it to live longer which gives them time to have more children.

Over a long time recombination which shuffles gene varieties, but not their order, will produce all possible combinations of these four genes. The most common pattern then would be black, brown, ultra-low, and straight, and the linkage disequilibrium would have disappeared.

When a mutation occurs it occurs on one DNA molecule in one individual. Thus it has only one set of neighboring

Illuminations edit

The manuscript has decorated initials. They are large, and appear alternately in read or blue with pen ornament of the other color. Large decorated initials, alternately red or blue with pen ornament of the other colour. The large initials are twenty percent into the margins. The text is indented around the large initials. At the beginning of each Gospel, the large initial is green.[34]


Missing text edit

The manuscript is massing Luke 16.12 through 17.1.

History edit

Origin edit

The manuscript was probably produced at Canterbury. It contains palaeographic evidence of such an origin.<

Provenance edit

The first sure knowledge of the manuscript is the signature of John Parker (d. 1618), on the verso of folio i. Parker was the son of Archbishop Mathew Parker. Next there is a signature of Christopher, Baron Hatton(d. 1670), on the recto of folio ii. John Hatton bought the manuscript from the estate of

Later medieval history is unknown. The manuscript belonged to John Parker (1548-1618), son of Archbishop Mathew Parker (his signature may be seen on the verso of fol. i) and Christopher, Baron Hatton( 1605?-1670), whose signature is on the recto of fol. ii; used by Francis Junius (1589-1677) for his 1665 edition of the Gospel. The Oxford BOdleian Lirbary acquired it with other Hatton manuscripts in 1671.

Facsimile edit

  1. Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts in Microfiche Facsimile, ed. by R. M. Liuzza and A. N. Doane (Binghamton, NY: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1995), vol. 3: Anglo-Saxon Gospels
  1. Roberts, Jane, Guide to Scripts Used in English Writings up to 1500 (London: British Library, 2005), photo reproduction of fol. 80r (Colour pl. C4 and Plate 29)

