User:Noclador/sandbox/Alpini WW1

Alpini observation post on Monte Nero.

The Alpini (Italian for "alpines") are a specialised mountain warfare infantry corps of the Italian Army, which distinguished itself in World War I fighting in the Alps against Austro-Hungarian Kaiserjäger and the German Alpenkorps. The Alpini were supported by the Mountain Artillery, which both share the Cappello Alpino as identifying symbol. Below follow tables listing the regiments, battalions and groups, companies and batteries of the Alpini and Mountain Artillery active in World War I.

Alpini

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History

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The Alpini were founded in 1872 and their mission was to protect Italy's northern mountain border with France and Austria-Hungary. Recruited locally in the valleys of the Alps they were the trained in mountain warfare and based in locations along the Alpine arch. The regiments were numbered 1 to 8 from West to East and the regular battalions named for the locations of their depots, which served as training centers and for materiel storage. After the raising of the Belluno battalion on 1 October 1910 the Alpini numbered 79 companies in 26 battalions. Each battalion, with the exception of the Verona, consisted of three Alpini companies of one captain, four lieutenants and 250 men. The Verona was the only battalion to field four companies.[1]

After the outbreak of World War I in 1914 an additional 38 Alpini companies, numbered from 80 to 117, were raised from men, who had completed their military service in the preceding four years (i.e. completed it between 1910 and 1914). These companies were used to augment the regular battalions. Starting in early January 1915 each Alpini battalion activated a reserve battalion. Named after a valley (in Italian: Val or Valle) located near the regular battalion's depot, these Valle battalions were filled with men, who had completed their military service at least four years, but not more than 11 years earlier (i.e. completed it between 1911 and 1904). The companies of the Valle battalions were numbered from 201 to 281, with the numbers 227, 233, 237, 271, and 273 never assigned to a company (227th originally meant for the Val Pellice, but received the 224th Company instead; 233rd originally meant for the Val Dora, but received the 3rd Company instead; 271st originally meant for the Val Fella, but received the 8th Company instead).

After the Italian declaration of war against Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915 the Alpini were heavily employed in the mountainous areas of the Italian front. At the end of 1915 the depots began to raise new battalions with drafted men born in 1896. These battalions were named after mountains (in Italian: Monte) located near the regular battalion's depots and they received the 38 companies already raised in 1914. The new companies of these battalions were numbered from 118 to 157. One additional Monte company (158th for the Fenestrelle battalion), and the Monte Mandrone battalion (159th, 160th, 161st company) were raised later (see 5th Alpini Regiment for details about the Monte Mandrone).

Machine Gunner Companies

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Alpini machine gunners operating a Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914.

At the outbreak of war each infantry and Bersaglieri battalion of the Italian Army fielded one machine gun section with two Maxim 1911 machine guns carried by horses. Alpini battalions fielded two machine gun sections with two Maxim 1911 machine guns carried by mules. After the outbreak of the war this proved quickly to be inadequate and in spring 1916 the army began to raise dedicated machine gunner companies (Compagnia Mitraglieri). These companies were attached to brigades, divisions and army corps, which deployed them with tactical units (regiments, battalions, companies) as needed. 2,277 Machine Gunner companies were raised and numbered continuously. The Alpini depots raised 50 companies equipped with six Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gunmachine guns each, and 119 companies equipped with six Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914 machine guns each.[2]

The St. Étienne Mle 1907 equipped machine gunner companies were the: 78th, 79th, 87th, 89th, 91st, 92nd, 116th, 117th, 121st, 133rd, 141st, 143rd, 166th, 167th, 176th, 190th, 191st, 192nd, 350th, 416th, 417th, 441st, 442nd, 456th, 467th, 491st, 492nd, 2021st, 2057th, 2101st, 2191st, 2207th, 2227th, 2230th, 2231st, 2232nd, 2233rd, 234th, 2235th, 2236th, 2237th, 2238th, 2260th, 2262nd, 2265th, 2266th, 2268th, 2284th, 2275th, and 2276th.

The Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun equipped machine gunner companies were the: 201st, 202nd, 215th, 218th, 219th, 257th, 296th, 316th, 337th,347th, 348th, 503rd, 504th, 505th, 506th, 507th, 508th, 509th, 526th, 527th, 557th, 558th, 559th, 560th, 617th, 625th, 636th, 637th, 638th, 639th, 652nd, 661st, 662nd, 663rd, 664th, 665th, 670th, 671st, 691st, 692nd, 693rd, 694th, 695th, 741st, 742nd, 745th, 799th, 817th, 819th, 820th, 821st, 880th, 890th, 891st, 932nd, 933rd, 934th, 935th, 936th, 938th, 979th, 980th, 981st, 982nd, 983rd, 1259th, 1260th, 1261st, 1284th, 1337th, 1351st, 1355th, 1356th, 1357th, 1358th, 1359th, 1374th, 1380th, 1388th, 1397th, 1411th, 1451st, 1452nd, 1457th, 1559th, 1560th, 1602nd, 1603rd, 1604th, 1620th, 1621st, 1622nd, 1634th, 1635th, 1636th, 1637th, 1638th, 1734th, 1740th, 1741st, 1742nd, 1743rd, 1744th, 1747th, 1771st, 1772nd, 1773rd, 1774th, 1775th, 1776th, 1777th, 1778th, 1779th, 1801st, 1802nd, 1830th, 1831st, 1832nd, 1833rd, and 1834th.

Skiers Battalions

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Ski troops with their sled dogs on Adamello glacier.

During the war each Alpini battalion raised a skiers platoon from its ranks. Starting on 9 January 1917 the army began to combine these platoons in twelve skiers battalions (Battaglione Sciatori) of two companies and one train unit each. Each company had 18 dog sleds: six configured to carry wounded and twelve to carry the company's six Villar Perosa submachine guns with their ammunition. Each company also fielded a machine gun section with two Fiat–Revelli Modello 1914 machine guns.[3] Until the end of March 1917 twelve battalions and two autonomous companies had been formed and numbered from West to East. However already on 15 May of the same year ten of the battalions were disbanded or their men used to form seven regular Alpini battalions. Only the I and II Skiers battalion continued to serve on the glaciers of the Adamello-Presanella Alps and Ortler Alps. Ultimately both battalions were reformed as Alpini battalions in spring 1918. Until the end of the war a total of nine battalions were raised with men and companies of the former skiers battalions and their companies were numbered:[3]

  • from 282 to 286 for newly raised companies
  • from 290 to 311 for former skiers companies

The numbers 287, 288, 289 were not assigned. As an example: on 15 May 1917 the two newly raised 282nd and 283rd companies were combined with the 302nd company, which contained the remaining men of the V Skiers Battalion to form the Pallanza Alpini Battalion. The battalions were assigned to higher commands as follows:[3]

