Note: This is a fairly developed article already. I will mostly address how it is organized. I've begun to break up some of the sections that I believe would flow better organized in this way. I overhauled the "signs and symptoms" section because I thought it was important to emphasize the difference between physical, emotional and behavioral symptoms. I also plant rearrange and edit certain word choices in some of the existing paragraphs. I'm hoping to add an image and possibly an epidemiology map.
Description
editMothers
editAfter childbirth, a mother experiences a multitude of changes, including: physical, psychological, emotional, social, and hormonal. With these changes mothers may experience a lot of added stress in their role as a parent. Postpartum depression occurs in first time mothers as well as mothers of multiple children whom have not experienced it before.[1]
Fathers
editUnemployed fathers have demonstrated greater vulnerability to developing PPD.[58] Studies have found, the lower socioeconomic status of the father, the more likely he is to develop postpartum depression increased in fathers.[58] Fathers are more likely to develop postpartum depression if their partner is suffering postpartum depression.[57]
Children
editChildren with parents who have untreated postpartum depression are more prone to delays in language development, eating and sleeping difficulties, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and excessive crying.[2]
Signs and symptoms
editEmotional
edit- Persistent sadness or low mood[2]
- Guilt, shame, worthlessness[2]
- Low self-esteem[2]
- Numbness, emptiness[4]
- Confusion, anxiety, panic[2]
- Exhaustion[4]
- Inability to be comforted
- Trouble bonding with the baby[5]
Behavioral
edit- Excessive crying[4]
- Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities[2]
- Low libido[2]
- Changes in appetite[4]
- Fatigue, decreased energy and motivation[4]
- Poor self-care[2]
- Social withdrawal[2]
- Insomnia or excessive sleep[2]
Cognition
edit- Inability to make decisions and think clearly[2]
- Lack of concentration and poor memory[2]
- Inability to cope with stressful situations[2]
- Fear of being rejected by partner[2]
- Fear for the baby and of the baby[2]
- Worry about harming self, baby, or partner[2]
Typically, postpartum depression is considered after signs and symptoms persist for at least two weeks.[2]
Causes
editPhysical and Hormonal Changes
editLifestyle and Emotional Changes
editEpidemiology
editWorldwide, postpartum depression rates vary from 11% to 42%.[6]
In the United States, approximately one in ten mothers or on average 15% of mothers reported experiencing postpartum depression. [3] In urban, low income areas, about 56% of mothers showed symptoms of postpartum depression. [7] The reported incidence of postpartum depression in men has been estimated around 5%.[8]
References
edit- ^ Nielsen, D.; Videbech, P.; Hedegaard, M.; Dalby, J.; Secher, N. J. (2000). "Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk". BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 107 (10): 1210–1217. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11609.x. PMID 11028570.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Postpartum Depression".
- ^ a b "Depression Among Women".
- ^ a b c d e "Postpartum depression - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
- ^ "The Basics of Postpartum Depression". WebMD. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
- ^ Ali, N. S.; Ali, B. S.; Azam, I. S. (2009). "Post partum anxiety and depression in peri-urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan: a quasi-experimental study". BMC Public Health. 9: 384. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-384. PMC 2768706. PMID 19821971.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Low-income Urban Mothers Have High Rate of Postpartum Depression".
- ^ "Men Also Get Postpartum Depression".