This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: outdated membership. (March 2024) |
The Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, or simply UNPO is an international organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalised nations and peoples worldwide. It was formed on 11 February 1991[3][4] in The Hague, Netherlands. Its members consist of indigenous peoples, minorities, and unrecognised or occupied territories.
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization | |
---|---|
![]() Members of UNPO. Former members are in dark gray. | |
Membership | 44 groups[1] |
Leaders | |
• President[2] | Edna Adan Ismail |
• Vice-Presidents[2] | Elisenda Paluzie Rubina Greenwood |
• Presidency members include | Abdirahman Mahdi Dolkun Isa Paul Strauss Tina Rose Muña Barnes |
Establishment | 11 February 1991 |
Website unpo |
UNPO works to develop the understanding of and respect for the right to self-determination, provides advice and support related to questions of international recognition and political autonomy, trains groups on how to advocate for their causes effectively, and directly advocates for an international response to human rights violations perpetrated against UNPO member groups. Some former members, such as Armenia, East Timor, Estonia, Latvia, Georgia and Palau, have gained full independence and joined the United Nations (UN).[5][6]
Throughout 2024, UNPO conducted several training sessions aimed at helping its members and activists. Sessions included in-person training for Asia Pacific members in Geneva, online cybersecurity training, a cybersecurity training in person for the Baluch community in Stockholm, and a youth study session supported by the Council of Europe, emphasizing the importance of acquiring and improving necessary skills for advocacy within marginalized communities. [7]
History
editUNPO was conceived of in the 1980s by leaders of self-determination movements, Linnart Mäll of the Congress of Estonia, Erkin Alptekin of East Turkestan, and Lodi Gyari of Tibet, together with Michael van Walt van Praag , along with the international law adviser of the 14th Dalai Lama. The founders were representatives of national movements of Estonia, Latvia, Tibet, Crimean Tatars, Armenia, Georgia, Tatarstan, East Turkestan, East Timor, Australian Aboriginals, the Cordillera in the Philippines, the Greek minority in Albania, Kurdistan, Palau, Taiwan, and West Papua.[8] A key UNPO goal was, and remains, to replicate the success of the 14th Dalai Lama's and the Tibetan people's non-violent message in the face of oppression and occupation.[9][10]
UNPO chose for its founding headquarters in 1991 The Hague in the Netherlands because the city aimed at becoming the International City of Peace and Justice and hosts international courts like the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and International Criminal Court (ICC). A Foundation was established in the Netherlands to provide secretarial support to the UNPO General Assembly and to carry out research and educational activities related to unrepresented peoples worldwide. The Foundation maintains a permanent presence before the European Union, United States and United Nations. It is funded by a combination of member contributions, donations from individuals and project-based grants from foundations.[citation needed]
Aims
editUNPO's vision is to affirm democracy as a fundamental human right, implement human, civil and political rights worldwide, uphold the universal right to autonomy and self-determination, and further federalism. It encourages nonviolent methodologies to reach peaceful solutions to conflicts and oppression. UNPO supports members in getting their human and cultural rights respected and in preserving their environments. The organization provides a forum for members to network and assists them in participating at an international level.[9]
Although UNPO members often have different goals, they have one thing in common: they are generally not represented diplomatically (or only with a minor status, such as observer) in major international institutions, such as the United Nations (UN). As a result, their ability to have their concerns addressed by the global bodies mandated to protect human rights and address conflict is limited.[9]
UNPO is dedicated to the five principles enshrined in its Covenant:
- The equal right to self-determination;
- Adherence to the internationally accepted human rights standards as laid down in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action and other international instruments;
- Adherence to the principles of democratic pluralism and rejection of totalitarianism and religious intolerance;
- Promotion of non-violence and the rejection of terrorism as an instrument of policy; and
- Protection of the natural environment.
All members are required to sign and abide by the UNPO Covenant.[11] UNPO members are required to be nonviolent.[12]
Members
editThe following are listed as members by the UNPO.[13]
Original members are listed with pink background and in bold. Members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN Member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*).
Former members
editSome members of the UNPO have left because of United Nations (UN) recognition, autonomy agreements, or for other reasons.
The following lists former and suspended members.[13]
Former members who became part of the UN are highlighted with a blue background and italics. Original members (from 11 February 1991) are listed with pink background and in bold. Former members who are recognised as independent countries by at least 1 UN member or by other countries recognised by at least 1 UN member are marked by asterisk (*). Suspended members are marked by yellow background.