Army Battalion Company Fate[3]
1st Army I Skiers Battalion 1st Skiers Company Became the Alpini Battalion Monte Ortler on 24 February 1918
9th Skiers Company
II Skiers Battalion 2nd Skiers Company Became the Alpini Battalion Monte Cavento on 4 March 1918
10th Skiers Company
III Skiers Battalion 11th Skiers Company Alpini Battalion Monte Pasubio
25th Skiers Company
IV Skiers Battalion 12th Skiers Company
13th Skiers Company
24th Autonomous Skiers Company Alpini Battalion Monte Tonale
6th Army V Skiers Battalion 3rd Skiers Company Alpini Battalion Pallanza
4th Skiers Company
VI Skiers Battalion 14th Skiers Company Alpini Battalion Cuneo
15th Skiers Company
VII Skiers Battalion 5th Skiers Company Alpini Battalion Courmayeur
6th Skiers Company
VIII Skiers Battalion 19th Skiers Company Alpini Battalion Monte Marmolada
20th Skiers Company
4th Army IX Skiers Battalion 8th Skiers Company disbanded
23rd Skiers Company
X Skiers Battalion 7th Skiers Company
21st Skiers Company
22nd Autonomous Skiers Company
XII Army Corps XI Skiers Battalion 16th Skiers Company Alpini Battalion Monte Nero
17th Skiers Company
2nd Army XII Skiers Battalion 18th Skiers Company
26th Skiers Company

Initial operational deployment

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The regimental commands of the eight Alpini regiments were disbanded in the first years of the war. Their officers were used to create regiment-sized Groups (Gruppo), which numbered twenty by the war's end (1° to 20°) and brigade-sized Groupings (Raggruppamento), which numbered nine by war's end (I to IX). For larger operations divisional commands were assigned groupings and the necessary support units, however these divisions were not part of the Alpini corps. By war's end the 52nd and 80th divisional commands had at one point or the other commanded two Alpini groupings, while the 5th and 75th divisional commands, which were tasked with static defense in the Giudicarie and Bergamasque Alps fielded almost exclusively Alpini Groupings.[4]

As an example for the operational deployment of the Alpini below follows the order of battle of the 52nd Division for the assault on Monte Ortigara on 10 June 1917.

52nd Division
Command of 1st and 2nd GroupNote 1 Command of 8th and 9th GroupNote 1 Divisional Reserve
  • 1st Alpini Group
    •   Alpini Battalion Monte Spluga
    •   Alpini Battalion Tirano
    •   Alpini Battalion Monte Stelvio
    •   Alpini Battalion Valtellina
    •   Alpini Battalion Vestone
    • 78th Machine Gunner Company
    • 79th Machine Gunner Company
    • 176th Machine Gunner Company
    • 456th Machine Gunner Company
    • 661st Machine Gunner Company
  • 2nd Alpini Group
    •   Alpini Battalion Ceva
    •   Alpini Battalion Val Tanaro
    •   Alpini Battalion Val Stura
    •   Alpini Battalion Bicocca
    •   Alpini Battalion Mondovì
    • 527th Machine Gunner Company
    • 693rd Machine Gunner Company
    • 694th Machine Gunner Company
    • 695th Machine Gunner Company
  • XIII Mountain Artillery Group
    • 13th Artillery Battery
    • 44th Artillery Battery
    • 62nd Mountain Artillery Battery
  • 8th Alpini Group
    •   Alpini Battalion Monte Mercantur
    •   Alpini Battalion Val Arroscia
    •   Alpini Battalion Val Ellero
    •   Alpini Battalion Monte Clapier
    • 215th Machine Gunner Company
    • 662nd Machine Gunner Company
    • 691st Machine Gunner Company
  • 9th Alpini Group
    •   Alpini Battalion Verona
    •   Alpini Battalion Monte Baldo
    •   Alpini Battalion Bassano
    •   Alpini Battalion Sette Comuni
    • 202nd Machine Gunner Company
    • 663rd Machine Gunner Company
    • 692nd Machine Gunner Company
  • XXII Mountain Artillery Group
    • 45th Mountain Artillery Battery
    • 47th Mountain Artillery Battery
    • 48th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   Alpini Battalion Cuneo
  •   Alpini Battalion Monte Saccarello
  •   Alpini Battalion Val Dora
  •   Alpini Battalion Monte Marmolada
  • 10th Mountain Artillery Grouping
    • XXIII Mountain Artillery Group
      • 45th Artillery Battery
      • 46th Mountain Artillery Battery
      • 50th Mountain Artillery Battery
    • XXIV Mountain Artillery Group
      • 56th Mountain Artillery Battery
      • 60th Mountain Artillery Battery

The two commands were renamed I Alpini Grouping respectively IV Alpini Grouping on 20 July 1920

Military Awards

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Medals of Military Valor awarded to a battalion for its conduct during the war are also listed in the table below. If more than one battalion distinguished itself in a battle they were collectively awarded a shared medal of military valor, but no matter the number of battalions awarded a shared medal, only one medal was pinned to the regiment's war flag.

1st Alpini Regiment

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The 1st Alpini Regiment was based in Mondovì and recruited in the Ligurian Alps and Maritime Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:[5]

The regiment's battalions were awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, one of which was shared between the Ceva and Monte Saccarello battalions.

1st Alpini Regiment, in Mondovì[5][6]
Ceva Depot Pieve di Teco Depot Mondovì Depot
  Alpini Battalion Ceva[7][8] 
  •   1st Alpini Company
  •   4th Alpini Company
  •   5th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Pieve di Teco

(disbanded on 14 March 1916 because of heavy losses)[9][10]

  •   2nd Alpini Company
  •   3rd Alpini Company
  •   8th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Mondovì[11] 
  •   2nd Alpini Company Note 1
  •   9th Alpini Company
  •   10th Alpini Company
  •   11th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Tanaro[12]
  •   201st Alpini Company
  •   204th Alpini Company
  •   205th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Arroscia[13]
  •   202nd Alpini Company
  •   203rd Alpini Company
  •   208th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val d'Ellero[14]
  •   209th Alpini Company
  •   210th Alpini Company
  •   211th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Mercantur[15]
  •   98th Alpini Company (ex Ceva)
  •   116th Alpini Company (ex Ceva)
  •   121st Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Saccarello[16] 
  •   107th Alpini Company (ex Pieve di Teco)
  •   115th Alpini Company (ex Pieve di Teco)
  •   120th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Clapier[17] 
  •   114th Alpini Company (ex Mondovì)
  •   118th Alpini Company
  •   119th Alpini Company

Note 1: The 2nd Alpini Company, originally part of the disbanded Pieve di Teco battalion, was re-raised by the Mondovì depot and joined the Mondovì on 5 December 1916.

2nd Alpini Regiment

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The 2nd Alpini Regiment was based in Cuneo and recruited in the Maritime Alps and Cottian Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:[18]

The regiment's battalions were awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, one of which was shared between the Val Maira, Val Varaita, Monte Argentera, and Monviso battalions.

2nd Alpini Regiment, in Cuneo[18][19]
Borgo San Dalmazzo Depot Dronero Depot Saluzzo Depot
  Alpini Battalion Borgo San Dalmazzo[20]
  •   13th Alpini Company
  •   14th Alpini Company
  •   15th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Dronero[21][22]
  •   17th Alpini Company
  •   18th Alpini Company
  •   19th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Saluzzo[23][24] 
  •   21st Alpini Company
  •   22nd Alpini Company
  •   23rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Stura[25][26]
  •   213th Alpini Company
  •   214th Alpini Company
  •   215th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Maira[27]   
  •   217th Alpini Company
  •   218th Alpini Company
  •   219th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Varaita[28][29] 
  •   221st Alpini Company
  •   222nd Alpini Company
  •   223rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Argentera[30][31] 
  •   99th Alpini Company (ex Borgo San Dalmazzo)
  •   117th Alpini Company (ex Borgo San Dalmazzo)
  •   122nd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Bicocca[32][33]
  •   81st Alpini Company (ex Dronero)
  •   101st Alpini Company (ex Dronero)
  •   123rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monviso[34][35] 
  •   80th Alpini Company (ex Saluzzo)
  •   100th Alpini Company (ex Saluzzo)
  •   124th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Cuneo[36]
(formed with men of the VI Skiers Battalion)[3]
  •   297th Alpini Company
  •   298th Alpini Company
  •   299th Alpini Company

3rd Alpini Regiment

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The 3rd Alpini Regiment was based in Turin and recruited in the Cottian Alps and Graian Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:[37]

The regiment's battalions were awarded three Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, one of which was shared between the Susa and Exilles battalions for the conquest of Monte Nero.