Bibliography edit

Grunberg, M., The West-Saxon Gospels: A study of the Gospels of St. Matthew with Text of the Four Gospels (Amsterdam: Scheltema and Holkema NV, 1967 Hardwick, Charles ed., Gospels According to Saint Matthew in Anglo-Saxon and Northumbrian Versions, Synoptically Arranged, with Collations of the Best Manuscripts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1858) Junius, Francis and Marshall, Thomas ed., Quatuor D. N. Jesu Christi Evangeliorumversiones perantiquae duae, Gothica scil. et Anglo-Saxonica: Quarum illam ex celeberrimo Codice Argenteo nunc primum depromsit Franciscus Junius F. F. Hanc autem ex Codicibus MSS. collatis emendatius recudi curavit Thomas Mareschallus, Anglus: cujus etiam Observationes in utramque Versionem subnectuntur. Accessit + Glossarium Gothicum cui praemittitur Alphabetum Gothicum, Runicum +c. opera ejusdem francisci Junii., 2 vols (Dordrecht: Henricus and Essaeus, 1665) Lenker, Ursula, Die Westsächsische Evangelienversion und die Perikopenordnungen im angelsächsischen England, Münchener Universitäts-Schriften, Philosophische Fakultät, Texte und Untersuchungen zur Englischen Philologie, 20 (Munich: Wilhelm Fink Verlag, 1997) Liuzza, R. M., '378. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Hatton 38 (4090): "West Saxon Gospels"', in Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts in Microfiche Facsimile, ed. by R. M. Liuzza and A. N. Doane (Binghamton, NY: Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1995), vol. 3: Anglo-Saxon Gospels, pp. 32-33 Skeat, Walter W., ed., The Gospel According to Saint John: in Anglo-Saxon and Northumbrian Versions, Synoptically Arranged, with Collations Exhibiting all the Readings of All the MSS (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1878) Madan, Falconer (1895–1953). A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 837.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference EPAphysical was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference EPA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Grady was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Great Lakes Map". Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from the original on 2011-11-27. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
  5. ^ See List of cities on the Great Lakes for a complete list.
  6. ^ Watson, James; Hopkins, Nancy; Roberts, Jeffrey; Agetsinger Steitz, Joan; Weiner, Alan (1987) [1965]. Molecualar Biology of the Gene (hardcover) (Fourth ed.). Menlo Park, CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. p. 168. ISBN 0805396144.
  7. ^ Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND (March 2004). "Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health". The Journal of Nutrition. 134 (3): 489–92. PMID 14988435.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Meister A (November 1988). "Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (33): 17205–8. PMID 3053703.
  9. ^ "Världens 100 största språk 2010". Nationalencyklopedin. 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help) (in Swedish)
  10. ^ Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (16 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=deu. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World, Willard, Ohio: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company, April 2006, pp. 257–299, ISBN 978-0-7922-3662-7
  12. ^ Eurobarometer
  13. ^ EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union - Euromosaik-StudieEUROPA - Education and Training - Europa - Regional and minority languages - Euromosaïc study
  14. ^ Support from the European Commission for measures to promote and safeguard regional or minority languages and cultures - The Euromosaic study: German in Denmark (engl.). Letzter Zugriff am 13. November 2009
  15. ^ EC.europa.eu
  16. ^ "KAZAKHSTAN: Special report on ethnic Germans". Irinnews.org. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  17. ^ "Deutsch in Namibia" (PDF) (in German). Supplement of the Allgemeine Zeitung. 18 August 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  18. ^ "CIA World Fact book Profile: Namibia" cia.gov. Retrieved 2008-11-30.
  19. ^ "Map on page of Polish Ministry of Interior and Administration (MSWiA)". Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  20. ^ "SbZ - Deutsche Minderheit in Rumänien: "Zimmerpflanze oder Betreuungs-Objekt" - Informationen zu Siebenbürgen und Rumänien". Siebenbuerger.de. Retrieved 15 March 2010.
  21. ^ "Geschichte". Rusdeutsch.EU. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  22. ^ National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World. Willard, Ohio: R.R. Donnelley & Sons Company. April 2006. pp. 257–299. ISBN 978-0-7922-3662-7.
  23. ^ EUROPA - Allgemeine & berufliche Bildung - Regional- und Minderheitensprachen der Europäischen Union - Euromosaik-Studie
  24. ^ Leis Municipais http://www.leismunicipais.com.br/twitter/222/legislacao/lei-2251-2010-pomerode-sc.html
  25. ^ "Constitutional Court of South Africa - The Constitution". Constitutionalcourt.org.za. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  26. ^ Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. (15 June 2006). "Wussten Sie, dass..." Vds-ev.de. Retrieved 25 January 2012.
  27. ^ Ethnologue report for Alemán Coloniero
  28. ^ "Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung - Über den Rat". Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  29. ^ https://is.bsasoftware.com/bsa.is/AssessingServices/ServiceAssessingDetails.aspx?p=33-01-01-14-226-021&dp=33-01-01-14-226-021&i=1&appid=0&actSn=3131&actSna=MICHIGAN+AVE&actDir=E&unit=383
  30. ^ "Cathode-ray tube", McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, Third Ed., Sybil P. Parker, ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992, pp. 332-333.
  31. ^ Abramson, Albert, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000, McFarland, 2003, p. 26. ISBN 0-7864-1220-8.
  32. ^ Bensinger, Charles (1981). The Home Video Handbook (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California.: Video-Info Publications. pp. 148–150. ISBN 0-931294-02-9.
  33. ^ Glazebrook, Peter, ed. (2013) [1989]. Blackstone's Statutes on Criminal Law 2013-2014. Blackstone's Statutes (23rd ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 93–98. ISBN 978-0199678549.
  34. ^ a b http://www.le.ac.uk/english/em1060to1220/mss/EM.Ox.Hatt.38.htm
  35. ^ a b Elston, Robert; Olson, Jane; Palmer, Lyle (2003). Biostatistical Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology (1st ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 0-471-48631-0.
  36. ^ Falconer, DS; Mackay, TFC (1996). Introduction to Quantitative Genetics (4th ed.). Harlow, Essex, UK: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-582-24302-5.

Further reading edit

  • Daniell, David (2003), The Bible in English, Yale, ISBN 0-300-09930-4.
  • Madan, Falconer (1895–1953). A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 837.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)

External links edit

Category:1200s books Category:Christianity in the United Kingdom Category:12th-century Christian texts Category:12th century in England Category:English Bible translations


Cabbage Image Gallery edit

  •  
    Cabbage
  •  
    Kale
  •  
    Collard greens
  •  
    Cauliflower
  •  
    Romanesco broccoli
  •  
    Broccoli
  •  
    Brussels sprout
  •  
    Kohlrabi

Horse Species & Subspecies edit

Classification edit

See also: Evolution of the horse

Family Equidae (in addition to Equus, the family includes approximately 35 other genera, all extinct)

Extant Species edit

All Species & Subspecies edit

links edit

Talk:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory#Introduction


LUCA Citations edit

Steel, David; Penny (13 May 2010). "Origins of life: Common ancestry put to the test". 465 (7295). London: Macmillan Publishers Limited: 168–169. doi:10.1038/465168a. ISSN 0028-0836. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); More than one of |first1= and |first= specified (help); Unknown parameter |Journal= ignored (|journal= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Theobald, Douglas L. (13 May 2010). "A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry". Nature. 465 (7295). London: Macmillan Publishers Limited: 219–222. doi:10.1038/nature09014. ISSN 0028-0836.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Subsection Links edit

Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse#Bigamous Marriage


graphical timeline edit


From Other Sandbox edit

Plesiomorphy edit

Features shared more widely than in a group of interest. These are primitive for the group in question and cannot provide evidence for the group.

