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Her first recording I Taught Him by "Gloria Scott and the Tonettes", written and produced by Sylvester Stewart (better known as Sly Stone), was released in 1964.
She was then under contract with Barry White, who produced a 1974 album What Am I Gonna Do, and a single Just as Long as We're Together (In My Life There Will Never Be Another) which reached the top 20 on numerous record charts.
Her first 45 single was written and produced by Sylvester Stewart, better known as Sly Stone : "Gospel Singer Gloria Scott and the Tonettes cut I Taught Him with Sly in 1964. Reminiscent of girl groups like Martha and the Vandellas, The Shirelles and The Ronettes, Warner Brothers picked up this single for distribution."[5][6][7] In an interview with Christian John Wikane of Popmatters, Scott says : "He [Sly] just kind of took me under his wing. I sang at the Cow Palace. Sly and his sister and his cousin LaTanya backed me up and they were called the Tonettes: Gloria Scott and the Tonettes."[4]
She then became a member of The Ikettes. Tina Turner says in her autobiography: "After [previous Inkettes] Robbie, Jessie and Venetta walked out, Ike had quickly scooped up two inexperienced L.A. girls, Maxine Smith and Pat 'P.P.' Arnold, and a young club singer from Palo Alto named Gloria Scott.".[8]
She later met and signed a 7-year contract with Barry White.[4][9] White produced and arranged her only album, What Am I Gonna Do, which was released in 1974.[10] Two tracks were released as singles.[2] The album is notable for being the second released by Casablanca Records -- label number NB0002 (NB0001 was by KISS).[9] At that time Warner Brothers distributed the album, in multiple countries.
Roshad Ollison, writing in the Virginia Pilot, says "What Am I Gonna Do is among Barry's most pop-minded productions. Gloria's lone release, it is also a gem. … What Am I Gonna Do, a classy effort on par with Barry's best albums, soon faded away; Gloria did, too."[11][9]
Her single "Just as Long as We're Together (In My Life There Will Never Be Another)" was also produced by Barry White.[12] This song peaked at #14 on the Hot Dance charts, #16 on Billboard (Feb 22, 1975) Hot Soul Singles and on the U.S. R&B. It was played on the famous TV show Soul Train.[13][14]
Despite her 7-year contract with Barry White, and (indirectly) with Casablanca, her career failed to take off. PopMatters comments : "However, a combination of factors, including the growing pains of a new record company and White's focus on his own burgeoning career, ultimately limited the reach of What Am I Gonna Do. Though a follow-up single, 'Just As Long as We're Together', hit the R&B Top 20 and held the top spot on the Disco Singles chart in early-1975, the second album she recorded with arranger H. B. Barnum was not released. For all his solo success, Barry White was not delivering on his contract with Gloria Scott. He became one of the most seminal figures of the 1970s while Scott faded into obscurity."[4]
Scott has performed every year since 2008 at The Baltic Soul Weekender in Germany.[4][16] Her performance of Help Me Get Off This Merry-Go-Round, with the Baltic Soul Orchestra, was released as a single.[17]
Gloria Scott was born in Port Arthur but was raised in the city of Houston, before moving with her family to northern California when in her early teens. After her musical career in San Francisco and Los Angeles she spent 8 years in Guam.[18]
John Connolly in Nocturnes writes: "Jerry passed through the main gates to the Benson farm, instinctively turning down the truck radio, since Bruce didn't appreciate music much, and certainly not the stuff that was pouring out of Jerry's speakers just now: Gloria Scott's sultry vocals, backed up by the late, great Barry White's production skills."
[21]
"In 1852, he [Rumsey] was the trail boss on cattle drives in the West. From what I have researched that's where he received the title of 'Captain.' In those days it was common to call the trail boss Captain. Rumsey was an important part of the history of Lake County. ... He also bought property in Lakeport, and Rumsey Bay on Clear Lake is named after him. He started the Rumsey Gauge in 1872. The actual location of the Rumsey Gauge is on Esplanade Avenue in Lakeport.[22]
An obituary posted on a geneology site says that
"Dewitt Rumsey left Miami County, Ohio for California in 1852 working his passage by driving sheep across the plains. He engaged in gold mining around Placerville for about a year and then moved to San Jose, California. After four years in San Jose, he moved to Solano County where he served three years in a company of light dragoons, commencing as orderly sergeant in 1862 and filling successively every office until he became Captain. In 1870 Captain Rumsey settled on land at the head of Capay Valley and was instrumental in laying out the town of Rumsey, named in his honor."[23]
The Title Captain : Suisun Cavalry (or Light Dragoons)edit
As indicated above, a previous researcher believed he was a "trail boss" captain, and the quoted obituary believes he herded sheep, not cattle.
In the introduction to "California Trail Herd The 1850 Missouri-to-California Journal of Cyrus C. Loveland"[24] we find a reference:
"Thus, Captain D. C. Rumsey, for whom Rumsey, Yolo County, was named, reported that when he drove stock west in 1852--only two years after the Crow-Loveland effort--the owner of strayed stock had to take an option on his animals. That is, if he wanted them back, he had to pay $10 a head for them to those who found them. This contrasts markedly with the technique of the Crow boys as described by Loveland in his narrative. When they sought to reclaim their lost stock, they just loosened their Colts in their holsters and gave a hitch to their gunbelts to make their point."
Another site opines that he was "of the Army Corps of Engineers".[25]
Dewitt Rumsey was in fact a Civil War army Captain (and Commanding Officer) of the Suisun Cavalry (later renamed Suisun Light Dragoons), formed in Suisun on May 11, 1863, and mustered out on June 9, 1868.[26] A muster role for the Suisin City Guard lists him as 1st Sgt.[27] Another shows that he joined the Suisin Cavalry at its formation, and identifies him as Jr. 2nd Lieut.[28] A history (completed in 1940 by the Works Progress Administration in conjunction with the
California National Guard and the California State Library), shows that he was Captain (and commanding officer) in 1865, and was re-elected commanding officer in 1868.[29] The history concludes:
From a note on the Muster Out Roll by John Hill (Major and Inspector) it is evident Captain Rumsey resented the disbandment notice. When the disbandment order was received,the Captain immediately left the city without reporting to his company the contents of the order relative to the necessity of the unit being present at the armory for final inspection by the Mustering out Officer. It was only through Lieutenant Wright's efforts and co-operation that the men and equipment were finally brought together for disbandment inspection.
The Suisin Cavalry's only apparent engagement was in a squatter war relating to General Vallejo'sRancho Suscol Grant, which was declared invalid, resulting in disputes between settlers and squatters. One settler, Manuel Vera, was accused of shooting and wounding a squatter:[30][31]
Squatters to the number of one hundred or more had assembled on the outskirts of town, determined to kill Vera. ... The unfortunate Vera was found beneath a bed where he had tried to conceal himself and was murdered in cold blood. Seventeen shots were found in his body although he lived for a few hours. ... The grand jury met and indicted seventeen persons for complicity in the murder, but it was feared that an attempt to arrest them would lead to more bloodshed as the squatters had many friends in town, hideous as the outrage of their leaders had been. The services of a Suisun cavalry company were secured and the sheriff rode into Vallejo and quietly took the seventeen men into custody. Separate trials for each were determined upon but at the first of these the jury brought in a verdict of "not guilty," and as a result it was thought impossible to secure any convictions and the remaining cases were dismissed.