3rd Alpini Regiment, in Turin[37][38]
Pinerolo Depot Fenestrelle Depot Exilles Depot Susa Depot
  Alpini Battalion Pinerolo[39] 
  •   25th Alpini Company
  •   26th Alpini Company
  •   27th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Fenestrelle[40][41]
  •   28th Alpini Company
  •   29th Alpini Company
  •   30th Alpini Company
  •   158th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Exilles[42] 
  •   31st Alpini Company
  •   32nd Alpini Company
  •   33rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Susa[43] 
  •   34th Alpini Company
  •   35th Alpini Company
  •   36th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Pellice[44]
  •   224th Alpini Company
  •   225th Alpini Company
  •   226th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Chisone[45]
  •   228th Alpini Company
  •   229th Alpini Company
  •   230th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Dora[46]
  •   3rd Alpini Company Note 1
  •   231st Alpini Company
  •   232nd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Cenischia[47]
  •   234th Alpini Company
  •   235th Alpini Company
  •   236th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Granero[48]
  •   82nd Alpini Company (ex Pinerolo)
  •   125th Alpini Company
  •   126th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Albergian[49] 
  •   83rd Alpini Company (ex Fenestrelle)
  •   127th Alpini Company
  •   128th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Assietta[50]
  •   84th Alpini Company (ex Exilles)
  •   129th Alpini Company
  •   130th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Moncenisio[51]
  •   85th Alpini Company (ex Susa)
  •   102nd Alpini Company (ex Susa)
  •   131st Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Courmayeur[52][53]
(formed with men of the VII Skiers Battalion)[3]
  •   303rd Alpini Company
  •   304th Alpini Company
  •   305th Alpini Company

Note 1: The 3rd Alpini Company, originally part of the disbanded Pieve di Teco battalion, was re-raised by the Exilles depot and joined the Val Dora on 24 December 1916.

4th Alpini Regiment

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The 4th Alpini Regiment was based in Ivrea and recruited in the Graian Alps and Pennine Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:[54]

The regiment's battalions were awarded one Gold Medal of Military Valor and five Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, four of which were shared between the Intra and Val D'Orco, Aosta and Val Toce, Monte Levanna and Aosta, Monte Levanna and Val Toce battalions.

4th Alpini Regiment, in Ivrea[54][55]
Ivrea Depot Aosta Depot Intra Depot
  Alpini Battalion Ivrea[56][57]
  •   38th Alpini Company
  •   39th Alpini Company
  •   40th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Aosta[58][59]     
  •   41st Alpini Company
  •   42nd Alpini Company
  •   43rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Intra[60] 
  •   7th Alpini Company
  •   24th Alpini Company
  •   37th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val d'Orco[61][62] 
  •   238th Alpini Company
  •   239th Alpini Company
  •   240th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Baltea[63][64]
  •   241st Alpini Company
  •   242nd Alpini Company
  •   280th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Toce[65]   
  •   207th Alpini Company
  •   243rd Alpini Company
  •   281st Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Levanna[66][67]   
  •   86th Alpini Company (ex Ivrea)
  •   111th Alpini Company (ex Ivrea)
  •   132nd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Cervino[68][69] 
  •   87th Alpini Company (ex Aosta)
  •   103rd Alpini Company (ex Aosta)
  •   133rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Rosa[70]
  •   112th Alpini Company (ex Intra)
  •   134th Alpini Company
  •   135th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Pallanza[71]
(formed with men of the V Skiers Battalion)[3]
  •   282nd Alpini Company (newly raised)
  •   283rd Alpini Company (newly raised)
  •   302nd Alpini Company

5th Alpini Regiment

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The 5th Alpini Regiment was based in Milan and recruited in the valleys of Northern Lombardy, which lie mostly within the Lepontine Alps, Bergamasque Alps and Livigno Alps. The recruiting area of the 5th Alpini extended to the Westerns shore of Lake Garda, with the recruiting area of the 6th Alpini Regiment commencing on the Eastern shore. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:[72]

The regiment's Val Chiese battalion served from 1915 to August 1918 in the Val di Ledro and then in the battles of the Piave river.[73] The Edolo battalion served for the entire war in the Adamello range and adjacent Tonale pass area.[74]

In spring 1915 the regiment's Morbegno Depot formed the 1st Alpini Volunteers Company, while in Milan volunteers formed the 2nd Alpini Volunteers Company. The two companies were merged in October 1915 as 1st Volunteer Unit (Reparto Volontari) and fought in the Ortler area until March 1918 when the company was renamed 3rd Alpini Company and assigned to the Mondovì Battalion. The 3rd Company was originally part of the Pieve di Teco battalion, until battalion and company were disbanded after suffering heavy losses. The company was then reformed and assigned to the Val Dora battalion, until battalion company were disbanded after suffering heavy losses in the Battle of Caporetto. Also in spring 1915 the Edolo Depor formed the 3rd Alpini Volunteers Company Val Camonica, which served in the Tonale-Adamello area until June 1918 when it was assigned as 311th Alpini Company to the Alpini Battalion Monte Cavento. In Brescia a large number of volunteers formed another Volunteer Unit, which after training at the Vestone Depot was known as the Volunteer Unit Vestone. The unit was attached to the Vestone battalion and served in the Lake Garda area until August 1916 when it was merged into the 1st Volunteer Unit.

In August 1915 the 5th Alpini Regiment organized the Autonomous Company Garibaldi, which was tasked to garrison the area around the mountain hut of the same name in the Adamello range. On 20 April 1916 the company was elevated to Autonomous Battalion Garibaldi and staffed with Alpini soldiers of the 5th Alpini Regiment. On 6 September 1916 the battalion lost its autonomy and was integrated into the 5th Alpini as Alpini Battalion Monte Mandrone.[75]

The regiment's Morbegno battalion was awarded a Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war.