An evolutionary trait that is homologous within a particular group of organisms but is not unique to members of that group (compare apomorphy) and therefore cannot be used as a diagnostic or defining character for the group. For example, vertebrae are found in zebras, cheetahs, and orang-utans, but the common ancestor in which this trait first evolved is so distant that the trait is shared by many other animals. Therefore, possession of vertebrae sheds no light on the phylogenetic relations of these three species.

A Dictionary of Biology, Oxford University Press, © Market House Books Ltd 2000

Symplesiomorphy

The possession of a character state that is primitive (plesiomorphic) and shared between two or more taxa. Shared possession of a symplesiomorph character state is not evidence that the taxa in question are related.

Article edit

In cladistics, a symplesiomorphy or symplesiomorphic character is a trait which is shared (a symmorphy) between two or more taxa, but which is also shared with other taxa which have an earlier last common ancestor with the taxa under consideration. Symplesiomorphies are therefore not an indication that the taxa considered are more closely related to each other than to the more distant taxa, as all share the more primitive trait. A close phylogenetic relationship, that the taxa form a certain clade to the exclusion of certain other taxa, can only be shown by the discovery of synapomorphies which are shared traits that have originated with the last common ancestor of the taxa considered.

A plesiomorphy is

The concept of the symplesiomorphy shows the danger of grouping species together on the basis of general morphologic or genetic similarity, without distinguishing between resemblances caused by either primitive or derived traits. This phenetic method of analysis was common before cladistics became popular in the 1980s.

A famous example is pharyngeal gill breathing in bony and cartilaginous fishes. The former are more closely related to Tetrapoda (terrestrial vertebrates, which evolved out of a clade of bony fishes) that breathe via their skin or lungs, rather than to the sharks, rays, et al.. Their kind of gill respiration is shared by the "fishes" because it was present in their common ancestor and lost in the other living vertebrates.



ShortForm Table Formatting edit

Icelandic debt repayment referendum, 2010[4]
Choice Votes %
  No 134,397 98.10
Yes 2,599 1.90
Valid votes 136,996 94.98
Invalid or blank votes 7,235 5.02
Total votes 144,231 100.00
Registered voters/turnout 230,018 62.70
  1. ^ Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder, ed. (2005). "Equus caballus". Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
  2. ^ a b International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2003). "Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010)" (Summary). Bull.Zool.Nomencl. 60 (1): 81–84.
  3. ^ Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder, ed. (2005). "Equus asinus". Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
  4. ^ "Iceland rejects plan to repay Icesave debts". IceNews. 7 March 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2010.

Table Formatting edit

Sortable WikiTable edit

Metal Colorado
limit ppb 		Measured ppb Percent
over limit
cadmium 6 5 20
lead 5,720 50 10,000
arsenic 264 10 2,600
iron 326,000 1000 32,600
copper 1,120 1000 12
manganese 3,040 50 3,000