Captain Rumsey kept records of rainfall at Rumsey (from 1878 to 1887), and at Lakeport (from 1888 to 1899).[32]
From Lake County Vector Control:
Clear Lake is the largest, natural freshwater lake in California and perhaps the oldest lake in North America. It has a surface area of 43,790 acres (about 68 square miles) and contains 1,115,000 acre-feet of water when full. Clear Lake stretches diagonally across the landscape from northwest to southeast and is composed of three "arms" (Upper, Lower, and Oaks) joined by a narrows.
The lake level is measured in reference to the Rumsey Gauge which was established by Captain Rumsey at Lakeport in 1873. Zero Rumsey is equal to 1318.256 feet above mean sea level and is considered to be the natural low water level of Clear Lake. By definition, a "full lake" is one that measures 7.56 feet (1,325.816 feet above mean sea level) on the Rumsey Gauge.
Prior to the building of the Cache Creek dam in 1914, outflow from Clear Lake into Cache Creek was controlled by a rock ledge called the Grigsby Riffle. The riffle is a rock located at the confluence of Cache and Seigler Creeks, about three miles from Clear Lake. Before the dam was built, water would normally cease to flow over the riffle during the summer months.
Captain Rumsey decided to register the lake level. He decided that when water ceased to flow over the riffle it would be called zero Rumsey. When water was above the riffle it would be called plus Rumsey. Below the riffle, the lake level would be measured as minus Rumsey. He also installed an actual gauge in Lakeport and it's used as a reference to the actual depth at the riffle, not the depth at Lakeport. The location of the Rumsey Gauge is on the pier, at the offices of the Lake County Vector Control District.[33]
While considering the building of a dam on Cache Creek the US Geologic Survey reported : In considering the project of using Clear Lake for a reservoir the effort was made to plan the works so as to avoid large damages to property. Records of the lake's levels from 1874 to 1888, inclusive, have been kept Captain Floyd, of Kono Tayee, who has kindly furnished them to the Geologic Survey. Mr F. H. Porter, of Kono Tayee, and Captain Rumsey and Captain Atherton, of Lakeport, have furnished records for the period from 1888 to 1900, inclusive. These records are of very great value, and were used as the basis of the available supply from the lake, checked by computations of run-off and other data.[34]
DeWitt Clinton Rumsey is named after Dewitt Clinton, U.S. Senator, Mayor of New York and Governor of the state of New York.
He was born on March 4, 1831, in Piqua, Ohio, and lived there until at least 1850, when Census data shows that he was a carpenter.[35]
In 1852 he drove cattle to California.
In 1860 the census shows that he was a farmer, living in Suisun, Solano County, California.[36] Between 1863 and 1868 he was a captain in the Suisun Cavalry, but left Suisun when the unit was disbanded.
The 1870 census shows that he was in Cottonwood Township, on Cache Creek near Madison, California,Yolo County (and his name is incorrectly listed as "Daniel").[37] However, the 1870 Western Shore Gazetteer lists (what must be him) as : Rumsey, Clinton, Ohio ; farmer , residence in Capay Valley, 13 miles N from Capay Post office ; twelve hundred acres of land, Divisions 3 and 4 ; value , nine thousand dollars; West Cottonwood Precinct, Cottonwood Township ; Post-office, Capay.[38] (13 miles north of Capay would be near Guinda - present-day Rumsey is 18 miles on Route 16.[39])
He married Katie C Roberts in Santa Clara, California on August 12, 1873,[40] but there is no record of any children.
Between 1887 and 1900 he lived in Lake County[41][42]
In the 1910 census he is in Sebastopol, California (listed on ancestry.com as "Pumsey") and died there in 1911. (Note: but can't find him in the California death records : his wife's death in 1914 is recorded).
He was born in in Piqua, Ohio, and lived there until at least 1850, when Census data shows that most of his siblings were still living with their mother,[43]
In 1860 the census shows that he was a farmer, living near his brother Joel in Suisun,Solano County, California.[36] Between 1863 and 1868 he was a captain in the Solano Cavalry, but left Suisun when the unit was disbanded.
Spit is a similar game in which two players simultaneously put down cards in ascending or descending order, until all of one player's cards are gone. In Speed each player holds up to five cards in his hand, and has one stock pile, face down. In Spit each player has a row of stock piles, usually five, each with the top card face up, so all cards in play are visible to both players.[44]
Speed:
A: Hand (5 cards)
A: Stock Pile (10 cards)
B: Spit Cards (12 cards)
B: Spit Pile (0..)
A: Spit Pile (0..)
A: Spit Cards (12 cards)
B: Stock Pile (10 cards)
B: Hand (5 cards)
Spit:
A: Stock Cards (1 Up, 4 Down)
(1 Up, 3 Down)
(1 Up, 2 Down)
(1 Up, 1 Down)
(1 Up)
B: Spit Cards (12 cards)
B: Spit Pile (0..)
A: Spit Pile (0..)
A: Spit Cards (12 cards)
B: Stock Cards (1 Up )
(1 Up, 1 Down)
(1 Up, 2 Down)
(1 Up, 3 Down)
(1 Up, 4 Down)
In both games each player is dealt a set of 12 "Spit Cards", face down, with space in the center for a "Spit Pile", which is initially empty. (See middle row of the diagrams).
In Speed each player is also dealt 10 cards in a "Stock Pile", and a Hand of 5 cards.
In Split each player lays out a "tableau" of 5 Stock Piles, with the topmost card of each pile turned up.
The game starts with each player simultaneously turning over one card from their Spit Cards onto their Spit Pile.
Subsequent played cards will be placed face up on either of these Spit Piles, in ascending or descending order (with aces fitting next to both kings and twos).
In Speed cards are played from the hand, which is replenished from the player's stock pile.
In Spit the visible cards are played, and the card under it is then turned up. (Not necessarily immediately). If a stock pile position is empty then a card can be moved from any other stock pile.
If neither player can move, then each turns over a Split Card onto their Spit Pile and the game re-starts. If players run out of Spit Cards then the top card in their Spit Pile is left on the table, and the rest shuffled and used as Spit Cards.
The game is won by the first player to get rid of their stock cards (and, in Speed, their hand).
(In Speed the actual number of Stock Cards and Split Cards can vary. The names and positions of the various piles of cards also vary.)
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a roughly circular field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. Each team takes it in turn to bat, in which they attempt to accumulate as many runs as possible, while the other team fields, attempting to prevent the batting team scoring runs. Teams may bat once or twice each depending upon the format of the game. Each turn is known as an innings. The game progresses as one member of the fielding team known as the bowler delivers the ball to the batsman down the length of the pitch. The batsman then attempts to strike the ball with his bat so that the ball either reaches the boundary or travels far enough away from a fielder to enable him to run to the other end of the pitch and thus accumulate runs. Each batsman may continue batting until he is dismissed. Once ten batsmen from the batting side have been dismissed, the team is said to be all out and the two teams change roles. A person who plays cricket is called a cricketer.[46]
Draft of a Cricket Lead (UK) or Lede (US) LONGedit
NOTE : I use these brackets (? .... ?) to indicate text that I don't mind dropping
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a roughly circular field. Each team takes a turn to bat, accumulating as many runs as possible, while the other team fields.