5th Alpini Regiment, in Milan[72][76]
Morbegno Depot Tirano Depot Edolo Depot Vestone Depot
  Alpini Battalion Morbegno[77][78] 
  •   44th Alpini Company
  •   45th Alpini Company
  •   47th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Tirano[79][80]
  •   46th Alpini Company
  •   48th Alpini Company
  •   49th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Edolo[74][81]
  •   50th Alpini Company
  •   51st Alpini Company
  •   52nd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Vestone[82][83]
  •   53rd Alpini Company
  •   54th Alpini Company
  •   55th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val d'Intelvi[84][85]
  •   244th Alpini Company
  •   245th Alpini Company
  •   247th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Valtellina[86][87]
  •   246th Alpini Company
  •   248th Alpini Company
  •   249th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Camonica[88][89]
  •   250th Alpini Company
  •   251st Alpini Company
  •   252nd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Chiese[73]
  •   253rd Alpini Company
  •   254th Alpini Company
  •   255th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Spluga[90]
  •   88th Alpini Company (ex Morbegno)
  •   104th Alpini Company (ex Morbegno)
  •   136th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Stelvio[91]
  •   89th Alpini Company (ex Tirano)
  •   113th Alpini Company (ex Tirano)
  •   137th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Adamello[92]
  •   90th Alpini Company (ex Edolo)
  •   105th Alpini Company (ex Edolo)
  •   138th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Suello[93]
  •   91st Alpini Company (ex Vestone)
  •   139th Alpini Company
  •   140th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Mandrone[75]
  •   159th Alpini Company (ex Pinerolo)
  •   160th Alpini Company
  •   161st Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Tonale[94]
  •   285th Alpini Company (newly raised)
  •   286th Alpini Company (newly raised)
  •   293rd Alpini Company (former 24th Autonomous Skiers Company)[3]
  Alpini Battalion Monte Ortler[95][96]
(former I Skiers Battalion)[3]
  •   306th Alpini Company
  •   307th Alpini Company
  •   308th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Cavento[97][98]
(former II Skiers Battalion)[3]
  •   309th Alpini Company
  •   310th Alpini Company
  •   311th Alpini CompanyNote 3

Note 3: Former 3rd Alpini Volunteers Company Val Camonica

6th Alpini Regiment

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The 6th Alpini Regiment was based in Verona and recruited primarily in the Vicentine Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:[99]

The regiment's battalions were awarded six Silver Medals of Military Valor during the war, one of which was shared between the Verona, Bassano, Monte Baldo, and Sette Comuni battalions for their conduct during the battle of Monte Ortigara.

6th Alpini Regiment, in Verona[99][1]
Verona Depot Vicenza Depot Bassano Depot
  Alpini Battalion Verona[100] 
  •   56th Alpini Company
  •   57th Alpini Company
  •   58th Alpini Company
  •   73rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Vicenza[101][102] 
  •   59th Alpini Company
  •   60th Alpini Company
  •   61st Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Bassano[103][104]   
  •   62nd Alpini Company
  •   63rd Alpini Company
  •   74th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val d'Adige[105]
  •   256th Alpini Company
  •   257th Alpini Company
  •   258th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Leogra[106][107] 
  •   259th Alpini Company
  •   260th Alpini Company
  •   261st Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Brenta[108][109] 
  •   262nd Alpini Company
  •   263rd Alpini Company
  •   274th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Baldo[110] 
  •   92nd Alpini Company (ex Verona)
  •   141st Alpini Company
  •   142nd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Berico[111][112] 
  •   93rd Alpini Company (ex Vicenza)
  •   108th Alpini Company (ex Vicenza)
  •   143rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Sette Comuni[113][114] 
  •   94th Alpini Company (ex Bassano)
  •   144th Alpini Company
  •   145th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Pasubio[115][116]
(formed with men of the III and IV Skiers Battalions)[3]
  •   290th Alpini Company
  •   291st Alpini Company
  •   292nd Alpini Company

7th Alpini Regiment

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The 7th Alpini Regiment was based in Belluno and its recruiting area covered most of the Bellunes Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:[117]

In spring 1915 the regiment's Feltre Depot formed the Alpini Volunteers Company Feltre, while the Pieve di Cadore Depot formed the Alpini Volunteers Company Cadore. In 1918 the two companies were merged into the Volunteer Unit Feltre-Cadore and assigned to the 4th Army.

The regiment's battalions were awarded two Silver Medals of Military Valor and two Bronze Medals of Military Valor during the war.

7th Alpini Regiment, in Belluno[117][118]
Feltre Depot Pieve di Cadore Depot Belluno Depot
  Alpini Battalion Feltre[119][120] 
  •   64th Alpini Company
  •   65th Alpini Company
  •   66th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Pieve di Cadore[121][122]
  •   67th Alpini Company
  •   68th Alpini Company
  •   75th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Belluno[123][124]
  •   77th Alpini Company
  •   78th Alpini Company
  •   79th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Cismon[125][126] 
  •   264th Alpini Company
  •   265th Alpini Company
  •   277th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Piave[127]
  •   267th Alpini Company
  •   268th Alpini Company
  •   275th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Cordevole[128]
  •   206th Alpini Company
  •   266th Alpini Company
  •   276th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Pavione[129] 
  •   95th Alpini Company (ex Feltre)
  •   148th Alpini Company
  •   149th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Antelao[130]
  •   96th Alpini Company (ex Pieve di Cadore)
  •   150th Alpini Company
  •   151st Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Pelmo[131]
  •   106th Alpini Company (ex Belluno)
  •   146th Alpini Company
  •   147th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Marmolada[132][133] 
(formed with men of the VIII Skiers Battalion)[3]
  •   284th Alpini Company (newly raised)
  •   300th Alpini Company
  •   301st Alpini Company

8th Alpini Regiment

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The 8th Alpini Regiment was based in Venzone and recruited in the Carnic Alps and Carnic Prealps, and the Western side of the Julian Alps. During the war the regiment's battalions fought:[134]

In spring 1915 the regiment's Gemona Depot also formed the Alpini Volunteers Company Gemona-Cividale, which was disbanded in March 1917 after suffering heavy losses.

The regiment's battalions were awarded two Silver Medals of Military Valor, which were shared between the Gemona, Val Fella, and Monte Canin, respectively between the Tolmezzo and Val Tagliamento battalions. The Cividale and Val Natisone battalions were awarded a shared Bronze Medal of Military Valor.

8th Alpini Regiment, in Venzone[134][135]
Tolmezzo Depot Gemona Depot Cividale DepotNote 2
  Alpini Battalion Tolmezzo[136][137] 
  •   6th Alpini Company
  •   12th Alpini Company
  •   72nd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Gemona[138][139] 
  •   69th Alpini Company
  •   70th Alpini Company
  •   71st Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Cividale[140][141] 
  •   16th Alpini Company
  •   20th Alpini Company
  •   76th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Tagliamento[142][143] 
  •   212th Alpini Company
  •   272nd Alpini Company
  •   278th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Fella[144][145] 
  •   8th Alpini Company Note 1
  •   269th Alpini Company
  •   270th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Val Natisone[146][147] 
  •   216th Alpini Company
  •   220th Alpini Company
  •   279th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Arvenis[148]
  •   109th Alpini Company (ex Tolmezzo)
  •   152nd Alpini Company
  •   153rd Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Canin[149] 
  •   97th Alpini Company (ex Gemona)
  •   154th Alpini Company
  •   155th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Matajur[150]
  •   110th Alpini Company (ex Cividale)
  •   156th Alpini Company
  •   157th Alpini Company
  Alpini Battalion Monte Nero[151]
(formed with men of the XI and XII Skiers Battalions)[3]
  •   294th Alpini Company
  •   295th Alpini Company
  •   296th Alpini Company

Note 1: The 8th Alpini Company, originally part of the disbanded Pieve di Teco battalion, was re-raised by the Gemona depot and joined the Val Fella on 15 May 1916.
Note 2: As the depot was too close to the front it was moved to Casarsa in 1915.