other Wikitable sortable examples edit

Rank
2011 		Rank
2010 		Company Country of origin Revenue
(million
$ USD)
 2011/2010 changes Market share
1 1 Intel Corporation(1)  USA 49 685 +23.0% 15.9%
2 2 Samsung Electronics  South Korea 29 242 +3.0% 9.3%
3 4 Texas Instruments(2)  USA 14 081 +8.4% 4.5%
4 3 Toshiba Semiconductor  Japan 13 362 +2.7% 4.3%
5 5 Renesas Electronics  Japan 11 153 -6.2% 3.6%
6 9 Qualcomm(3)  USA 10 080 +39.9% 3.2%
7 7 STMicroelectronics  France Italy 9 792 -5.4% 3.1%
8 6 Hynix  South Korea 8 911 -14.2% 2.8%
9 8 Micron Technology  USA 7 344 -17.3% 2.3%
10 10 Broadcom  USA 7 153 +7.0% 2.3%
11 12 AMD  USA 6 483 +2.2% 2.1%
12 13 Infineon Technologies  Germany 5 403 -14.5% 1.7%
13 14 Sony  Japan 5 153 -1.4% 1.6%
14 16 Freescale Semiconductor  USA 4 465 +2.5% 1.4%
15 11 Elpida Memory  Japan 3 854 -40.2% 1.2%
16 17 NXP  Netherlands 3 838 -4.7% 1.2%
17 20 NVIDIA  USA 3 672 +14.9% 1.2%
18 18 Marvell Technology Group  USA 3 448 -4.4% 1.1%
19 26 ON Semiconductor(4)  USA 3 423 +49.4% 1.1%
20 15 Panasonic  Japan 3 365 -32.0% 1.1%
21 21 Rohm Semiconductor  Japan 3 187 +2.2% 1.0%
22 19 MediaTek  Taiwan 2 952 -16.9% 0.9%
23 28 Nichia  Japan 2 936 +34.1% 0.9%
24 23 Analog Devices  USA 2 846 -0.6% 0.9%
25 22 Fujitsu Semiconductors  Japan 2 742 -0.5% 0.9%
All Other companies 95 610 -0.5% 30.7%
TOTAL 311 360 1.3% 100.0%
School Conference Record (Conference) Head Coach Previous CWS Appearances CWS Best Finish CWS W-L Record
Arizona State Pac-10 51–8 (20–7) Tim Esmay 21
(last: 2009)		 1st
(1965, 1967, 1969, 1977, 1981)		 61–36
Clemson ACC 43–23 (18–12) Jack Leggett 11
(last: 2006)		 3rd
(1996, 2002)		 10–22
Florida SEC 47–15 (22–8) Kevin O'Sullivan 5
(last: 2005)		 2nd
(2005)		 8–11
Florida State ACC 47–18 (18–12) Mike Martin 19
(last: 2008)		 2nd
(1970, 1986, 1999)		 25–38
Oklahoma Big 12 49–16 (15–10) Sunny Golloway 9
(last: 1995)		 1st
(1951, 1994)		 14–14
South Carolina SEC 48–15 (21–9) Ray Tanner 8
(last: 2004)		 2nd
(1975, 1977, 2002)		 25–17
TCU MWC 51–12 (19–5) Jim Schlossnagle 0
(last: none)		 none 0–0
UCLA Pac-10 48–14 (18–9) John Savage 2
(last: 1997)		 7th
(1969, 1997)		 3–7
Model Number Step. Freq. L2 Cache L3 Cache HT Multi 1 Voltage TDP Socket Release Date Part Number(s)
Phenom II X4 805 C2 2.5 512 4 2 12.5 0.875 - 1.425 95 AM3 February 9, 2009 HDX805WFK4FGI
Phenom II X4 810 C2 2.6 512 4 2 13 0.875 - 1.425 95 AM3 February 9, 2009 HDX810WFK4FGI
Phenom II X4 900e C2 2.4 512 6 2 12 0.850 - 1.250 65 AM3 unknown, 2009 HD900EOCK4DGI
Phenom II X4 905e C2 2.5 512 6 2 12.5 0.825 - 1.250 65 AM3 June 2, 2009 HD905EOCK4DGI
Phenom II X4 910 C2 2.6 512 6 2 13 0.875 - 1.425 95 AM3 February 9, 2009 HDX910WFK4DGI
Phenom II X4 920 C2 2.8 512 6 1.8 14 0.875 - 1.500 125 W AM2+ January 8, 2009 HDX920XCJ4DGI
Phenom II X4 925 C3 2.8 512 6 2 14 0.850 - 1.400 95 W AM3 November 4, 2009 HDX925WFK4DGM
Phenom II X4 940 Black Edition2 C2 3.0 512 6 1.8 15 0.875 - 1.500 125 AM2+ January 8, 2009 HDZ940XCJ4DGI
Phenom II X4 945 C2 3.0 512 6 2 15 0.875 - 1.500 125 AM3 April 23, 2009 HDX945FBK4DGI
Phenom II X4 945 C2 3.0 512 6 2 15 0.850 - 1.425 95 AM3 June 12, 2009 HDX945WFK4DGI
Phenom II X4 945 C3 3.0 512 6 2 15 0.850 - 1.400 95 AM3 November 4, 2009 HDX945WFK4DGM
Phenom II X4 955 Black Edition2 C2 3.2 512 6 2 16 0.875 - 1.500 125 AM3 April 23, 2009 HDZ955FBK4DGI
Phenom II X4 955 Black Edition2 C3 3.2 512 6 2 16 0.850 - 1.400 125 AM3 November 11, 2009 HDX955FBK4DGM
Phenom II X4 965 Black Edition2 C2 3.4 512 6 2 17 0.850 - 1.425 140 AM3 August 13, 2009 HDZ965FBK4DGI
Phenom II X4 965 Black Edition2 C3 3.4 512 6 2 17 0.825 - 1.400 125 AM3 November 7, 2009 HDX965FBK4DGM

2011 Chicago Mayoral Election edit

Dracunculus medinensis
Eradication: % reduction in cases
year total cases %
2009 2463 NA
2010 1785 38%
2011 1006 77%
2012 521 96%

Tax Table edit

Comparison of Tax Evasion Rates
as percent of GDP
2012 estimate[1]
country % of GDP
Estonia 28.6
Greek 24.3
Latvia 21.6
Italy 21.6
Belgium 17.1
Germany 13.5

