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Doping in Professional U.S. Sports

Doping in Professional U.S. Sports is a prevalent issue in which athletes use banned substances and are subject to random drug testing. If they are found guilty they may face various punishments dependent on the offense. Sports leagues, including Major League Baseball, National Football League, National Hockey League, and National Basketball Association, doping within these sports is a prevalent yet controversial issue. Doping in sport refers specifically to the use of banned athletic performance-enhancing drugs as well as illegal substances by athletes within the aforementioned leagues. While the use of banned substances to enhance performance is punishable within all these leagues, each league varies regarding banned substances, testing policies, type of test/frequency of testing, agencies that perform tests, and procedural details. Many well-known athletes across all these leagues have been found guilty of doping and were punished accordingly. Some of these people include, Barry Bonds of the San Francisco Giants (MLB), Stanley Roberts of the Philadelphia 76ers (NBA), Peyton Manning of the Denver Broncos (NFL). While NHL does not have a high incidence of doping as the other sports listed here, cocaine use has been on the rise recently and several NHL athletes have been found in possession of the drug.

While pages such as Doping in Sport, Doping in the United States, Doping in Baseball and World Anti-Doping Agency provide some similar information to that included on this page, here is a more comprehensive list of banned substances and procedural details for each professional U.S. sport.

U.S. Sports

Professional Sport	Commonly Abused Substances
Major League Baseball (MLB)	Performance Enhancing Drugs Steroids Stimulants Drugs of Abuse
National Football League (NFL)	Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids Hormones Anti-Estrogenic Agents Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators
National Hockey League (NHL)	Anabolic Steroids Cocaine
National Basketball Association (NBA)	Performance Enhancing Drugs Steroids Diuretics

Substance	Athlete Population	Percentage of Athletes Using Substance
Any substance banned by WADA	Elite athletes across sports (positive drug tests)	2% over past year
Anabolic Steroids	Professional football players (self report)	9% used at some point in career
Opiates	Professional football players (self report)	52% used at some point in career (71% of those misused at some point in career)
Smokeless tobacco	Professional basketball players (self report)	35%-40% over past year
	Professional football players (self report)	20%-30% over past year

Major League Baseball (MLB)

List of Banned Compounds

Most commonly abused substances in the MLB

Drugs of Abuse:

Any and all substances listed in the Code of Federal Regulations’ Schedule of Controlled Substances is banned from Major League Baseball. This list goes as followed:

1. Natural Cannabinoids (e.g., THC, Hashish and Marijuana)
2. Synthetic THC and Cannabimimetics (e.g., K2 and Spice)
3. Cocaine
4. LSD
5. Opiates (e.g., Oxycodone, Heroin, Codeine, and Morphine)
6. MDMA (Ecstasy)
7. GHB
8. Phencyclidine (PCP)

Performance Enhancing Drugs: All anabolic androgenic steroids covered in the Code of Federal Regulations' Schedule of Controlled Substances are considered Performance Enhancing Substances. Below is a list of Performance Enhancing Substances covered by the Program:

1. Androstadienedione
2. Androstanediol
3. Androstanedione
4. Androstatrienedione (ATD)
5. Androstenediol
6. Androstenedione
7. Androst-2-en-17-one (2-Androstenone, Delta-2)
8. Androstenetrione (6-OXO)
9. Bolandiol
10. Bolasterone
11. Boldenone
12. Boldione
13. Calusterone
14. Clenbuterol
15. Clostebol
16. Danazol
17. Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone
18. Desoxy-methyltestosterone
19. Δ1-dihydrotestosterone
20. 4-dihydrotestosterone
21. Drostanolone
22. Epi-dihydrotestosterone
23. Epitestosterone
24. Ethylestrenol
25. Fluoxymesterone
26. Formebolone
27. Furazabol
28. 13a-ethyl-17a-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one
29. Gestrinone
30. 4-hydroxytestosterone
31. 4-hydroxy-19-nortestosterone
32. Mestanolone
33. Mesterolone
34. Methandienone
35. Methandriol
36. Methasterone (Superdrol)
37. Methenolone
38. Methyldienolone
39. Methylnortestosterone
40. Methylstenbolone (Ultradrol, M-Sten)
41. Methyltestosterone
42. Methyltrienolone (Metribolone)
43. Mibolerone
44. 17a-methyl-Δ1-dihydrotestosterone
45. Nandrolone
46. Norandrostenediol
47. Norandrostenedione
48. Norbolethone
49. Norclostebol
50. Norethandrolone
51. Oxabolone
52. Oxandrolone
53. Oxymesterone
54. Oxymetholone
55. Prostanozol
56. Quinbolone
57. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)
58. Stanozolol
59. Stenbolone
60. Testosterone
61. Tetrahydrogestrinone
62. Tibolone
63. Trenbolone
64. Zeranol
65. Zilpaterol
66. Any salt, ester or ether of a drug or substance listed above
67. Human Growth Hormone (hGH), Secretagogues and Peptides, including Alexamorelin, CJC-1295, Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH), Growth Hormone Releasing Peptides (GHRP), Hexarelin, Ibutamoren (MK-0677), Ipamorelin, Myostatin Inhibitors, Pralmorelin, Sermorelin, Tesamorelin, Thymosin Beta 4 (TB-500), and Triptorelin
68. Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1), including all isomers of IGF-1 sometimes referred to as Mechano Growth Factors
69. Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) and LuteinizingHormone (LH)
70. Aromatase Inhibitors, including Anastrozole, Letrozole, Aminoglutethimide, Exemestane, Formestane, and Testolactone
71. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, including Raloxifen, Tamoxifen, and Toremifen
72. Other Anti-estrogens, including Clomiphene, Cyclofenil, and Fulvestrant
73. Metabolic Modulators, including Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor δ (PPARδ) agonists, including GW 1516, GW 0742, and AICAR
74. Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents, including Erythropoietin (EPO)

Stimulants: Stimulants include the following:

1. Adrafinil
2. Amfepramone (Diethylpropion)
3. Amiphenazole
4. Amphetamine
5. Amphetaminil
6. Armodafinil
7. Benfluorex
8. Benzphetamine
9. Benzylpiperazine
10. Bromantan
11. Carphedon
12. Cathine (Norpseudoephedrine)
13. Clobenzorex
14. Cropropamide
15. Crotetamide
16. Dimethylamphetamine
17. Ephedrine
18. Etamivan
19. Ethylamphetamine
20. Etilefrine
21. Famprofazone
22. Fenbutrazate
23. Fencamfamine
24. Fenethylline
25. Fenfluramine
26. Fenproporex
27. Furfenorex
28. Heptaminol
29. Isometheptene
30. Meclofenoxate
31. Mefenorex
32. Mephentermine
33. Mesocarb
34. Methamphetamine (Methylamphetamine)
35. Methylenedioxyamphetamine
36. Methylephedrine
37. Methylhexaneamine (Dimethylamylamine, DMAA)
38. Methylphenidate
39. Modafinil
40. N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine (N,a-DEPEA)
41. N-ethyl-1-phenyl-2-butanamine
42. Nikethamide
43. Norfenefrine
44. Norfenfluramine
45. Octopamine
46. Oxilofrine (Methylsynephrine)
47. Pemoline
48. Pentetrazol
49. Phentermine
50. Phenpromethamine
51. Prenylamine
52. Prolintane
53. Phendimetrazine (Phenmetrazine)
54. Propylhexedrine
55. Sibutramine
56. Tuaminoheptane
57. DHEA

Drug Tests

Test and Frequency of Tests

According to MLB rules all players are subject to random urine testing during the season as well as once during spring training; there is no limit to the amount of random drug testing during the season. However in off-seasons players are only subject to random urine testing for DHEA (formally known as dehydroepiandrosterone, is a performance enhancing drug. It is a predecessor to testosterone, meaning it results in increased testosterone levels in the body, and therefore increased muscle mass) and performance enhancing drugs.

Players are also subject to announced blood tests for the use of hGH (human Growth Hormone) during the season, off-seasons, and spring training.

In addition players are subject to testing for performance enhancing drugs and DHEA if there is reasonable cause to believe the player is doping. If there is any information provided that a player has bought, sold, used, or possessed these drugs they are subject to testing.

There is however, exemption from these rules if banned substances are being used for therapeutic purposes. Players with documented/ valid medical prescriptions for these banned substances will be granted a TUE and are thus exempt from punishment. In other words, players with a TUE for prohibited substances do not violate the program by possessing or using that substance.