Battle of Caporetto

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The Battle of Caporetto and following retreat was devastating for the Italian Army, which lost 305,000 men. The Alpini units along the Isonzo front and in the Carnic Alps and Dolomites were badly mauled and 20 Alpini battalions had to be disbanded at the end of the battle. A further seven were disbanded two months later to bring the remaining battalions back up to strength. Worst hit was the 8th Alpini Regiment, whose units were all deployed in the Julian and Carnic Alps and had to retrat the farthest. Seven of its ten battalions had to be disbanded, and as the regiment's depots were all overrun by German and Austro-Hungarian troops it could not replenish its ranks. The other regiments, which were badly hit were the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Alpini, which lost between half and two-thirds of their battalions. The following battalions were disbanded:

18 November 1917 22 November 1917 25 November 1917 30 November 1917 9 December 1917 15 February 1918
1st Alpini Regiment[5]   Monte Mercantur
  Val Arroscia
  Val Ellero
  Ceva   Monte Saccarello (re-raised 1 August 1918)
2nd Alpini Regiment[18]   Val Stura
  Bicocca
  Monte Argentera
  Monviso
  Val Varaita
3rd Alpini Regiment[37]   Monte Assietta   Val Chisone   Monte Albergian   Val Dora   Val Pellice
  Courmayeur
6th Alpini Regiment[99]   Val Leogra
7th Alpini Regiment[117]   Belluno
  Monte Marmolada
  Val Piave
8th Alpini Regiment[134]   Gemona
  Monte Canin
  Monte Nero
  Val Fella   Val Tagliamento
  Val Natisone
  Monte Matajur

Reorganization 1918

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After the disastrous Battle of Caporetto the Chief of Staff of the Italian Army Luigi Cadorna was finally dismissed and replaced by Armando Diaz. Diaz reorganized the army and ordered the Alpini groups to be formed into permanent formations of three Alpini battalions, each battalion with its own machine gunner company, one mountain artillery group, two autonomous machine gunner companies, and a "reparto cannoncini d'accompagnamento" (loosely translated: small accompaniment cannons unit), with Italian copies of the Austrian 3.7cm Infantry Gun M.15.[152]

Likewise the Alpini groupings became permanent formations of two Alpini groups and one mountain artillery grouping, with two mountain artillery groups each. The Alpini groupings were combined in four divisions: the 5th and 75th static and tasked with the defense of front sectors in Western part of the theater, and the 52nd mobile and able to be deployed along the front as needed.[152][153]

III Army Corps

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The III Army Corps was one of two army corps of the 7th Army, which held the front from Stelvio Pass to the Western shore of Lake Garda. The III Army Corps held the northern part of the front from the Stelvio to Monte Listino, while the XIV Army Corps held the front from Monte Listino to Lake Garda. The XIV Army Corps consisted in 1918 of the 6th, 20th, 21st, and 22nd divisions.[154][155]

5th Alpine Division
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Formed on 24 May 1915 at the outbreak of war the 5th Alpine Division was formed initially by the infantry brigades Palermo and Cuneo, and the 27th Field Artillery Regiment. From its inception until the formation of the 75th Alpine Division the 5th Alpine Division garrisoned the front from the Swiss border through the Ortler Group to Tonale Pass and then through the Adamello Group to the Val Camonica. With the reorganization of the Alpini corps in 1918 the division ceded the III and V Alpini groups to the newly formed 75th Alpine Division and received the VII Alpini Group. For the rest of the war it focused on garrison the front from Gavia Pass to the Tonale pass and then through the Adamello Group and the Northern end of the Val Camonica.[153][156]

After the Battle of Vittorio Veneto and the following Austro-Hungarian retreat the units of the division advance from Tonale Pass into the Val di Sole on 3 November 1918. They reach Malè and Cles, while a detachment occupies the Mendel Pass overlooking Bolzano, before the Armistice of Villa Giusti comes into effect at 3pm on 4 November.

Division Grouping Group Battalion Regiment
5th Alpine Division[156] IV Grouping[157] 7th Group[158][159]   Val Baltea 4th Alpini
  Monte Mandrone 5th Alpini
  Monte Cavento
  XI Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery
19th Group[160][159]   Val d'Intelvi 5th Alpini
  Monte Tonale
  Edolo
  XLVII Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery
VI Grouping[161] 12th Group[162][159]   Monte Granero 3rd Alpini
  Pallanza 4th Alpini
  Val Cordevole 7th Alpini
  XLV Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery
14th Group[163][159]   Borgo San Dalmazzo 2nd Alpini
  Fenestrelle 3rd Alpini
  Moncenisio
  XXIX Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 1st Mtn. Artillery
VII Grouping[164] 8th Group[165][159]   Monte Clapier 1st Alpini
  Pinerolo 3rd Alpini
  Susa
  IV Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 1st Mtn. Artillery
16th Group[166][159]   Monte Rosa 4th Alpini
  Val Brenta 6th Alpini
  Tomezzo 8th Alpini
  XXXI Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery
75th Alpine Division
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The 75th Alpine Division was formed on 1 June 1918 with the III and V Alpini Groupings, 42nd Territorial Militia Battalion and the 9th Mountain Artillery Grouping. From June to November the division patrolled the front in the upper Valtellina valley: from the Swiss border to Gavia Pass.[167][153] For the last Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto the division ceded on 15 October 1918 the command of the V Grouping and the 15th Group to the XXVII Army Corps. The grouping received the 18th Alpini Group and together the units crossed the Piave river near Vidor on 31 October 1918. While the 18th Group fought its way up the Piave valley towards Mel, the 15th covered the right flank and positioned itself around Valdobbiadene.[168]

Meanwhile back in Valtellina on 3 November 1918 the III Grouping attacked Monte Scorluzzo and Monte Cristallo, the two mountains flanking the Stelvio Pass, and after three years of futile attempts finally managed to dislodge the few remaining Austrian defenders from the pass. By morning of 4 November the battalions of the III Grouping had descended from the pass and reached Prad am Stilfser Joch, Schluderns and the train station at Spondinig, thus cutting railway and road through the Vinschgau valley and with it the route of escape of Austria-Hungary's fleeing troops.[169]

Division Grouping Group Battalion Regiment
75th Alpine Division[167] III Grouping[169] 3rd Group[170][159]   Cuneo 2nd Alpini
  Val Cenischia 3rd Alpini
  Monte Pasubio 6th Alpini
  VII Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery
11th Group[171][159]   Val Tanaro 1st Alpini
  Val Maira 2nd Alpini
  Val Camonica 5th Alpini
  XXIV Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery
V Grouping[168] 2nd Group[172][159]   Dronero 2nd Alpini
  Saluzzo
  Intra 4th Alpini
  XLI Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 18th Field Artillery
15th Group[173][159]   Mondovì 1st Alpini
  Val d'Orco 4th Alpini
  Monte Ortler 5th Alpini
  XLIII Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 1st Mtn. Artillery

52nd Alpine Division

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The 52nd Alpine Division was formed on 10 January 1917 with the infantry brigades Grosseto and Pesaro, and the 11th Field Artillery Regiment. On 17 March of the same year the two infantry brigades were replaced by the 1st, 2nd, 8th, and 9th Alpini Group. Over the course of the year the division received infantry and Bersaglieri units for month long stints in the front line trenches, but its core units remained Alpini groups. After the Battle of Mount Ortigara the 2nd Alpini Group was replaced by the 3rd Group on 9 July and on 20 July 1917 the I Alpini Grouping (1st, 3rd Group) and IV Alpini Grouping (8th, 9th Group) were formally activated.[174][153]