Former member | Date joined | Date withdrew | Note | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aboriginals of Australia | 11 February 1991 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by National Committee to Defend Black Rights | [52] |
Albanians in North Macedonia | 16 April 1994 | 1 March 2008 | Reached agreement on wider rights with North Macedonia in 2001 | [53] |
Amazigh | 28 November 2014 | 26 November 2016 | Represented by World Amazigh Congress | [54] |
Ambazonia | 25 October 2006 | 7 June 2021 | Represented by the Southern Cameroons National Council and Ambazonia Governing Council (from September 2018). | [55] |
Armenia | 11 February 1991 | 2 March 1992 | Became member of the UN in 1992 | [56] |
Bashkortostan | 3 February 1996 | 30 June 1998 | [57] | |
Batwa | 17 January 1993 | December 2019 | Cultural Conservation Act | [58] |
Bougainville | 6 August 1991 | 1 March 2008 | Reached an agreement with Papua New Guinea in 2021, in which Bougainville will be independent by 2027. | [59] |
Buffalo River Dene Nation | 19 December 2004 | 9 October 2009 | [60] | |
Burma | 15 May 2008 | 13 February 2010 | Represented by National Council of the Union of Burma. The Myanmar military junta was dissolved in 2011. | [61] |
Buryatia | 3 February 1996 | 13 February 2010 | Represented by All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture | [62] |
Cabinda | 17 April 1997 | 18 September 2011 | Represented by the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda | [63] |
Chameria | 8 June 2015 | December 2019 | Democratic Foundation of Chameria | [64][13] |
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria* | 6 August 1991 | 10 September 2010 | Government-in-exile in London. | [65] |
Chin | 15 July 2001 | 26 November 2016 | Represented by Chin National Front | [66] |
Chuvash | 17 January 1993 | 1 March 2008 | Represented by the Chuvash National Congress | [67] |
Circassia | 16 April 1994 | 6 November 2015 | Represented by International Circassian Association | [68] |
Cordillera | 11 February 1991 | 6 November 2015 | Represented by Cordillera Peoples' Alliance | [69] |
Degar-Montagnards | 14 November 2003 | 29 April 2016 | Represented by Montagnard Foundation, Inc. | [70] |
East Timor | 17 January 1993 | 27 September 2002 | Became member of the UN in 2002 | [71] |
Estonia | 11 February 1991 | 17 September 1991 | Became member of the UN in 1991 | [72] |
Gagauzia | 16 April 1994 | 1 December 2007 | Reached autonomy agreement with Moldova in 1994 | [73] |
Georgia | 11 February 1991 | 31 July 1992 | Became member of the UN in 1991 | [74] |
Greek minority in Albania | 11 February 1991 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by Omonoia | [75] |
Hungarian minority in Romania | 30 July 1994 | 2015 | Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania | [76] |
Ingushetia | 30 July 1994 | 1 March 2008 | [77] | |
Inkeri | 17 January 1993 | 9 October 2009 | [78] | |
Iraqi Kurdistan | 11 February 1991 | 1 July 2015 | Represented by Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan | [79] |
Iraqi Turkmen | 6 August 1991 | 27 November 2016 | Represented by Iraqi Turkmen Front, Turkmen Nationalist Movement, Turkmen Wafa Movement, and Islamic Union of Iraqi Turkmens | [80] |
Kalahui Hawaii | 3 August 1993 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by Ka Lahui Hawaii | [81] |
Karenni State | 19 January 1993 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by Karenni National Progressive Party[failed verification] | [82] |
Khalistan | 24 January 1993[83] | 4 August 1993 | Membership suspended on 4 August 1993 and suspension made permanent 22 January 1995.[84] | [85] |
Komi | 17 January 1993 | 9 October 2009 | [86] | |
Kosovo* | 6 August 1991 | 24 March 2018 | Represented by Democratic League of Kosovo | [87] |
Kumyk | 17 April 1997 | 1 March 2008 | [88] | |
Lakota Nation | 30 July 1994 | 1 December 2007 | Followed by the declaration of the Republic of Lakotah | [89] |
Latin American Indigenous Peoples (Project) | 2016 | ? | [13] | |
Latvia | 11 February 1991 | 17 September 1991 | Became member of the UN in 1991 | [90] |