Procedural Details

Players who test positive for a Performance Enhancing Drug will be subject to the following penalties.

1. First Violation: 80- game suspension
2. Second Violation: 162-game suspension/ 183 days of pay suspension
3. Third Violation: Permanent suspension from Major League/Minor League Baseball

Players who test positive for a Stimulant will be subject to the following penalties

1. First Violation: Follow-up testing
2. Second Violation: 25-game suspension
3. Third Violation: Determined by the Arbitration Board

Players who test positive for DHEA will be subject to the following penalties

1. First Violation: Follow-up testing
2. Second Violation: 25-game suspension
3. Third Violation:80-game suspension
4. Fourth and subsequent violations: Determined by the Arbitration Board

Players who are disciplined for breaking these rules will be subject to 6 unannounced urine collections and 3 unannounced blood tests in every subsequent year for using performance enhancing drugs.

Agencies that perform tests

Testing is ordered by the Medical Testing Officer and is performed by the Director of the Montreal Laboratory to ensure all testing remains unbiased.

National Football League (NFL)

List of Banned Compounds

Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids

1. Androstenediol
2. Androstenedione
3. 1-Androstenediol
4. 1-Androstenedione
5. Bolandiol
6. Bolasterone
7. Boldenone
8. Boldione
9. Calusterone
10. Clostebol
11. Danazol
12. Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone
13. Dehydroepiandrosterone
14. Desoxymethyltestosterone
15. Dihydrotestosterone
16. Drostanolone
17. Ethylestrenol
18. Fluoxymesterone
19. Formebolone
20. Furazabol
21. Gestrinone
22. 17-Hydroxypregnenedione
23. 17-Hydroxyprogesterone
24. Hydroxytestosterone
25. Mestanolone
26. Mesterolone
27. Methandienone
28. Methandriol
29. Methandrostenolone
30. Methenolone
31. Methyltestosterone
32. Methyl-1-testosterone
33. 7α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
34. Methylnortestosterone
35. Methyltrienolone
36. Metribolone
37. Mibolerone
38. Nandrolone
39. 19-Norandrostenediol
40. 19-Norandrostenedione
41. Norboletone
42. Norclostebol
43. Norethandrolone
44. Normethandrolone
45. 19-Nortestosterone (Nandrolone)
46. Oxabolone
47. Oxandrolone
48. 6-Oxoandrosterone
49. Oxymesterone
50. Oxymetholone
51. Prostanazol
52. Quinbolone
53. Progesterone
54. Stanozolol
55. Stenbolone
56. Testosterone
57. 1-Testosterone
58. Tetrahydrogestrinone
59. Trenbolone

...and other substances with similar chemical structure and biological structure...

Hormones

1. Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
2. Animal Growth Hormones
3. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
4. Insulin Growth Factor (IGF-1)
5. Erythropoietin (EPO)

Anti-Estrogenic Agents:

1. Aminoglutethimide
2. Anastrozole
3. 4-androstene-3,6,17
4. Clomiphene
5. Cyclofenil
6. Exemestane
7. Fadrozole
8. Formestane
9. Fulvestrant
10. Letrozole
11. Raloxifene
12. Tamoxifen
13. Testolactone
14. Toremifene
15. Vorazole

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs)

Drug Tests

Test and Frequency of Tests

According to NFL rules all players are subject to pre-employment, annual, seasonal, post-seasonal, and off-season urine testing. Each week of the regular season and post-season ten players on each club are randomly selected for testing. During the off-season players under contract may be testing up to six times.

Procedural Details

Reasonable cause testing may be required when the IPA receives documentation that a Player may have violated the Policy. Oftentimes the Player is subject to the Reasonable Cause Testing Program. Once found guilty a player, he may appeal.

1. First Violation: Suspended without pay for X amount of games depending on the offense.
2. For Diuretic or Masking Agent -- two regular and/or postseason games.
3. For Stimulants or Anabolic Agent -- four regular and/or postseason games.

For a Prohibited Substance plus a Diuretic or Masking Agent/Attempt to Substitute, Dilute or Adulterate a Specimen/Attempt to Manipulate a Test Result/Violation of Section 5:

1. First Violation: Suspension for up to six regular and/or postseason games.
2. Second Violation: Suspension for 10 games whether it be regular or post season without pay.
3. Third Violation: Suspension for 2 seasons from NFL without pay.