After various changes due to the Italian retreat after the Battle of Caporetto and the reorganization of the Alpini corps, the division assumed its final organization on 6 March 1918:

Division Grouping Group Battalion Regiment
52nd Alpine Division[174] I Grouping[175] 1st Group[176][159]   Morbegno 5th Alpini
  Tirano
  Monte Stelvio
  XXX Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 2nd Mtn. Artillery
9th Group[177][159]   Verona 6th Alpini
  Monte Baldo
  Bassano
  Sette Comuni
  LIII Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 2nd Mtn. Artillery
II Grouping[178] 5th Group[179][159]   Monte Spluga 5th Alpini
  Valtellina
  Vestone
  LVII Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery
10th Group[180][159]   Val d'Adige 6th Alpini
  Vicenza
  Monte Berico
  XXXII Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery

80th Alpine Division

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The 80th Alpine Division was formed on 20 September 1918 with the VIII and IX Alpini Groupings and the 1st Mountain Artillery Grouping. Assigned to the XXX Army Corps for the last Italian offensive at Vittorio Veneto the division was deployed on the Monte Grappa massiv and tasked to conquer Col dell'Orso, Monte Casonet, Monte Fontanasecca and Monte Solarolo. Attacking on 24 October 1918 the division sustained heavy casualties and failed to meet its objectives until 31 October when the Austro-Hungarian forces began to retreat along the entire front. Until then the VIII Grouping alone had lost 88 officers and 3042 troops – nearly half its starting strength. The enemy's retreat allowed the battalions to advance and take the division's objectives and continue onward to the city of Feltre.[153][181][182][183]

Division Grouping Group Battalion Regiment
80th Alpine Division[181] VIII Grouping[182] 6th Group[184][159]   Monte Levanna 4th Alpini
  Aosta
  Val Toce
  III Mtn. Artillery Grp.[153] 1st Mtn. Artillery
13th Group[185][159]   Val Cismon 7th Alpini
  Pieve di Cadore
  Monte Antelao
  XXV Mtn. Artillery Grp.[153] 1st Mtn. Artillery
IX Grouping[183] 17th Group[186][159]   Exilles 3rd Alpini
  Monte Suello 5th Alpini
  Monte Pelmo 7th Alpini
  XV Mtn. Artillery Grp.[153] 1st Mtn. Artillery
20th Group[187]   Monte Saccarello 1st Alpini
  Monte Cervino 4th Alpini
  Cividale 8th Alpini
  XLVIII Mtn. Artillery Grp.[153] 3rd Mtn. Artillery

Independent Groups

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Assigned to Group Battalion Regiment
9th Division 4th Group[188][159]   Feltre 7th Alpini
  Monte Pavione
  Monte Arvenis 8th Alpini
  X Mtn. Artillery Grp.[154] 3rd Mtn. Artillery
Assigned to Group Battalion Regiment
21st Division 18th Group[189][159]   Ivrea 4th Alpini
  Val Chiese 5th Alpini
  Monte Adamello
  XXII Mtn. Art. Grp.[154] 1st Mtn. Artillery

Geographical Distribution

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Mountain Artillery

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A Mountain artillery unit with a 65/17 mod. 13 cannon on Monte Padon firing at Austro-Hungarian positions on the Sass di Mezdi.

In 1914 the mountain artillery consisted of two regiments with five mountain artillery groups of three batteries each. Additionally each group stored the material for a fourth battery. The 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment was based in the West of Northern Italy and tasked to support the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Alpini regiments, while the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment was based in the East of Northern Italy and tasked to support the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th Alpini regiments. With the rising of tensions the army began to expand the mountain artillery and on 1 February 1915 the 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment was raised in Bergamo. It received the mountain artillery groups Oneglia and Bergamo from the other two regiments and was tasked to support the 1st and 4th Alpini Regiment. At the same time the 36th Field Artillery Regiment began to raise two additional mountain artillery groups.[190][191]

After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914 an additional 11 mountain artillery batteries, numbered from 51 to 65, were raised from men, who had completed their military service in the preceding four years (i.e. completed it between 1910 and 1914). Each group of the mountain artillery regiments was supposed receive one of these batteries, however for lack of cannons the 53rd, 56th, 60th, and 62nd batteries were not raised until November 1916. Three of these batteries were raised by the 36th Field Artillery Regiment to create the XIV Mountain Artillery Group, the first of 53 mountain artillery groups raised for the war.[190]

Additionally seven batteries equipped with 70/15 cannons were part of the mountain artillery, with six of these deployed in the Italian colonies (41st, 42nd, 43rd in Libya) and one attached to 1st Army. The latter of these batteries was designated 4th Special Battery, while the other six were numbered 41st to 46th.[191]

At the end of 1916 the mountain artillery had grown to 25 groups (I to XXIV, and XXVIII) with 82 batteries, which were numbered from 1 to 81, as the 4th Special Battery was not included in the sequential numbering of mountain artillery batteries. The mountain artillery continued to suffer from a lack of materiel as the army preferred to raise "batterie someggiatti" (loosely translated: pack animal carrying batteries) with the available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. A mountain artillery battery required 195 horses and mules compared to 137 for a "batteria someggiatta" and therefore the army directed the available cannons to field artillery regiments tasked with raising of the latter type of batteries. In first year of the war 66 "batterie someggiatti" were raised compared to 25 mountain artillery batteries.[191]

In 1917 the mountain artillery added a further six groups (XXV to XXVII, XXIX to XXXI) and 18 batteries for a new total of 31 groups and 100 batteries with 379 65/17 mod. 13 cannons.[192] The size of the mountain artillery doubled in size in early 1918 when all the remaining 84 "batterie someggiatti" and associated groups were reformed as mountain artillery batteries.[192]

Operational Deployment

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Mountain artillery batteries were initially often deployed alone or in twos. As the war progressed the mountain artillery groups were deployed in regiment-sized Groupings (Raggruppamento Artiglieria da Montagna), which numbered twelve by the war's end (1° to 12°). From early 1918 onward each Alpini group received a mountain artillery group, while each Alpini grouping received a mountain artillery grouping with two mountains artillery groups. Thus 38 mountain artillery groups were permanently assigned to Alpini groups and groupings, with the remaining groups assigned to divisions and army corps.

1st Mountain Artillery Regiment

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The 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment was based in Turin and recruited in Piedmont and the Aosta Valley. Three of the regiment's four groups were based in Turin – a fact reflected in the names of the groups, which combined the Italian name of the city "Torino" with the names of the Alpini battalions they were assigned to support. Only the Mondovì Group was based outside Turin. Until 1 February 1915 the regiment also included the depot in Oneglia with the Mountain Artillery Group Oneglia, which both were transferred on that date to the newly formed 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment.[193]

During the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of nine mountain artillery groupings (Raggruppamento Artiglieria Montagna), the commands of 17 mountain artillery groups (Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and 37 mountain artillery batteries, which were each equipped with four 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. Furthermore, two commands of siege groups (Gruppo d'Assedio), and 14 siege batteries were raised and trained by the regiment.[193]

  • The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groupings: 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 9°, 10°, 11°, and 12°.[193]
  • The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groups: XV (66th, 67th, 68th bty.), XIX (14th, 51st, 55th bty.), XXII (47th, 48th, 49th bty.), XXV (82nd, 83rd, 84th bty.), XXIX (91st, 92nd, 93rd bty.), XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIII, XLIV, LII, LVIII, LXII, and LXV.[194][191]

During the war the regiment's groups fought:[193]

At the outbreak of war the mountain artillery groups lost their names and were numbered with Roman numerals instead. In the table below these Roman numerals are preceding the groups' names in brackets.