Lezghin | 7 July 2012 | 30 October 2023 | Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy | [91] |
Maasai | 19 December 2004 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by Maasai Women for Education and Economic Development | [92] |
Maohi | 30 July 1994 | 1 December 2007 | Represented by Hiti Tau | [93] |
Madhesh | 14 October 2017 | 30 October 2023 | Represented by Alliance for Independent Madhesh | [94] |
Mapuche | 19 January 1993 | 26 April 2016 | Represented by Mapuche Inter-Regional Council | [95] |
Mari | 6 August 1991 | 9 October 2009 | [96] | |
Mon | 3 February 1996 | 7 July 2012 | Represented by Mon Unity League | [97] |
Moro | 26 September 2010 | 28 November 2014 | Represented by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, autonomy and peace deal with the government in 2014 | [98] |
Nahua Del Alto Balsas | 19 December 2004 | 20 September 2008 | [99] | |
Nuxalk Nation | 23 September 1998 | 1 March 2008 | [100] | |
Palau (Belau) | 11 February 1991 | 15 December 1994 | Became member of the UN in 1994 | [101] |
Rusyn | 23 September 1998 | 1 December 2007 | [102] | |
Sakha | 3 August 1993 | 30 June 1998 | [103] | |
Sanjak | 17 January 1993 | 18 September 2011 | Represented by the Bosnian National Council of Sanjak | [104] |
Scania (Skåneland) | 19 January 1993 | 18 September 2011 | Membership suspended on 18 September 2011.[105] | [106] |
Rehoboth Basters | 2 February 2007 | Captains Council | Membership discontinued December 2019[107] | |
Shan | 17 April 1997 | 6 February 2010 | [108] | |
South Arabia | 29 April 2016 | Represented by the Southern Democratic Assembly for Self-Determination for South Arabia's People | [109] | |
Talysh | 15 July 2014 | National Talysh Movement | [110] | |
Tatarstan | 11 February 1991 | 1 March 2008 | [111] | |
Trieste (Free Territory of Trieste) | 28 December 2014 | Represented by TRIEST NGO | [112] | |
Tsimshian | 2 February 2007 | 18 September 2011 | [113] | |
Tuva | 3 February 1996 | 13 February 2010 | [114] | |
Udmurt | 17 January 1993 | 6 July 2013 | Represented by Udmurt Council | [115] |
Vhavenda | 14 November 2003 | 1 July 2015 | Represented by Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front | [116] |
Zanzibar | 6 August 1991 | 1 July 2015 | Represented by Zanzibar Democratic Alternative, in cooperation with the Civic United Front | [117] |
Suspensions
editUNPO's representing nations may become suspended from the Organization if they fail to follow its covenant.[118]
In 24 January 1993, Khalistan was briefly admitted in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, but was suspended a few months after its admission. The membership suspension was made permanent on 22 January 1995.[119][120]
Leadership
editSecretaries general[122]
Name | Term |
---|---|
Michael van Walt van Praag (Netherlands) | 1991–1998 |
Tsering Jampa (Tibet) | 1997–1998 |
Helen S. Corbett (Australian Aboriginals) | 1998–1999 |
Erkin Alptekin (Uyghurs) | 1999–2003 |
Marino Busdachin (Italy) | 2003–2018 |
Ralph J. Bunche III (USA) | 2018–2023 |
Mercè Monje Cano (Catalonia) | 2023–current |
Chair/Presidents of the General Assembly
- Linnart Mäll – (Estonia) 1991–1993
- Erkin Alptekin – (Uyghurs) 1993–1997
- Seif Sharif Hamad – (Zanzibar) 1997–2001
- John J. Nimrod – (Assyrians) 2001–2005
- Göran Hansson – (Scania) 2005–2006
- Ledum Mitee – (Ogoni) 2006–2010
- Ngawang Choephel Drakmargyapon – (Tibet) 2010–2015
- Nasser Boladai – (West Balochistan) 2015–2022
- Edna Adan Ismail - (Somaliland) since 2022
Special Executive Director
- Karl Habsburg-Lothringen – (Austria) 19 January 2002 – 31 December 2002
- Mercè Monje Cano – (Catalonia) 1 October 2021 – current (acting as Interim Secretary General since 2023)
See also
edit- Federal Union of European Nationalities
- Micronation
- League for Small and Subject Nationalities
- United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
- Universal Declaration of the Rights of Peoples
- List of active separatist movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations
- European Free Alliance
- Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
- Stateless nation
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