Agencies that perform tests

All specimens are collected by an authorized specimen collector under the authority of the Collection Vendor and analyzed at the appropriate laboratory. All testing and enforcement is done through the Independent Administrator (IPA).

National Hockey League (NHL)

List of Banned Compounds

Drugs that are banned in the NHL are determined by the World Anti- Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited performance enhancing substances. From here there are recommendations made to the NHL and NHLPA as to which performance enhancing substances are relevant to the sport of hockey.

This list includes drugs of abuse and most recently there was debate regarding the presence of cocaine in NHL, which led to it's addition to the prohibited substance list.

Drug Tests

Test and Frequency of Tests

According to NHL rules, drug testing procedures are similar during training camp, regular season and playoffs. Each club is subject to team-wide, no-notice testing once during training camp. Teams will be selected at random for testing during the regular season and individual players will be randomly selected throughout the season. Tests are conducted at work on the day of practice but not on game days. Throughout the off-season, a maximum of 60 drug tests randomly, without notice.

Procedural Details

A player's refusal to test, tampering with tests, or failed test will result in a positive test result. Such results are subject to appeal to the impartial arbitrator within 48 hours of being notified by the Program Doctor. Disciplinary penalties for a positive test work as follows: All of which include mandatory referral to the SABH Program and possible treatment, if necessary.

1. First violation: a suspension of twenty (20) NHL Games without pay.
2. Second violation: a suspension of sixty (60) NHL Games without pay.
3. Third violation: a "permanent" suspension. A suspended player may reapply via the Program Committee for discretionary reinstatement after a minimum period of two years.

Agencies that perform tests

The Program Committee is responsible for establishing educational programs for players on the dangers of drug abuse. The Program Committee's responsibilities also include deciding what drugs should be deemed "prohibited," select laboratories and collecting authorities, monitor and oversee the Therapeutic Use Exemption ("TUE") process and creating policy for the destruction of samples and other related documents and records.

National Basketball Association (NBA)

List of Banned Compounds

Prohibited substances: All drugs of abuse along with any substances that fall within the categories below are prohibited from the Program. 1. Amphetamines (including methamphetamine and MDMA) 2. Cocaine 3. LSD 4. Opiates 5. PCP 6. Marijuana 7. Steroids 8. Performance enhancing drugs 9. Diuretics

Drug Tests

Test and Frequency of Tests

All players are subject to 4 random tests per season. An accused player has 5 days to request a retest. There is also reasonable cause testing (If there is reason to believe a player is violating drug rules the NBA will hold a hearing to determine if there is reasonable cause to do a drug test).

Procedural Details

If a player tests positive for a Drug of Abuse he will be dismissed or disqualified from the NBA. A player will also be dismissed if they plead guilty or no contest to a crime involving the use or possession of a Drug of Abuse.

Players who test positive for SPEDs will be subject to the following penalties.

1. First violation: Player will be suspended for 10 games and will be subject to entry into the SPEDs Program.
2. Second violation: Player will be suspended for 25 games and re-entry into SPEDs program
3. Third violation: Player will be suspended for one year and re-entry into SPEDs program
4. Fourth violation: Player will be dismissed or disqualified from the NBA

A player will also be dismissed or disqualified from the NBA if he is convicted of, or pleads guilty to a crime involving the use or possession of a SPED Players who test positive for Marijuana will be subject to the following penalties.

1. First Violation: Player will be required to enter the Marijuana Program
2. Second Violation: Player will be subject to a $25,000 fine and re-entry into the Marijuana Program
3. Third Violation: Player will be suspended for five games and re-entry into the Marijuana Program.
4. Fourth or Subsequent Violations: Player will be suspended for five games longer than the player’s immediately preceding suspension.

Players who test positive for Diuretics will be subject to the following penalties:

1. If a player tests positive during random testing he will be subject to the same penalties that are implemented for a positive test result for SPEDs.
2. If a player tests positive during Reasonable Cause Testing, he will be subject to the penalties for a positive test for the prohibited substance for which the authorization for reasonable cause testing was issued.

Agencies that perform tests

All drug tests are analyzed by certified laboratories selected by the NBA and approved by the Medical Director.

See also

Doping in Sport

Doping in the United States

Doping in Baseball

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)