At the center of the field is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch, with a wicket at each end. Wickets consist of three vertical stumps supporting two horizontal bails : in many cases a batsman will be out if the ball knocks one bail off.
Two batsmen are always on the pitch, one at each wicket. The striking batsman positions himself at a crease in front of his wicket, and a wicket keeper crouches behind it. The bowler runs from behind the far wicket, and when he reaches it he bowls the ball over-arm down the pitch, usually bouncing once (?, although a full toss is permitted. ?) If the batsman hits the ball then the two batsmen can agree to run, carrying their bats with them, and by safely exchanging positions score one run. They can repeat this as often as they dare (?, and can change their minds, returning to their original wicket ?). If the batsman hits the ball to the boundary without bouncing he scores a six: if it bounces, a four. A team can also be awarded runs as a result of errors by the fielding team (?, such as a wide ?).
A batsman can be dismissed in a number of ways, the most common being: He misses the ball, which knocks off a bail -- out bowled. He misses the ball, but his body stops it from reaching the wicket -- out leg before wicket (LBW). He hits the ball, but it is caught, without bouncing. The two batsmen are attempting a run, but a fielder knocks off a bail while one of the batsman is outside of his crease -- run out. Finally, if he goes in front of his crease and misses the ball then the wicket keeper can catch it and knock off his bails -- out stumped.
A bowler bowls six balls in an over. The batsmen stay in place, the wicket keeper goes to the opposite wicket, and a new bowler comes on. The two umpires and many of the fielders will change their positions at this time.
If a batsman is dismissed then another replaces him, until they are all out (?(except one, who is not out). ?) The innings ends and the teams change roles for the next.
Teams may bat once or twice each depending upon the format of the game, which may be limited either by time, or by an agreed number of overs. In many cases the team with most runs wins, but in longer 4-innings matches there can be a draw -- if the team with fewer runs is still batting when the game ends (?, regardless of the number of runs ?). It is then important not only to score more runs, but to dismiss all of the opposing batsmen. A team will often declare the end of their innings (? when they think they have enough runs, ?) leaving themselves enough time to dismiss their opponents. In shorter matches there is often a play off to resolve a draw.
A person who plays cricket is called a cricketer.[46]
Draft of a Cricket Lead (UK) or Lede (US) SHORTedit
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on a roughly circular field. Each team takes a turn to bat, accumulating as many runs as possible, while the other team fields.
At the center of the field is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch, with a wicket at each end. Wickets consist of three vertical stumps supporting two horizontal bails : in many cases a batsman will be out if the ball knocks even one bail off.
Two batsmen are always on the pitch, one at each wicket. The striking batsman positions himself at a crease in front of his wicket, and the wicket keeper crouches behind it. The bowler runs from behind the far wicket, and when he reaches it he bowls the ball over-arm down the pitch, usually bouncing once. If the batsman hits the ball then the two batsmen can agree to run, carrying their bats with them, and score one run by safely exchanging positions. They can repeat this as often as they dare. If the batsman hits the ball to the boundary without bouncing he scores a six: if it bounces, a four. A team can also be awarded extra runs due to errors by the other team.
A batsman can be dismissed in a number of ways, the most common being: He misses the ball, which knocks off a bail -- bowled out. He misses the ball, but his body stops it from reaching the wicket -- out leg before wicket (LBW). He hits the ball, but it is caught, without bouncing. If he goes in front of his crease and misses the ball then the wicket keeper can catch it and knock off his bails -- out stumped. Finally, the two batsmen attempt a run, but a fielder knocks off a bail with the ball while one of the batsman is outside his crease -- run out.
Six balls make an over, at which time play reverses direction. The batsmen stay in place, the wicket keeper goes to the opposite wicket, and a new bowler comes on. The two umpires and many fielders will change their positions.
When a batsman is dismissed another replaces him, until they are all out. The innings ends and the teams change roles for the next.
Teams bat once or twice each depending on the format of the game, which may be limited by time, or by an agreed number of overs. In many cases the team with most runs wins, but in longer matches there can be a draw, which happens if the team with fewer runs is still batting when the game ends. It is then important not only to score more runs, but to dismiss all of the opposing batsmen. A team will often declare the end of their innings, leaving enough time to dismiss all their opponents. In limited-overs matches there may be a play off to resolve a draw.
A person who plays cricket is called a cricketer.[46]
I am Alan Fletcher -- I often use "Alanf777" on forums.
My background is in Physics and Computer Science. My professional life has been mostly in Electronic Design Automation. I have also been a hemi-semi-demi-professional photographer, a confirmed folkie, soundman and singer/songwriter. Oh, and an elected politician : Broxbourne Council election, 1973.
On Wiki I have mostly been participating in the articles on the Energy Catalyzer and (more recently) Cold Fusion.
In this context, googling "(fletcher or alanf777) lenr qumbu" will tell you lots.
FirstnameLastname <AT> farcad <DOT> com will usually reach me.
Fig 1 : A sample learning curve, showing how Proficiency improves with Experience
Fig 3: Learning curve for a single subject
Table version
Fig 1 : A sample learning curve, showing how Proficiency improves with Experience
Fig 2 : Learning curve for a single subject
The trouble is that I need to put the CSS over-rides in each DIV -- again, this could be done with a style class, but I can't seem to get wiki to let it through (even with a NOWIKI tag around it.
In 1957, shortly after Alvarez reported on Muon Cold Fusion, Theodore Sturgeon wrote a short story "The Pod in The Barrier. The plot centers around ubiquitous Cold Fusion reactors which were revealed to Humans by an alien civilization "the Luanae", who protected their own Galaxy with an impenetrable barrier. The technology is described as "When Hydrogen One and Hydrogen Two are in the presence of Mu Mesons, they fuse into Helium Three, with an energy yield in electron volts of 5.4 times ten to the fifth power". Prophetically, all Cold Fusion reactors were disabled, by "concentrated disbelief." [47]
A spacecraft is on a mission to temporarily disable a Cold Fusion reactor, through "concentrated disbelief" in the reaction "When Hydrogen One and Hydrogen Two are in the presence of Mu Mesons, they fuse into Helium Three, with an energy yield in electron volts of 5.4 times ten to the fifth power".
Cold Fusion reactors are disabled by "concentrated disbelief" in the reaction "When Hydrogen One and Hydrogen Two are in the presence of Mu Mesons, they fuse into Helium Three, with an energy yield in electron volts of 5.4 times ten to the fifth power".
Three groups filed challenges with the Secretary of State, Brian Kemp, regarding Obama's inclusion on the March 2012 primary ballot. Taitz represented Georgia resident (Farrar) and presidential candidates (Lax, Judy, Maclaren, and Roth).[48] Obama was represented by Michael Jablonski. Kemp referred the challenges to Deputy Chief Judge Michael Malihi, an administrative law judge, who denied Obama's motion to dismiss them and scheduled a hearing.[49]
On January 23, Malihi denied Jablonski's motion to quash a subpoena issued by Taitz to compel Obama to appear.[50] On January 25 Obama's attorney requested that the Secretary of State halt the proceedings, and indicated that Obama would no longer participate in the litigation.[51] Kemp denied their request and warned that it would be "at your own peril." [52]
Neither Obama nor Jablonski appeared at the January 26 hearings. Malihi offered the plaintiffs a default judgement, but they elected to "decide the case on the merits of their arguments and evidence." [53][54]
Taitz called eight witnesses (including herself), and presented seven exhibits, concerning Obama's Natural Born status, Citizenship, Names, Social Security Number and Hawaiian Birth Certificate.