Table of Notable Celestial Objects edit

Apparent visual magnitudes of known celestial objects
App. Mag. (V) Celestial object
–30.40 Sun as seen from 1566 Icarus at perihelion
–29.30 Sun as seen from Mercury at perihelion
–27.40 Sun as seen from Venus at perihelion
–26.73 Sun (449,000 times brighter than full moon)
–25.60 Sun as seen from Mars at aphelion
–23.00 Sun as seen from Jupiter at aphelion
–21.70 Sun as seen from Saturn at aphelion
–20.20 Sun as seen from Uranus at aphelion
–19.30 Sun as seen from Neptune
–18.20 Sun as seen from Pluto at aphelion
–16.70 Sun as seen from Eris at aphelion
–12.92 Maximum brightness of Full Moon[2]
–11.20 Sun as seen from Sedna at aphelion
–10.00 Sun as seen from scattered disc object 2006 SQ372 at aphelion
–9.50 Maximum brightness of an Iridium (satellite) flare
–8.30 Sun as seen from Comet Hyakutake at aphelion
–7.50 The SN 1006 supernova of AD 1006, the brightest stellar event in recorded history[3]
–6.00 The Crab Supernova (SN 1054) of AD 1054 (6500 light years away)[4]
–4.67 Maximum brightness of Venus[5] when illuminated as a crescent and the International Space Station (when the ISS is at its perigee and fully lit by the sun)[6]
–4.00 Faintest objects observable during the day with naked eye when Sun high in the sky
–3.82 Minimum brightness of Venus when it is on the far side of the Sun
–2.94 Maximum brightness of Jupiter[7]
–2.91 Maximum brightness of Mars[8]
–2.50 Faintest objects observable during the day with naked eye when Sun less than 10° above horizon
–2.50 Minimum brightness of Moon when close near a sun (New Moon)
–2.45 Maximum brightness of Mercury at superior conjunction (unlike Venus, Mercury is at its brightest when on the far side of the Sun)
–1.61 Minimum brightness of Jupiter
–1.47 Brightest star (except for the sun) at visible wavelengths: Sirius[9]
–0.83 Eta Carinae apparent brightness as a Supernova impostor in April 1843
–0.72 Second-brightest star: Canopus[10]
–0.49 Maximum brightness of Saturn at opposition and when the rings are full open (2003, 2018)
–0.27 The combined magnitude for the Alpha Centauri star system
–0.04 Third-brightest star: Arcturus[11]
0.03 Vega, which was originally chosen as a definition of the zero point[12]
0.50 Sun as seen from Alpha Centauri
1.21 Minimum brightness of Saturn
1.84 Minimum brightness of Mars
3.03 The SN 1987A supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud 160,000 light-years away.
3 ... 4 Faintest stars visible in an urban neighborhood with naked eye
3.44 The well known Andromeda Galaxy (M31)[13]
4.38 Maximum brightness of Ganymede[14] (moon of Jupiter and the largest moon in the solar system)
4.50 M41 an open cluster that may have been seen by Aristotle[15]
5.14 Maximum brightness of brightest asteroid Vesta
5.32 Maximum brightness of Uranus[16]
5.72 The spiral galaxy M33 which is used as a test for naked eye seeing under dark skies[17][18]
5.73 Minimum brightness of Mercury
5.95 Minimum brightness of Uranus
6.40 Maximum brightness of asteroid Pallas
6.50 Approximate limit of stars observed by a mean naked eye observer under very good conditions. There are about 9,493 stars visible to mag 6.5.[19]
6.73 Maximum brightness of dwarf planet Ceres in the asteroid belt
6.90 The spiral galaxy M81 is an extreme naked eye target that pushes human eyesight and the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale to the limit[20]
7 ... 8 Extreme naked eye limit with class 1 Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, the darkest skies available on Earth[21]
7.72 The star HD 85828[22] is the faintest star known to be observed with the naked eye[23]
7.78 Maximum brightness of Neptune[24]
8.02 Minimum brightness of Neptune
8.10 Maximum brightness of Titan (largest moon of Saturn)[25][26] Mean opposition magnitude 8.4[27]
9.01 Maximum brightness of asteroid 10 Hygiea[28]
9.50 Faintest objects visible using common 7x50 binoculars under typical conditions
10.20 Maximum brightness of Iapetus[26] (brightest when west of Saturn and takes 40 days to switch sides)
12.00 Sun as seen from Rigel
12.91 Brightest quasar 3C 273 (luminosity distance of 2.4 Giga-light years)
13.42 Maximum brightness of Triton[27]
13.65 Maximum brightness of Pluto[29] (725 times fainter than magnitude 6.5 naked eye skies)
15.40 Maximum brightness of centaur Chiron[30]
15.55 Maximum brightness of Charon (the large moon of Pluto)
16.80 Current opposition brightness of Makemake[31]
17.27 Current opposition brightness of Haumea[32]
18.70 Current opposition brightness of Eris
20.70 Callirrhoe (small ~8km satellite of Jupiter)[27]
22.00 Approximate limiting magnitude of a 24" Ritchey-Chrétien telescope with 30 minutes of stacked images (6 subframes at 300s each) using a ccd detector[33]
22.91 Maximum brightness of Pluto's moon Hydra
23.38 Maximum brightness of Pluto's moon Nix
25 Fenrir (small ~4km satellite of Saturn)[34]
27 Faintest objects observable in visible light with 8m ground-based telescopes
28 Jupiter if it were located 5000AU from the Sun[35]
28.2 Halley's Comet in 2003 when it was 28AU from the Sun[36]
29.30 Sun as seen from Andromeda Galaxy
31.5 Faintest objects observable in visible light with Hubble Space Telescope
35 Sedna at aphelion (900 AU)
35 LBV 1806-20 is a luminous blue variable star at visible wavelengths
36 Faintest objects observable in visible light with E-ELT
(see also List of brightest stars)

The above are only approximate values at visible wavelengths (in reality the values depend on the precise bandpass used) — see airglow for more details of telescope sensitivity.