1st Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Turin[193][195]
Turin Depot Mondovì Depot
  (I) Mountain Artillery Group Torino-Susa
  •   1st Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   2nd Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   3rd Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   51st Mountain Artillery Battery
  (IV) Mountain Artillery Group Mondovì[196]
  •   10th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   11th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   12th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   54th Mountain Artillery Battery
  (II) Mountain Artillery Group Torino-Aosta[197]
  •   4th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   5th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   6th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   52nd Mountain Artillery Battery
  (III) Mountain Artillery Group Torino-Pinerolo[197]
  •   7th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   8th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   9th Mountain Artillery Battery
  • Note 1

Note 1: The group's 53rd Mountain Artillery Battery was not raised until November 1916 for lack of available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons.[190]

2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment

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The 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment was based in Vicenza and recruited in the Veneto. Until 1 February 1915 the regiment also included the depot in Bergamo with the Mountain Artillery Group Bergamo, which both were transferred on that date to the newly formed 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment.[198]

During the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of two mountain artillery groupings (Raggruppamento Artiglieria Montagna), the commands of 13 mountain artillery groups (Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and 35 mountain artillery batteries, which were each equipped with four 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. Furthermore, five commands of siege groups (Gruppo d'Assedio), and 21 siege batteries were raised and trained by the regiment.[198]

  • The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groupings: 6° and 8°.[198]
  • The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groups: XVI (69th, 70th, 71st bty.), XXI (78th, 79th, 80th, 81st bty), XXIII (50th, 53rd bty.), XXVI (85th, 86th, 87th bty.), XXVIII, XXX (94th, 95th, 96th bty.), XLIX, LIII, LIV, LXI, LXIII, LXIV, and LXVII.[194][191]

During the war the regiment's groups fought:[198]

At the outbreak of war the mountain artillery groups lost their names and were numbered with Roman numerals instead. In the table below these Roman numerals are preceding the groups' names in brackets.

2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Vicenza[198][199]
Conegliano Depot Udine Depot Vicenza Depot Belluno Depot
  (V) Mountain Artillery Group Conegliano
  •   13th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   14th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   15th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   55th Mountain Artillery Battery
  (VI) Mountain Artillery Group Udine[200]
  •   16th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   17th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   18th Mountain Artillery Battery
  • Note 2
  (VII) Mountain Artillery Group Vicenza[201]
  •   19th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   20th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   21st Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   57th Mountain Artillery Battery
  (VIII) Mountain Artillery Group Belluno
  •   22nd Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   23rd Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   24th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   58th Mountain Artillery Battery

Note 2: The group's 56th Mountain Artillery Battery was not raised until November 1916 for lack of available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons.[190][191]

3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment

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The 3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment was raised on 1 February 1915 in Bergamo. The regiment received the depot in Bergamo with the Mountain Artillery Group Bergamo from the 2nd Mountain Artillery Regiment and the depot in Oneglia with the Mountain Artillery Group Oneglia from the 1st Mountain Artillery Regiment. The new regiment recruited in Lombardy and Liguria.[202]

During the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of one mountain artillery grouping (Raggruppamento Artiglieria Montagna), the commands of 17 mountain artillery groups (Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and 44 mountain artillery batteries, which were each equipped with four 65/17 mod. 13 cannons. Furthermore, two commands of siege groups (Gruppo d'Assedio), and 19 siege batteries were raised and trained by the regiment.[202]

  • The regiment raised the following mountain artillery grouping: 7°.[202]
  • The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groups: XVII (72nd, 73rd, 74th bty.), XVIII (75th, 76th, 77th bty.), XXIV (56th, 60th, 62nd bty.), XXVII (88th, 89th, 90th bty.), XXXI (97th, 98th, 99th bty.), XXXII, XL, XLV, XLVI, XLVII, XLVIII, LV, LVI, LVII, LIX, LX, and LXVI.

During the war the regiment's groups fought:[202]

At the outbreak of war the mountain artillery groups lost their names and were numbered with Roman numerals instead. In the table below these Roman numerals are preceding the groups' names in brackets.

3rd Mountain Artillery Regiment, in Bergamo[202][203]
Oneglia Depot Genova Depot Bergamo Depot Como Depot
  (IX) Mountain Artillery Group Oneglia
  •   25th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   26th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   27th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   59th Mountain Artillery Battery
  (X) Mountain Artillery Group Genova
  •   28th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   29th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   30th Mountain Artillery Battery
  • Note 3
  (XI) Mountain Artillery Group Bergamo
  •   31st Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   32nd Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   33rd Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   61st Mountain Artillery Battery
  (XII) Mountain Artillery Group Como
  •   34th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   35th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   36th Mountain Artillery Battery
  • Note 3

Note 3: The Genova group's 60th Mountain Artillery Battery and the Como group's 62nd Mountain Artillery Battery were not raised until November 1916 for lack of available 65/17 mod. 13 cannons.[190]

36th Field Artillery Regiment

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The 36th Field Artillery Regiment in Southern Italy raised two mountain artillery groups. One the Mountain Artillery Group Messina fielded three mountain artillery batteries of the permanent army, while the XIV Group fielded three of the batteries activated in spring 1915 with reservists. During the war the regiment's depots raised and trained the commands of two mountain artillery groups (Gruppo Artiglieria Montagna), and an unknown number of mountain artillery batteries.

  • The regiment raised the following mountain artillery groups: XX (22nd, 33rd, 59th bty.) and LI.[191]
36th Artillery Regiment, in Messina
Messina Depot
  (XIII) Mountain Artillery Group Messina
  •   37th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   38th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   39th Mountain Artillery Battery
  XIV Mountain Artillery Group
  •   63rd Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   64th Mountain Artillery Battery
  •   65th Mountain Artillery Battery

Other regiments

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A further four mountain artillery groups were raised by two field artillery regiments: the 18th Field Artillery Regiment raised the XXXVI and XLI Mountain Artillery Groups together with their batteries, while the 30th Field Artillery Regiment raised the XLII and L Mountain Artillery Groups with their respective batteries.[194]