Taitz asked Malihi to find Obama in contempt for failing to appear.[55][56][57]
On February 3, Malihi recommended that Obama remain on the ballot. Concerning Taitz's case Malihi wrote: "The Court finds the testimony of the witnesses, as well as the exhibits tendered, to be of little, if any, probative value, and thus wholly insufficient to support plaintiffs’ allegations".[58][59] On February 6, Kemp accepted Malihi's recommendation.[60]
Starting in 1977, ITT set out to develop an ambitious new Digital telephone system, which would operate in all markets, and in all modes, from local switches, through local tolls, to long distance.[62] The design work was started in Stamford, CT, but then moved to the Advanced Technology Center (ATC), in Shelton, CT. The development reportedly cost $1B.[63] Manufacturing was to be performed by ITT's national subsidiaries, such as Belgium (BTM), where the first production system was installed at Brecht, in August, 1982.[62] Initial sales, particularly in Europe and Mexico were strong, but the new system took longer than expected to integrate, with further losses.[64] However, ITT's North American branch in Raleigh NC insisted on doing the conversion to the US market itself,[65] and although two limited-function system was sold in March 1985,[66] the attempt to penetrate the US market ultimately failed. Shortly afterwards the project was transferred to Alcatel, where it was named System 12.
Dennis M. Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASALangley Research Center, described LENR as a "promising" technology and praised the work of Rossi and Focardi.[67] Bushnell also said that they were starting an experiment to test the Widom-Larson theory,[68] in which a Heavy electron combines with a proton, through the Weak Nuclear Force (and thus avoiding the Coulomb barrier), creating a neutrino and a neutron. The neutron can then enter a nearby nucleus, causing additional nuclear reactions. On Oct 6, 2011 the US Patent Office published an application by NASA Langley scientist Joseph Zawodny[69] for a patent "Method For Producing Heavy Electrons",[70] which quotes the Widom-Larsen theory [71] and includes "by reference in its entirety" Larsen's Patent No. 7,893,414.
With Neutron+Nickel = Copper
Dennis M. Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASALangley Research Center, described LENR as a "promising" technology and praised the work of Rossi and Focardi.[67] Bushnell also said that they were starting an experiment to test the Widom-Larson theory,[68] in which a Heavy electron combines with a proton, through the Weak Nuclear Force (and thus avoiding the Coulomb barrier), creating a neutrino and a neutron. The neutron can then enter a Nickelnucleus, forming Copper, and emitting Gamma Rays. On Oct 6, 2011 the US Patent Office published an application by NASA Langley scientist Joseph Zawodny[69] for a patent "Method For Producing Heavy Electrons",[70] which quotes the Widom-Larsen theory and includes "by reference in its entirety" Larsen's Patent No. 7,893,414.
Older version
Dennis M. Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASALangley Research Center, described LENR as a "promising" technology and praised the work of Rossi and Focardi. Bushnell also said that they were starting an experiment to test the Widom-Larson theory.[67][68] On Oct 6, 2011 an application for a patent "Method For Producing Heavy Electrons" by Joseph Zawodny [69] was published. Heavy electrons are an essential requirement of the Widom-Larsen theory, which is quoted in the application. Larsen's Patent No. 7,893,414 is "included by reference in its entirety".[70]
Older version
On Oct 6, 2011 an application for a patent "Method For Producing Heavy Electrons" by Joseph Zawodny was published. Heavy electrons are an essential requirement of the Widom-Larsen theory, which is quoted in the application. Larsen's Patent No. 7,893,414 is "included by reference in its entirety".[72]
On November 23, 2011, the Corriere della Sera reported on its Bologna edition that the university's contract with Rossi is expected to start "within a few weeks", and that the results of the research would be published in scientific journals, possibly "by summer [2012]". The article drew attention to the lack of scientific evidence, and to Rossi's past, but said that the researchers did not care about such details: "With our equipment we will go in the shed (factory) that Rossi makes available to make the measurements - Campari says - [there] will be free and independent measurements to verify whether the system produces a large amount of energy." [73]
OR : summary, plus text in the ref
On November 23, 2011, the Corriere della Sera reported on its Bologna edition that the university's contract with Rossi is expected to start "within a few weeks", and that the results of the research would be published in scientific journals, possibly "by summer [2012]". The article drew attention to the lack of scientific evidence, and to Rossi's past, but said that the researchers did not care about such details.[74]
According to PhysOrg (August 11, 2011), the demonstrations held from January to April 2011 had several flaws that make them lose credibility and Rossi has refused to perform several tests that could verify his claims.[75]
Rossi claims to have orders from customers in the US and Europe for thirteen more 1 MW units in addition to the undisclosed customer from the October 28 test. He offers these for sale at a rate of $2000/kilowatt, making the price for a 1 MW unit $2 million.[76] Focus.it reports that 12 additional units are to the same, undisclosed customer, and quoted Rossi : «We are building a 130 MW [corrected to 30MW] thermal plant, made of 13 plant such as the one you saw on October 28th: but it's a military research and I can't reveal any further detail, not the name, nor the place, nor the nationality of the customer»" [77]
Older
Rossi claims to have orders from customers in the US and Europe for thirteen more 1 MW units in addition to the undisclosed customer from the October 28 test. He offers these for sale at a rate of $2000/kilowatt, making the price for a 1 MW unit $2 million.[76] Focus.it reports that Rossi said : «We are building a 130 MW [corrected to 30MW] thermal plant, made of 13 plant such as the one you saw on October 28th: but it's a military research and I can't reveal any further detail, not the name, nor the place, nor the nationality of the customer»" [77] On Nov 23, 2011 Rossi was interviewed by Bill Moore on EVWorld, who summarized "Not only did the mysterious client take delivery of Rossi's first 1MW heat energy production system, but ordered a dozen more for use in cold, remote locations. That's an order worth $24 million." [78]
The audio itself is, I think on Premium (paid) content only. I can prepare a transcript and get clearance if you want Rossi's exact words.
Cut down comment from Moore -- could leave that off entirely until I have time to make a transcript
Rossi claims to have orders from customers in the US and Europe for thirteen more 1 MW units in addition to the undisclosed customer from the October 28 test. He offers these for sale at a rate of $2000/kilowatt, making the price for a 1 MW unit $2 million.[76] Focus.it reports that Rossi said : «We are building a 130 MW [corrected to 30MW] thermal plant, made of 13 plant such as the one you saw on October 28th: but it's a military research and I can't reveal any further detail, not the name, nor the place, nor the nationality of the customer»" [77] On Nov 23, 2011 Rossi was interviewed by Bill Moore on EVWorld, who commented that they were "for use in cold, remote locations." [78]
None of these were set up to provide scientific evidence.
Change to :
All of these were set up to provide only colorimetric evidence of excess heat. Rossi did not allow any tests which would reveal the mechanism by which it operates.[79]
I don't have an RS for the second sentence !! I guess it's not allowed, even though it's against Rossi.