Animals edit

Phylum Common Name Number of Species
Porifera Sponges 5,000
Placazoa placazoans 1
Cnidaria Jellyfishes, anemones &corals 9,000
Ctenophora Comb jellies, sea gooseberries 80
Kinorhyncha Mud dragons 150
Priapulida Priapus worms 17


Loricifera loriciferans 100
Nematomorpha Horsehair worms 230


Nematoda Round worms 20,000
Onychophora Velvet worms 80


Tardigrada Water bears 400
Arthropoda Spiders, crustaceans, insects, etc 1,230,000+


Chelicerata Horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites, scorpions

 65,000


Pycnogonida Sea spiders

 1,000


Crustacea Lobsters, crabs, shrimp, barnacles

 50,000

Myriapoda Millipedes, centipedes, etc.

 13,120


Insecta Insects

 1,100,000+

Chaetognatha Arrow worms 200


Sipuncula Peanut worms 320
Acanthocephala Spiny-headed worms 500


Gastrotricha gastrotrichs 430
Rotifera Rotifers 1,800


Cycliophora cycliophores 1
Platyhelminthes Flatworms 20,000


Nemertea Ribbon worms 900
Bryozoa Moss animals 4,150


Phoronida Horseshoe worms 12
Brachiopoda Lamp shells 300


Mollusca Clams, snails, octopi & squid 100,000
Caudofoveata

 70

Solanogastres

 250


Polyplacophora Chitons

 600


Monoplacophora

 12


Scaphopoda Tusk shells

 350


Bivalvia Clams, mussels, oysters

 8,000


Cephalopoda Octopi, Squid, Cuttlefish, Nautiloids, Vampire squid

 650


Gastropoda Snails, limpets, slugs, nudibranchs

 90,000

Annelida Segmented worms 15,000


Pterobranchia pterobranchs 22
Sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lillies 7,000


Enteropneusta Acorn worms 70
Chordata Sea squirts, lancelets & vertebrates 52,675
Urochordata Sea squirts

 1,250

Cephalochordata Lancelets

 25


Vertebrata Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

 51,400

 GRAND TOTAL (approx)

1,470,000 species

==Spacer++ asdfasdfsdf asdf asd


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Size Rank edit

The sentence on the territorial size of Georgia, had the phrase "total area, a term which includes expanses of water claimed as state territory." This clearly implies that these water areas are not really part of the territory of Michigan, Wisconsin, or Florida. However this is incorrect.

The territory of Georgia includes that area under the water of West Point Lake, Hartwell Lake, Russell Lake, etc. all of which are bodies of water shared with neighboring states. If you commit murder on these waters you will be tried in the county and state in which the boat was located when the crime was committed.

Another example is Lake Tahoe which is shared by California and Nevada, with no one implying that the 133,000 sq. mi. of territory that is under the surface is "claimed" by California. It is part of the territory of California.

There is no doubt at all that the land under the surface of the Great Lakes is part of the territory of the various states. The exact boundaries of all states and their counties are completely established, and as well known as any land boundary. In fact there is an international boundary which Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York have with Canada, which differs in no material way as that boundary which North Dakota has with Canada, even though for these five states the boundary is partly or entirely underwater.

Finally for every state article in Wikipedia, there is a standard-template right side-bar which includes in the "Area" box a list item titled "% water". For Georgia it is 2.6%. Is this just "claimed" territorial area or is it actual territorial area?

Nick Beeson (talk) 17:51, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Phylogeny edit

Chordata 


Table Example 01 edit

Composition of
dry atmosphere, by volume[37]
ppmv: parts per million by volume
Gas Volume Molar Fraction
Nitrogen (N2) 780,840 ppmv (78.084%) 754,200
Oxygen (O2) 209,460 ppmv (20.946%) 231,100
Argon (Ar) 9,340 ppmv (0.9340%) 12,866
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 383 ppmv (0.0383%) 581
Neon (Ne) 18.18 ppmv (0.001818%) 12.66
Helium (He) 5.24 ppmv (0.000524%) 0.72
Methane (CH4) 1.745 ppmv (0.0001745%) 0.97
Krypton (Kr) 1.14 ppmv (0.000114%) 3.29
Hydrogen (H2) 0.55 ppmv (0.000055%) 0.02
Not included in above dry atmosphere:
Water vapor (H2O) ~0.40% over full atmosphere, typically 1% to 4% near surface


Minor components of air not listed above include[citation needed]
Gas Volume
nitrous oxide 0.3 ppmv (0.00005%)
xenon 0.09 ppmv (9x10-6%)
ozone 0.0 to 0.07 ppmv (0%-7x10-6%)
nitrogen dioxide 0.02 ppmv (2x10-6%)
iodine 0.01 ppmv (1x10-6%)
carbon monoxide trace
ammonia trace

Table Example 02 edit

There is a table in the source for this page. I am not sure why it does not show up here.