Geographical Distribution

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References

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  1. ^ a b "6° Reggimento Alpini". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  2. ^ Pagano, Salvatore (2013). Evoluzione della tattica durante la Grande Guerra. EFFEPÌ. pp. 179–198.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m L'Esercito Italiano nella Grande Guerra 1915–18 – Volume IV Tomo 1 – Le Operazione del 1917. Rome: Ufficio Storico – Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. 1940. pp. 15–16. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  4. ^ "Gli Alpini". Esercito Italiano. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  5. ^ a b c F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 – Vol. Primo – Tomo I. Rome: SME – Ufficio Storico. p. 451.
  6. ^ "1° Reggimento Alpini". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  7. ^ "Ceva". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  8. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Ceva". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  9. ^ "Pieve di Teco". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  10. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Pieve di Teco". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  11. ^ "Mondovì". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  12. ^ "Val Tanaro". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  13. ^ "Val Arroscia". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  14. ^ "Val d'Ellero". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  15. ^ "Monte Mercantur". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  16. ^ "Monte Saccarello". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  17. ^ "Monte Clapier". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  18. ^ a b c F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 – Vol. Primo – Tomo I. Rome: SME – Ufficio Storico. p. 457.
  19. ^ "2° Reggimento Alpini". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  20. ^ "Borgo San Dalmazzo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  21. ^ "Dronero". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  22. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Dronero". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  23. ^ "Saluzzo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  24. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Saluzzo". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  25. ^ "Val Stura". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  26. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Stura". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  27. ^ "Val Maira". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  28. ^ "Val Varaita". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  29. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Varaita". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  30. ^ "Monte Argentera". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  31. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Argentera". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  32. ^ "Bicocca". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  33. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Bicocca". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  34. ^ "Monviso". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  35. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monviso". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  36. ^ "Cuneo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  37. ^ a b c F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 – Vol. Primo – Tomo I. Rome: SME – Ufficio Storico. p. 461.
  38. ^ "3° Reggimento Alpini". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  39. ^ "Pinerolo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  40. ^ "Fenestrelle". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  41. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Fenestrelle". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  42. ^ "Exilles". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  43. ^ "Susa". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  44. ^ "Val Pellice". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  45. ^ "Val Chisone". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  46. ^ "Val Dora". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  47. ^ "Val Cenischia". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  48. ^ "Monte Granero". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  49. ^ "Monte Albergian". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  50. ^ "Monte Assietta". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  51. ^ "Moncenisio". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  52. ^ "Courmayeur". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  53. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Courmayeur". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  54. ^ a b F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 – Vol. Primo – Tomo I. Rome: SME – Ufficio Storico. p. 466.
  55. ^ "4° Reggimento Alpini Paracadutisti". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  56. ^ "Ivrea". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  57. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Ivrea". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  58. ^ "Aosta". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  59. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Aosta". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  60. ^ "Intra". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  61. ^ "Val d'Orco". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  62. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val d'Orco]". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  63. ^ "Val Baltea". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  64. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Baltea]". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  65. ^ "Val Toce". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  66. ^ "Monte Levanna". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  67. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Levanna". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  68. ^ "Monte Cervino". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  69. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Cervino". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  70. ^ "Monte Rosa". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  71. ^ "Pallanza". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  72. ^ a b F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 – Vol. Primo – Tomo I. Rome: SME – Ufficio Storico. p. 473.
  73. ^ a b "Val Chiese". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  74. ^ a b "Edolo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  75. ^ a b "Monte Mandrone". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  76. ^ "5° Reggimento Alpini". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  77. ^ "Morbegno". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  78. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Morbegno". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  79. ^ "Tirano". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  80. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Tirano". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  81. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Edolo". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  82. ^ "Vestone". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  83. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Vestone". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  84. ^ "Val d'Intelvi". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  85. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val d'Intelvi". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  86. ^ "Ivrea". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  87. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Valtellina". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  88. ^ "Val Camonica". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  89. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Camonica". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  90. ^ "Monte Spluga". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  91. ^ "Stelvio". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  92. ^ "Adamello". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  93. ^ "Suello". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  94. ^ "Tonale". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  95. ^ "Monte Ortler". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  96. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Ortler". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  97. ^ "Monte Cavento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  98. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Cavento". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  99. ^ a b c F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 – Vol. Primo – Tomo I. Rome: SME – Ufficio Storico. p. 478.
  100. ^ "Verona". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  101. ^ "Vicenza". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  102. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Vicenza". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  103. ^ "Bassano". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  104. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Bassano". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  105. ^ "Val d'Adige". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  106. ^ "Val Leogra". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  107. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Leogra". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  108. ^ "Val Brenta". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  109. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Brenta". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  110. ^ "Monte Baldo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  111. ^ "Monte Berico". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  112. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Berico". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  113. ^ "Sette Comuni". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  114. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Sette Comuni". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  115. ^ "Monte Pasubio". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  116. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Pasubio". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  117. ^ a b c F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 – Vol. Primo – Tomo I. Rome: SME – Ufficio Storico. p. 484.
  118. ^ "7° Reggimento Alpini". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 29 September 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  119. ^ "Feltre". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  120. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Feltre". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  121. ^ "Pieve di Cadore". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  122. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Pieve di Cadore". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  123. ^ "Belluno". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  124. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Belluno". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  125. ^ "Val Cismon". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  126. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Cismon". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  127. ^ "Val Piave". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  128. ^ "Val Cordevole". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  129. ^ "Monte Pavione". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  130. ^ "Monte Antelao". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  131. ^ "Monte Pelmo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  132. ^ "Monte Marmolada". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  133. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Monte Marmolada". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  134. ^ a b c F. dell'Uomo, R. Puletti (1998). L'Esercito Italiano verso il 2000 – Vol. Primo – Tomo I. Rome: SME – Ufficio Storico. p. 489.
  135. ^ "8° Reggimento Alpini". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  136. ^ "Tolmezzo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  137. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Tolmezzo". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  138. ^ "Gemona". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  139. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Gemona". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  140. ^ "Cividale". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  141. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Cividale". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  142. ^ "Val Tagliamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  143. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Tagliamento". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  144. ^ "Val Fella". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  145. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Fella". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  146. ^ "Val Natisone". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  147. ^ "Battaglione Alpini Val Natisone". Vecio.it. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  148. ^ "Monte Arvenis". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  149. ^ "Monte Canin". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  150. ^ "Monte Matajur". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  151. ^ "Monte Nero". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
  152. ^ a b L'Esercito Italiano nella Grande Guerra 1915–18 – Volume V Tomo 1 – Gli Avvenimenti 1918 dal Gennaio-Giugno. Rome: Ufficio Storico – Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. 1940. pp. 78–79. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
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  155. ^ L'Esercito Italiano nella Grande Guerra 1915–18 – Volume V Tomo 2 – La conclusione del conflitto 1918. Rome: Ufficio Storico – Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. 1940. p. 136. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  156. ^ a b "5a Divisione". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  157. ^ "IV Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  158. ^ "7° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  159. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s L'Esercito Italiano nella Grande Guerra 1915–18 – Volume V Tomo 1 bis – Gli Avvenimenti 1918 dal Gennaio-Giugno. Rome: Ufficio Storico – Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. 1940. p. 38. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  160. ^ "19° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  161. ^ "VI Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  162. ^ "12° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  163. ^ "14° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  164. ^ "VII Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  165. ^ "8° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  166. ^ "16° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  167. ^ a b "75a Divisione". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  168. ^ a b "V Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  169. ^ a b "III Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  170. ^ "3° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  171. ^ "11° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  172. ^ "2° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  173. ^ "15° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  174. ^ a b "52a Divisione". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  175. ^ "I Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  176. ^ "1° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  177. ^ "9° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  178. ^ "II Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  179. ^ "5° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  180. ^ "10° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  181. ^ a b "80a Divisione". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  182. ^ a b "VIII Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  183. ^ a b "IX Raggruppamento". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  184. ^ "6° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  185. ^ "13° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  186. ^ "17° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  187. ^ "20° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  188. ^ "4° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
  189. ^ "18° Gruppo". Fronte del Piave. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
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  194. ^ a b c "Storia dell'Artiglieria da Montagna". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  195. ^ "1° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
  196. ^ "Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna Mondovì". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  197. ^ a b "Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna Aosta". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
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  199. ^ "2° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
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  201. ^ "Gruppo Artiglieria da Montagna Vicenza". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
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  203. ^ "3° Reggimento Artiglieria da Montagna". Vecio.it. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2019.