NyTeknik and EV World report [80][81] that Rossi has cancelled his contract with Defkalion. This was posted as a press release on Rossi's Blog,[82] and has subsequently been elaborated by an email statement from Defkalion to Nyteknik.[83] An additional statement by Prof. Christos Stremmenos, a board member of Defkalion, indicates that the problems are entirely financial.
On June 23, 2011, Defkalion held a press conference in Palaio Faliro, Athens, Greece.[84] This was attended by the Socratis Xinidis, Alternate Minister of the Hellenic Ministry of Regional Development (Industry & Energy), and reported by National Greek TV and Newspapers. Defkalion gave an overview of their Hyperion version of the Energy Catalyzer, which "will basically be available in two main models – one is a box measuring 22x18x14 inches with a heat output between 5 and 30 kilowatts, the other one larger heating plants with a power between 1.15 and 3.45 megawatts. They can be combined with various types of turbines or micro turbines to CHP units -- Combined Heat and Power. Defkalion claims that the technology can reduce the current electricity price by 90 percent." Unlike the steam-generating devices which Rossi has demonstrated, the Hyperion uses a coolant such as Glycol in a closed loop. The output energy from Hyperion is "6 to 30 times larger than the input energy." Defkalion confirmed that they are building a factory for the Greek market, and that they "will in turn sell the rights to produce Hyperion products to companies in other countries, and then receive a fixed royalty per product sold."
Alanf777 (talk) 18:43, 2 August 2011 (UTC)
Note : these files are stored on defkalion's site, but they are scans of newspapers from a legitimate Greek News-clipping service : http://www.clipnews.gr/en/
On July 6, 2011, Defkalion sent a letter to potential investors, soliciting bids on a per-country basis, with an initial payment of 40.5 Million Euros ($57.4 Million) for each 300,000 unit/year factory.[85]
As a rough estimate, assume that applications are made from 40 developed country and 160 developing country (and that Ampenergo arrives at a similar arrangement for its share of the market). The potential short-term income is thus over $11 billion: significant, but below Bernie Madoff's $50 Billion.
On April 23, 2011, EV World published an audio interview[86] with Dennis M. Bushnell, Chief Scientist at NASALangley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. Bushnell described several emerging energy technologies, but he identified LENR as "the most interesting and promising at this point". He continued:
"... in January of this year Rossi, backed by Focardi, who had been working on this for many years, and in fact doing some of the best work worldwide, came out and did a demonstration first in January, they re-did it in February, they re-did it in March, where for days they had one of these cells, a small cell, producing in the 10 to 15 kilowatts range, which is far more than enough heat to boil water for tea. And so they say that this is weak interaction, this is not fusion. So I think were almost over the We don’t understand it problem. I think we’re almost over the This doesn’t produce anything useful problem. And so I think this will go forward fairly rapidly now. And if it does, this is capable of, by itself, completely changing geo-economics, geo-politics and of solving climate and energy." Bushnell also said that they were investigating and applying the Widom-Larsden theory to an experiment.
On April 23, 2011, EV World[87] published an audio interview[88][89][90] with Dennis M. Bushnell,[91] Chief Scientist at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.[92]
Bushnell described several emerging energy technologies, but he identified LENR as "the most interesting and promising at this point".
[10:35] Then ... in January of this year Rossi, backed by Focardi, who had been working on this for many years, and in fact doing some of the best work worldwide, came out and did a demonstration first in January, they re-did it in February, they re-did it in March, where for days they had one of these cells, a small cell, producing in the 10 to 15 kilowatts range, which is far more than enough heat to boil water for tea. And so they say that this is weak interaction, this is not fusion.
[11:15] So I think were almost over the "We don’t understand it" problem. I think we’re almost over the "This doesn’t produce anything useful" problem. And so I think this will go forward fairly rapidly now. And if it does, this is capable of, by itself, completely changing geo-economics, geo-politics and of solving climate and energy.
Bushnell also said that they were investigating and applying the Widom-Larsden theory to an experiment.
On April 23, 2011, EV World[87] published an audio interview[88][89][90] with Dennis M. Bushnell,[91] Chief Scientist at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.[92]
[04:34] Bushnell: OK .. THE most interesting and promising at this point .. farther term, but maybe not so far .. is Low Energy Nuclear Reactions. This has come out of twenty years of people producing energy but not knowing what it is and we think we have a theory on it. It’s producing beta decay and heat without radiation. The research on this is very promising and it alone, if it comes to pass, would literally solve both climate and energy.
...
[10:35] Then, as you mentioned, in January of this year Rossi, backed by Focardi, who had been working on this for many years, and in fact doing some of the best work worldwide, came out and did a demonstration first in January, they re-did it in February, they re-did it in March, where for days they had one of these cells, a small cell, producing in the 10 to 15 kilowatts range, which is far more than enough heat to boil water for tea. And so they say that this is weak interaction, this is not fusion.
[11:15] So I think were almost over the "We don’t understand it" problem. I think we’re almost over the "This doesn’t produce anything useful" problem. And so I think this will go forward fairly rapidly now. And if it does, this is capable of, by itself, completely changing geo-economics, geo-politics and of solving climate and energy.
Bushnell also said that they were investigating and applying the Widom-Larsden theory to an experiment:
[09:40] ... And so at that point, in 06-07 we became interested and started setting up a set of experiments that we’re just about ready to start finally, where we’re trying to experimentally validate this Widom-Larsen theory to find out -- or not -- whether or not it explains what’s going on. And in the process, we've used the quantum theory to optimize the particular surface morphologies necessary to do this.
Bushnell Paraphrased : I got the necessary permissions and copied this to Energy Catalyzeredit
On April 23, 2011, EV World[87] published an audio interview[88][89][90] with Dennis M. Bushnell,[91] Chief Scientist at NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.[92]
Bushnell described several emerging energy technologies, but he identified LENR as "THE most interesting and promising at this point". He said that "... It alone, if it comes to pass, would literally solve both climate and energy." He summarized the reported results of the eCat, and thought that "this will go forward fairly rapidly now."
Bushnell also said that they were investigating and applying the Widom-Larsen theory to an experiment.
Rossi and Focardi's joint work A new energy source from nuclear fusion[93] was rejected by [a] peer-reviewed scientific journal,[94] and appeared in Rossi's self-published blog, Journal of Nuclear Physics.[95] They consider the Debye–Hückel theory in which "electrostatic interactions are reduced by
the presence of other ions attracted by the electric forces.
In our case, the proton-electron system might be shielded by the nuclear
Coulomb potential, with the possibility of penetrating the Coulomb barrier."
Closely related work by Focardi was published in 1998 in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Il Nuovo Cimento A.[96]
NOTE: Rossi said he has a new theory, which he will announce when the reputed 1MW plant is opened. I'll try to find a RS for that.
Widom and Larsen proposed a theory as an explanation of the reported elemental transmutation and excess energy release.[68] It is known experimentally that through a Weak Interaction a Proton can combine with a Muon to form an ultra-low-momentum Neutron and a Neutrino (which escapes from the system). These Neutrons can then form a chain reaction with neighboring nuclei. Under normal circumstances electrons cannot combine with protons, because their mass is too low. Widom and Larsen propose that on the surface of a metal such as Palladium (or Nickel) electrons can effectively increase their mass and combine with protons, forming neutrons which can then combine with other nuclei. There is no Coulomb barrier to either of these reactions.