Country BSE cases vCJD cases
Austria 5 0
Belgium 125 0
Canada 10 1
Czech Republic 9 0
Denmark 15 0
Falkland Islands 1 0
Finland 1 0
France[38] 900 11
Germany 312 0
Greece 1 0
Hong Kong 2 0
Israel 1 0
Italy 117 1
Japan 26 1
Liechtenstein 2 0
Luxembourg 2 1
Netherlands 75 2
Oman 2 0
Poland 21 0
Portugal 875 2
Republic of Ireland 1,353 4
Slovakia 15 0
Slovenia 7 0
Spain 412 2
Sweden 1 0
Switzerland 453 0
Thailand[39] 2
United Kingdom 183,823 163
United States 3 3
Total 188,535 193

If there is text does this force the table to appear where it should?

Now?

Earth Elemental Abundancies edit

Table Example edit

The table's caption
Column heading 1 Column heading 2 Column heading 3
Row heading 1 Cell 2 Cell 3
Row heading A Cell B Cell C 
(+ 60 results pending)
English Common Names vs Scientific Names
Common Scientific
wolf Canis lupus
earthworm Lumbricus terrestris
honey bee Apis mellifera
cone flower Echinacea sp.
daisy Bellis perennis
white oak Quercus alba

First Section edit

This is the first section. Goto the forth section.

Inclination
Name Inclination
to ecliptic (°) 		Inclination
to Sun's equator (°)
Terrestrials Mercury 7.01 3.38
Venus 3.39 3.86
Gas giants Jupiter 1.31 6.09
Saturn 2.49 5.51

Genet\ Section edit

This is the first section. Goto the forth section.

recombination mieosis shuffles the genes between the two chromosomes in each pair (one received from each parent), producing chromosomes with new genetic combinations in every gamete generated
mitosis does not shuffle the genes, porducing chromosomes pairs identical to those in the parent cell.
 
chromosome count mieosis produces four genetically unique cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as in the parent
mitosis produces the two genetically identical cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as in the parent

References edit

  1. ^ "Will Euro Austerity Push the Shadow Economy Even Deeper Into the Dark?". Bloomberg. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference moon-fact was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference SN1006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference SN1054 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference venus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ "ISS Information - Heavens-above.com". Heavens-above. Retrieved 2007-12-22.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference jupiter was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference mars was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference SIMBAD-Sirius was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Cite error: The named reference SIMBAD-Canopus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference SIMBAD-Arcturus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference SIMBAD-Vega was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Cite error: The named reference SIMBAD-M31 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ Cite error: The named reference horizons-Ganymede was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  15. ^ "M41 possibly recorded by Aristotle". SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 2006-07-28. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference uranus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ "SIMBAD-M33". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
  18. ^ Jerry Lodriguss (1993). "M33 (Triangulum Galaxy)". Retrieved 2009-11-27. (shows b mag not v mag)
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference SIMBAD-mag6.5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ "Messier 81". SEDS (Students for the Exploration and Development of Space). 2007-09-02. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
  21. ^ John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  22. ^ "HD 85828". SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
  23. ^ Brian Skiff of Lowell Observatory (1997-01-10). "Messier 81 naked-eye". sci.astro.amateur. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference neptune was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Cite error: The named reference horizons-Titan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  26. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference arval was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  27. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference jpl-sat was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Cite error: The named reference AstDys-Hygiea was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  29. ^ Cite error: The named reference pluto was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  30. ^ Cite error: The named reference AstDys-Chiron was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  31. ^ Cite error: The named reference AstDys-Makemake was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  32. ^ Cite error: The named reference AstDys-Haumea was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. ^ Steve Cullen (sgcullen) (2009-10-05). "17 New Asteroids Found by LightBuckets". LightBuckets. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
  34. ^ Cite error: The named reference sheppard-saturn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  35. ^ Magnitude difference is 2.512*log10[(5000/5)^2 X (4999/4)^2] ≈ 30.6, so Jupiter is 30.6 mag fainter at 5000 AU
  36. ^ "New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold". ESO. 2003-09-01. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
  37. ^ Source for figures: Carbon dioxide, NASA Earth Fact Sheet, (updated 2007.01). Methane, IPCC TAR table 6.1, (updated to 1998). The NASA total was 17 ppmv over 100%, and CO2 was increased here by 15 ppmv. To normalize, N2 should be reduced by about 25 ppmv and O2 by about 7 ppmv.
  38. ^ France reports more than 900 BSE cases
  39. ^ The number of BSE cases in not available for Thailand

not sent edit

Fourth Pillar You left this message on my "talk" page: "Your recent test edits to Clarence Darrow were not constructive. It was vandalism and was reverted. Entry of false information is not helpful. ... Further vandalism will get you blocked from editing without further notice."