Yeong E. Kim,[97] physics professor at Purdue University, and a fellow of the American Physical Society, has previously developed a theory of Bose–Einstein condensation nuclear fusion to explain low-energy nuclear reactions.[98][99][100] He has released a preprint of a paper, entitled Generalized Theory of Bose-Einstein Condensation Nuclear Fusion for Hydrogen-Metal System, in which he applies this theory, in generalized form, to the Rossi eCat. He states that, provided the Rossi eCat is operated at temperatures larger than the Curie temperature of nickel of 358 Celsius and with hydrogen pressures up to 22 bar, the weak magnetic field at the nickel surface may allow two neighbouring protons to couple their spins to form a correlated state (singlet state) with anti-parallel spin. This would result in two types of bosons, namely nickel nuclei on the one hand and composite bosons of paired protons on the other hand. Provided their speed is sufficiently low, they would have long, overlapping de Broglie wavelengths, giving rise to a Bose–Einstein condensate in which the Coulomb barrier could be overcome. This would allow various nuclear transmutations, producing isotopes of nickel and copper, and low-energy gamma-rays. However, Kim emphasizes that experiments in which the input and output reaction channels are established independently will be necessary in order to confirm the theoretical mechanisms and make predictions which could be used for further empirical evaluation. Kim states in this preprint that he plans to include a basic description of these theoretical concepts in his invited talk at a forthcoming nuclear physics conference, the Fifth Asia-Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problems.[101][102]
Scientists at Brillouin Energy and SRI report that in 150 experiments using palladium and nickel hydrides, excess energy was always seen, with excess energies up to 100%.[103][104]
Draft for talk
Wow -- people on the wild world web discuss things about wiki. I'm shocked, shocked.
At the 17th International Conference on Cold Fusion, August 2012, Francesco Celani held a live demonstration of an "apparently working" nickel-hydrogen device which produced an excess of 14W from an input of 62W. Brillouin Energy Corporation reported on achieving an excess power of twice the input, and that their results are "consistently repeatable -- something of a Holy Grail" in the field.[103][105]
Wired UK reports that at the 17th International Conference on Cold Fusion (See warning at [106]) held in August 2012, Francesco Celani demonstrated live an "apparently working" nickel-hydrogen device which produced an excess of 14W from an input of 62W. Brillouin Energy Corporation presented a paper claiming an excess power of twice the input, and that their results are "consistently repeatable -- something of a Holy Grail" in the field.[103][105]
Wired UK reports that at the 17th International Conference on Cold Fusion held in August 2012, there was a live demonstration of an "apparently working" nickel-hydrogen device which produced an excess of 14W from an input of 62W. A paper was presented claiming an excess power of twice the input, and that their results are "consistently repeatable -- something of a Holy Grail" in the field.[103][105]
On 22–25 March 2009, the American Chemical Society meeting included a four-day symposium in conjunction with the 20th anniversary of the announcement of cold fusion. Researchers working at the U.S. Navy's Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SPAWAR) reported detection of energetic neutrons using a heavy water electrolysis set-up and a CR-39 detector,[107][108] a result previously published in Die Naturwissenschaften.[109] The authors claim that these neutrons are indicative of nuclear reactions;[110] without quantitative analysis of the number, energy, and timing of the neutrons and exclusion of other potential sources, this interpretation is unlikely to find acceptance by the wider scientific community.[109][111]
^https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MXQ5-M15 : 9 November 2014), D C Rumsey in household of James Noland, Washington Township, Miami, Ohio, United States; citing family 912, NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.
^https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MNXW-3WG : 17 October 2014), Daniel C Rumsey, California, United States; citing p. 33, family 330, NARA microfilm publication M593 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.); FHL microfilm 545,592
^https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ31-H7K : 28 November 2014), D.C. Rumsey and Katie C. Roberts, 12 Aug 1873; citing Santa Clara, California, United States, county courthouses, California; FHL microfilm 1,468,528
^https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VNFT-K4F : 26 November 2014), Dewitt C Rumsey, 26 Nov 1887; citing Voter Registration, Lakeport, Lake, California, United States, county clerk offices, California; FHL microfilm 976,469.
^https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M9PX-59F : accessed 2 May 2017), Dewitt C Rumsey, Township 4 Lakeport town, Lake, California, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 46, sheet 8A, family 188, NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL microfilm 1,240,088.
^https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MXQP-G34 : 9 November 2014), Joel B Rumsey in household of Mary Rumsey, Washington Township, Miami, Ohio, United States; citing family 406, NARA microfilm publication M432 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.
^Cite error: The named reference mcleod1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/04/time-crystals/all/ ‘Time Crystals’ Could Upend Physicists’ Theory of Time, "In February 2012, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Frank Wilczek decided to go public with a strange and, he worried, somewhat embarrassing idea. Impossible as it seemed, Wilczek had developed an apparent proof of “time crystals” — physical structures that move in a repeating pattern, like minute hands rounding clocks, without expending energy or ever winding down. Unlike clocks or any other known objects, time crystals derive their movement not from stored energy but from a break in the symmetry of time, enabling a special form of perpetual motion."
^ abcKirkpatrick, E. M., ed. (1983). Chambers 20th Century Dictionary (New Edition 1983 ed.). Edinburgh: W & R Chambers Ltd. p. 296. ISBN0-550-10234-5.
^ abcThe Future of Energy: Part 1Podcastapproved Transcript. At 4 minutes and 34 seconds, Bushnell described several emerging energy technologies, but he identified LENR as "the most interesting and promising at this point". At 10 minutes and 35 seconds, Bushnell continued: "... in January of this year Rossi, backed by Focardi, who had been working on this for many years, and in fact doing some of the best work worldwide, came out and did a demonstration first in January, they re-did it in February, they re-did it in March, where for days they had one of these cells, a small cell, producing in the 10 to 15 kilowatts range, which is far more than enough heat to boil water for tea." At 9 minutes and 40 seconds he said "And so at that point, in 06-07 we became interested and started setting up a set of experiments that we’re just about ready to start finally, where we’re trying to experimentally validate this Widom-Larsen theory to find out -- or not -- whether or not it explains what’s going on. And in the process, we've used the quantum theory to optimize the particular surface morphologies necessary to do this."
^ abcMETHOD FOR PRODUCING HEAVY ELECTRONS,Zawodny, Pub. No.: US 2011/0255645 Al Pub. Date: Oct. 20, 2011 [1]
^Briefly, this theory put
forth by Widom and Larsen states that the initiation of LENR
activity is due to the coupling of "surface plasmon polaritons"
(SPPs) to a proton or deuteron resonance in the lattice of a
metal hydride. The theory goes on to describe the production
of heavy electron that undergo electron capture by a proton.
This activity produces a neutron that is subsequently captured
by a nearby atom transmuting it into a new element and
releasing positive net energy in the process.
^METHOD FOR PRODUCING HEAVY ELECTRONS, [[Zawodny [2], Pub. No.: US 2011/0255645 Al Pub. Date: Oct. 20, 2011 [3]
^Amaduzzi, Marina (November 23, 2011). "Fusione fredda: svolta o bluff L'E-Cat sotto esame dell'Ateneo". Corriere della Sera, Bologna edition: «Il nostro interesse è fortissimo — dichiara Paolo Capiluppi, direttore del dipartimento —, c’è molta curiosità, ma per noi è vero solo ciò che possiamo misurare». Per rendere attivo il contratto ci vuole il versamento della prima rata del contributo, 500 mila euro in due anni, che Rossi si è impegnato a dare per sostenere tutti i costi. «Dovremmo partire a breve, tra qualche settimana — confida Enrico Campari, docente di fisica sperimentale e responsabile scientifico della ricerca con Giuseppe Levi —, in estate si potrebbero avere i primi report scientifici dei risultati ottenuti che divulgheremo alle riviste scientifiche»
TRANSLATION: «Our interest is very strong - Paolo Capiluppi, Director of the Department [of Physics], states -, there is much curiosity, but for us only what can be measured is real». To activate the contract the first instalment of the contribution, 500000 euros within two years, must be paid by Rossi who will cover all the expenses. «We hope to start soon, within a few weeks - experimental physics teacher Enrico Campari, who will supervise the research together with Giuseppe Levi, confides -, the first scientific reports concerning the obtained results will probably be ready during the summer and we will disclose them to the scientific journals».
«Con le nostre attrezzature andremo nel capannone che Rossi mette a disposizione a fare le misurazioni — spiega Campari —, saranno misurazioni libere e indipendenti per verificare se il sistema produce una gran quantità di energia»
^Amaduzzi, Marina (November 23, 2011). "Fusione fredda: svolta o bluff L'E-Cat sotto esame dell'Ateneo". Corriere della Sera, Bologna edition: «Il nostro interesse è fortissimo — dichiara Paolo Capiluppi, direttore del dipartimento —, c’è molta curiosità, ma per noi è vero solo ciò che possiamo misurare». Per rendere attivo il contratto ci vuole il versamento della prima rata del contributo, 500 mila euro in due anni, che Rossi si è impegnato a dare per sostenere tutti i costi. «Dovremmo partire a breve, tra qualche settimana — confida Enrico Campari, docente di fisica sperimentale e responsabile scientifico della ricerca con Giuseppe Levi —, in estate si potrebbero avere i primi report scientifici dei risultati ottenuti che divulgheremo alle riviste scientifiche»
TRANSLATION: «Our interest is very strong - Paolo Capiluppi, Director of the Department [of Physics], states -, there is much curiosity, but for us only what can be measured is real». To activate the contract the first instalment of the contribution, 500000 euros within two years, must be paid by Rossi who will cover all the expenses. «We hope to start soon, within a few weeks - experimental physics teacher Enrico Campari, who will supervise the research together with Giuseppe Levi, confides -, the first scientific reports concerning the obtained results will probably be ready during the summer and we will disclose them to the scientific journals».
«Con le nostre attrezzature andremo nel capannone che Rossi mette a disposizione a fare le misurazioni — spiega Campari —, saranno misurazioni libere e indipendenti per verificare se il sistema produce una gran quantità di energia»
TRANSLATION: <<With our equipment we will go in the shed (factory) that Rossi makes available to make the measurements - Campari says - [there] will be free and independent measurements to verify whether the system produces a large amount of energy.>>
^Celani : [4] "I decided to move the gamma detector from 'counts' to 'spectra' mode. After few minutes Eng. Rossi realised that I was trying to identify something "secret" inside the reactor: I was forced to stop the measurements."
^[5] Nyteknik -- 'E-cat': Here is the
Greek energy box [6],Defkalion White paper [7],Defkalion Press Page -- links to videos, presentation materials, attendees and clippings
^http://www.physics.purdue.edu/people/faculty/yekim/naturwis-printed-pub.pdf, Y.E. Kim, "Theory of Bose-Einstein condensation mechanism for deuteron-induced nuclear reactions in micro/nano-scale metal grains and particles." Naturwissenschaften, 96, 803-811 (2009), DOI 10.1007/s00114-009-0537-6 (published on line, May 14, 2009).
^http://www.physics.purdue.edu/people/faculty/yekim/Kim_BECNF.pdf, Y. E. Kim, "Bose-Einstein Condensate Theory of Deuteron Fusion in Metal", J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 4, 188 (2011), Proceedings of Symposium on New Energy Technologies, the 239th American Chemical Society National Meeting, San Francisco, March 21–26, 2010.
^http://www.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/KimYEmixturesof.pdf, Yeong E. Kim and Alexander L. Zubarev: Mixtures of Charged Bosons Confined in Harmonic Traps and BoseEinstein Condensation Mechanism for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions and Transmutation Processes in Condensed Matter, Eleventh International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, 2004. Marseille, France
^ abcGodes (2012). "Controlled Electron Capture and the Path Toward Commercialization". ICCF 17 Proceedings (To be Published). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ICCF is organized by supporters of Cold fusion, and papers presented there may not have been peer-reviewed by the wider scientific community. See Conferences
^Cite error: The named reference ACS Press Release was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference reignites was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Fig 1 : A sample learning curve, showing how Proficiency improves with Experience
Fig 3: Learning curve for a single subject
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examples ---- (convert to section when done)
It is used in two main ways : where the same task is repeated in a series of trials, or where a body of knowledge is learned over time.[1]
The Horizontal Axis represents experience either directly as time (clock time, or the time spent on the activity), or can be related to time (For example, a number of trials, school grades, or the total number of units produced).
The Vertical Axis represents learning or proficiency. It can either be increasing (for example, the score in a test), or decreasing (the time to complete a test). (Fig 2)
Fig 2 : Proficiency metric can be Increasing or Decreasing
For the performance of one person in a series of trials the curve can be erratic, with proficiency increasing, decreasing or leveling out in a plateau. (Fig 3)
When the results of a large number of individual trials are averaged then a smooth curve results, which can often be described with a mathematical function. Three main functions have been used:[2][3][4]
The increase in skill or retention of information is sharpest during the initial attempts, and then gradually levels out, meaning that the subject's skill does not improve much with each repetition, or that less new knowledge is gained over time. (Fig 1).
This is similar in appearance to an Exponential decay function, and is almost always used for a decreasing performance metric, such as cost. (Fig 4) It also has the property that if you plot the logarithm of proficiency against the logarithm of experience the result is a straight line, and it is often presented that way. Fig 4 : Experience Curve, where the Unit Cost varies with Total production as a Power Law.
The specific case of a plot of Unit Cost versus Total Production with a Power Law was named the Experience Curve: the mathematical function is sometimes called Henderson's Law.
This form of learning curve is used extensively in industry for cost projections.[6]
In this case the improvement of proficiency starts slowly, then increases rapidly, and finally levels off. (Fig 5)
Fig 5 : S-Curve or Sigmoid Function, where proficiency starts slowly, then increases rapidly, and finally levels off.
One of the best-known examples of a learning curve is Moore's law.[7]
The familiar derogatory expression "but it has a steep learning curve" is intended to mean that the activity is difficult to learn.[8] In fact, it means the exact opposite : if the curve is steep then one makes rapid progress. (Fig 6) [9][10]
Fig 6 : Steep (short) and Shallow (long) Learning CurvesFig 7 : Product A has lower functionality and a steep learning curve. Product B has greater functionality but takes longer to learn
Products with different rates of learning and different functionality. The one with a steep curve is learned quickly, but has lower functionality than the one with a shallow curve.