The edit in question changed "A" to "On September 9, 2915, a". The actual year was 1925, but my fingers got it wrong and I mistyped it. As anyone can see the year I typed contains the correct digits but in the wrong order. Clearly this is a typo. Vandalism would have contained some other digits, e.g. 3746.

The fundamental principles by which Wikipedia operates can be summarized in five "pillars": the Fourth Pillar says in part "...assume good faith on the part of others." Your post to me violates this. Instead of assuming good faith, you leap directly to assuming bad faith on my part, and calling my clear typo "vandalism". Then you threaten me with being "blocked from editing without further notice."

I have been editing Wikipedia for over seven years, on a daily basis. I have made over 3,000 distinct edits. Not one of which has ever before been called vandalism by anyone. You need to put heavy effort into rethinking your quick attacks on fellow Wikipedians, and try hard to grasp what the Fourth Pillar means when it says, "...assume good faith on the part of others." Nick Beeson (talk) 14:36, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

Subsequent Federal Coutr Decisions edit

By February 14, 2014, there had been twelve "substantive" Federal District Court decisions bearing on the constitutionality of various state constitutional, and statutory, bans on gay marriage. In every case the court struck down the ban as unconstitutional.[1] Decisions were rendered in Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio, Virginia, Kentucky, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and West Virginia. In addition to marriage there have been six decisions which have addressed other aspects of government sponsored discrimination due to sexual orientation, for example, selection to serve on juries, or receive employment benefits. In all six cases the courst struck down the discriminatory acts.[1]

Test of Egg Introduction edit

An ‘’’egg’’’ is the organic vessel containing the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum, in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own, at which point the animal hatches. Most arthropods, vertebrates, and mollusks lay eggs while a few retain the fertilized egg inside the female, e.g. scorpions and most mammals, and give birth to live young.

The 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) ostrich egg is the largest egg currently known, though the extinct Aepyornis and some dinosaurs had larger eggs. The Bee Hummingbird produces the smallest known bird egg, which weighs half of a gram. The eggs laid by some reptiles and most fish can be even smaller, and those of insects and other invertebrates can be much smaller still.

Oviparous animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other development within the mother.

The term "egg" is used differently outside the animal kingdom. Reproductive structures similar to the egg in other kingdoms are termed “spores,’ or in spermatophytes “seeds,” or in gametophytes “egg cell”.

The rest of this article is devoted to the discussion of amniote animal eggs.

Reptile eggs, bird eggs, and monotreme eggs, are laid out of water, and are surrounded by a protective shell, either flexible or inflexible. Eggs laid on land or in nests are usually kept within a favourable temperature range (warm) while the embryo grows. When the embryo is adequately developed it hatches, i.e. breaks out of the egg's shell. Baby animals which have just hatched are hatchlings, though standard names for babies of particular species continue to apply, such as chick for a baby chicken. Some embryos have a temporary egg tooth with which to crack, pip, or break the eggshell or covering.

The study or collecting of eggs, particularly bird eggs, is called oology.

Donatism edit

Donatism (Latin: Donatismus, Greek: Δονατισμός Donatismos) was a Christian sect within the Roman province of Africa that flourished in the fourth and fifth centuries[2] among Berber Christians. The Donatists (named for the Berber Christian bishop Donatus Magnus) were members of a schismatic church not in communion with the churches of the rest of Early Christianity in Late Antiquity. Donatism arose out of the persecutions of Christians under Diocletian (303–5 AD). The governor of Africa had been lenient towards the large Christian minority under his rule during the Diocletian persecutions. He was satisfied when Christians handed over their Scriptures as a token repudiation of their faith. When the persecutions came to an end, however, these Christians were branded traditores, "those who handed (the holy things) over" by the Donatists, mostly from the poorer classes.[3] The Donatists refused to accept the legitimacy of the traditores, declaring that their actions were unforgivable, and sacraments, such as baptism, administered by them were invalid.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Best Actress in a Play, Best Actress in a Musical, Best Featured Actress in a Play, and Best Featured Actress in a Musical. - See more at: http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/history/facts/#sthash.Vi3f2jyp.dpuf
  2. ^ Listed separately from the citation

References edit

  1. ^ a b http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/02/26/texas_gay_marriage_federal_judge_orlando_garcia_declares_texas_ban_unconstituional.html
  2. ^ Cantor 1995, pp. 51f.
  3. ^ Cantor 1995, p. 51.
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