As indicated above, the term steep learning curve is usually used incorrectly. If two products have similar functionality then the one with a steep curve is probably better, because it can be learned quicker.
On the other hand, if two products have different functionality then one with a steep curve (short time to learn) and limited functionality may not be as good in the long run as one with a shallow curve (long time to learn) and greater functionality.
For example, the Windows program Notepad is extremely simple to learn, but offers little after this. On the other extreme is the UNIX terminal editor Vim, which is difficult to learn, but offers a wide array of features to master after the user has figured out how to work it. It is possible for something to be easy to learn, but difficult to master or hard to learn with little beyond this.[citation needed]
If a reviewer must use the term learning curve then it would be better to use adjectives like short and long.
Steep learning curve, where learning is achieved very quickly
NEW:
The familiar derogatory expression "steep learning curve" is generally taken to mean that the subject is difficult to learn. In fact, it means the exact opposite : if the curve is steep then one makes rapid progress.[9]
The learning curve is frequently modeled by a Power Law -- which starts off with a specified slope (a steep initial slope implies rapid initial learning, while a shallow initial slope implies slow initial learning), and asymptotically approaches "complete" knowledge only in an infinite time. The use of the Power Law may be the result of the averaging over many trials.[3] When conducting a single learning trial by a single subject the actual recorded curve may increase (learning), plateau (no progress) or even temporarily diminish (forgetting).[11]
WAS :
The familiar expression "steep learning curve" may refer to either of two aspects of a pattern in which the marginal rate of required resource investment is initially low, perhaps even decreasing at the very first stages, but eventually increases without bound.
Early uses of the metaphor focused on the pattern's positive aspect, namely the potential for quick progress in learning (as measured by, e.g., memory accuracy or the number of trials required to obtain a desired result)[12] at the introductory or elementary stage.[3] Over time, however, the metaphor has become more commonly used to focus on the pattern's negative aspect, namely the difficulty of learning once one gets beyond the basics of a subject.[citation needed]
In the former case, the "steep[ness]" metaphor is inspired by the initially high rate of increase featured by the function characterizing the overall amount learned versus total resources invested (or versus time when resource investment per unit time is held constant)—in mathematical terms, the initially high positive absolute value of the first derivative of that function. In the latter case, the metaphor is inspired by the pattern's eventual behavior, i.e., its behavior at high values of overall resources invested (or of overall time invested when resource investment per unit time is held constant), namely the high rate of increase in the resource investment required if the next item is to be learned—in other words, the eventually always-high, always-positive absolute value and the eventually never-decreasing status of the first derivative of that function. In turn, those properties of the latter function dictate that the function measuring the rate of learning per resource unit invested (or per unit time when resource investment per unit time is held constant) has a horizontal asymptote at zero, and thus that the overall amount learned, while never "plateauing" or decreasing, increases more and more slowly as more and more resources are invested.
This difference in emphasis has led to confusion and disagreements even among learned people.[9]
A grant of $5.5 million given by Sidney Kimmel in February 2012 to the University of Missouri will be used to establish the Sidney Kimmel Institute for Nuclear Renaissance (SKINR). The grant is intended to support research into the interactions of hydrogen with palladium, nickel or platinum at extreme conditions.[13][14][15][16] One of the SKINR projects is to replicate a 1991 experiment in which bursts of millions of neutrons a second were recorded, which was stopped because "his research account had been frozen". The new experiment has already seen "neutron emissions at similar levels to the 1991 observation".[17][18]
The online Merriam Webster, however, says "French péridot, from Old French peritot First Known Use: circa 1706".[19]
The Middle English Dictionary gives peridot with
several variations : peridod, peritot, pelidod and pilidod -- in the examples other variants substitute y for i.
(peridod, peritot, pelidod and pelido are also used in Old French). In Medieval Latinperidotus ,pl peridota.[20]
The earliest recorded uses in England are in Latin by St Albans Abbey monk and chronicler Matthew Paris (c1200-1259), and its translation in 1705 is possibly the first use of Peridot in English. This relates that on his death in 1245 Bishop John bequeathed various items to the Abbey, including a Peridot ring : "He gave also three noble Rings, in one whereof is an Oriental Saphire, of wonderful bigness : In another is the Stone call'd Peridot, in the middle whereof is set a Saphire of great beauty; it is said to be good against the Cramp, and is made almost in the form of a Buckler (Shield): in the third Ring is aslo an Oriental Sapphire, but less than the former." [21]
Dedit etiam tres nobiles aureos annulos, in quorum uno habetur sapphirus orientalis mirae magnitudinis; in alio, lapis qui dicitur "peridotus," sive "pederotes;" in cujus medio sapphirus excellentis pulchritudinis collocatur, et habet virtutem spasmum potenter refrenandi. Iste lapis ad modum clypei fere formatur. In tertio vero annulo alius sapphirus includitur orientalis, sed minor quam prior de quo locuti sumus.
(Google translate: He also gave three pieces of gold, the nobles of the rings, the sapphire is found in the east in one of which a surprisingly large, in another, the stone which is said to be "peridotus," or an "pederotes;" in the midst of which is placed a sapphire of surpassing beauty, and convulsions, has the power of restraining powerfully. This stone is usually shaped like a shield. In the third case, a sapphire is included with the ring of another towards the east, but it is smaller than the first of whom we have spoken.)
Other variants quoted by the Middle English Dictionary range from 1300 to 1500.
There are early uses in French : The 1667 Le mercure indien, Ou Le Tresor Des Indes: Dans laquelle est ... - Page 87[23] by Pierre de Rosnel has two short chapters on Peridot. The 1694 "Nouveau Dictionnaire françois, Volume 2 By Pierre Richelet",[24] in part reads : "PERIDOT, Sorte de pierre précieuse qui n'est pas fort considérable, qui tire fur une couleur qui rient du vert ..." or "Kind of gemstone that is not very considerable, which takes a color as laughing green ... " (Also a 1680 edition with a less colorful description [25])
^Note : In this context the exponential does not increase to infinity, as in Exponential growth, but approaches a limit in a manner similar to that in which a capacitor charges or discharges (Exponential decay) through a resistor.
^ abc"Laparoscopic Colon Resection Early in the Learning Curve", Ann Surg. 2006 June; 243(6): 730–737, see the "Discussions" section, Dr. Smith's remark about the usage of the term "steep learning curve": "First, semantics. A steep learning curve is one where you gain proficiency over a short number of trials. That means the curve is steep. I think semantically we are really talking about a prolonged or long learning curve. I know it is a subtle distinction, but I can't miss the opportunity to make that point."
Fig 4: Exponential growth
Fig 5 : Exponential rise or fall to a limit
Fig 6 : Power Law
Fig 7 : S-Curve or Sigmoid Function
Fig 1 : A sample learning curve, showing how Proficiency improves with Experience
Fig 3: Learning curve for a single subject
Fig 1 : A sample learning curve, showing how Proficiency improves with Experience
Fig 3: Learning curve for a single subject
