Wikipedia

Typhoon Yagi (2024)

This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 7 September 2024. There are 56 pending revisions awaiting review.

Typhoon Yagi, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Enteng, is a powerful, currently active tropical cyclone impacting Northern Vietnam after affecting Hainan in early September 2024. The eleventh named storm and the first violent typhoon of the annual typhoon season. Yagi was the strongest storm to make landfall in Northern Vietnam on record. It also became the strongest typhoon to strike Hainan in autumn since Rammasun in 2014 and the fourth Category 5 super typhoons recorded in the South China Sea, joining Pamela in 1954, Rammasun in 2014 and Rai in 2021.

Typhoon Yagi (Enteng)
Yagi at its peak intensity over the South China Sea on September 5
Meteorological history
FormedAugust 31, 2024
Violent typhoon
10-minute sustained (JMA)
Highest winds195 km/h (120 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Category 5-equivalent super typhoon
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure916 hPa (mbar); 27.05 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities24+
Injuries122+
Missing26+
Damage>$27.1 million (2024 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines, Vietnam, Hainan, Hong Kong, Eastern Thailand
IBTrACSEdit this at Wikidata
Part of the 2024 Pacific typhoon season

Yagi originated from a low-pressure area that formed on August 30, approximately 540 km (330 mi) northwest of Palau. On September 1, the system was classified as a tropical storm and named Yagi by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). After making landfall over Casiguran, Aurora in the Philippines, on September 2, Yagi weakened as it moved inland through the rugged terrain of the Cordillera Central of Luzon. It later emerged over the South China Sea and began merging with a secondary circulation west of Lingayen Gulf, with its deep convection starting to wrap and develop convective bands extending west and south. On September 5, the JMA reported that the storm reached its peak intensity with ten-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg). It subsequently peaked as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon on the Saffir-Simpson scale, with one-minute sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph). After weakening during an eyewall replacement cycle, Yagi slightly restrengthened before making landfall near Wenchang in China's Hainan Province on September 6, showcasing a nearly complete eyewall and spiral banding in the southern semicircle. Yagi passed over northern Hainan and directly over Haikou, before briefly making landfall over Xuwen County in mainland Guangdong Province and moving into the open waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. It made landfall over northern Vietnam on September 7.

In preparation for Typhoon Yagi, schools across Hainan Province were closed on September 5, and local transportation and shipping suspensions were set to begin the following day; meanwhile, the combination of Yagi and the southwest monsoon led to heavy rains over Luzon, causing widespread flash floods in various areas. In Vietnam, several structures including electric poles were uprooted, leading to power outages in various areas. Power outages and downed trees were reported in Hainan. The Hong Kong Observatory issued a Gale or Storm No. 8 for Hong Kong as Typhoon Yagi approached. In total, the typhoon caused at least 24 deaths, 122 injuries, and left 26 people missing, resulting in $27.07 million worth of damage.

Meteorological history

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Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
  Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

The origins of Typhoon Yagi can be traced back to August 30, when the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a low-pressure area had formed approximately 540 km (330 mi) northwest of Palau.[1][2] The broad low-pressure area began to organize and developed into a tropical depression on August 31.[3] Deep convection activity became concentrated around a circulation center, which was in a favorable environment with excellent equatorward and poleward outflow and warm sea surface temperatures of 29–30 °C (84–86 °F).[4] On September 1, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration declared the system a tropical depression and named it Enteng, as it formed within the Philippine Area of Responsibility.[5] At 03:00 UTC that day, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert due to its low-level circulation center becoming well-defined with formative banding in its northern quadrants.[6] A few hours later, the system was classified as tropical depression 12W, exhibiting a rapidly consolidating low-level circulation, a compact central dense overcast (CDO), and deep convective banding over the western semicircle; it then intensified into a tropical storm and was named Yagi by the JMA.[7][8] Yagi then shifted northwestward along the southwestern edge of a mid-level subtropical high,[8] which caused its convection to be sheared to the north and left the low-level circulation center exposed.[9]

 
Typhoon Yagi making landfall over Hainan on September 6

As the system progressed up the coast of Luzon island, the colder cloud tops in the CDO continued to expand,[10] and at 2:00 PHT (06:00 UTC) on September 2, the storm made landfall in Casiguran, Aurora.[11] Over the next six hours,[12] Yagi moved further inland into Luzon and weakened as it interacted with the rugged terrain of the Cordillera Central.[13] At 05:00 PHT on September 3 (21:00 UTC on September 2), it emerged over the South China Sea and began merging with a secondary circulation located west of Lingayen Gulf,[14] with Yagi's deep convection starting to wrap and develop convective bands extending to the west and south.[15] At around 06:00 UTC on September 3, the JMA reported that Yagi had intensified into a severe tropical storm due to warm sea surface temperatures and high ocean heat content.[16] Early the next day, both the JMA and the JTWC upgraded the storm to a minimal typhoon as an eye began to form on satellite imagery,[17] and Yagi started moving west-northwestward along the southwestern edge of a mid-level subtropical high,[18] with a pinhole eye developing as the typhoon underwent rapid intensification.[19]

On September 5, the JTWC upgraded the system to super typhoon status with estimated 1-minute maximum sustained winds of 260 km/h (160 mph)—making it a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, only the fourth such storm in the South China Sea, after Pamela in 1954, Rammasun in 2014 and Rai in 2021—noting the sharply defined eye with a diameter of 17.3 miles (27.8 km).[20] The JMA meanwhile upgraded Yagi to a violent typhoon, and estimates that it peaked in intensity with a minimum central pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg),[21] and 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph).[22] Later that morning, however,[23] Yagi weakened as it underwent an eyewall replacement cycle before restrengthening slightly and making landfall near Wenchang in Hainan Province around 4:20 p.m. local time on September 6.[24] This made Yagi the strongest typhoon to strike Hainan in autumn since Rammasun in 2014.[25] After making landfall over Hainan Province, the typhoon's structure continued to feature a 24 miles (39 km) diameter eye, a nearly complete eyewall, and spiral banding in the southern semicircle.[26] Yagi passed over northern Hainan and directly over Haikou, China, before making another landfall in Xuwen County, in mainland Guangdong province and entering into the open waters of the Gulf of Tonkin.[27][28] On September 7, Yagi, which had steadily reorganized and rapidly intensified with a well-defined circulation center and very strong convection—evidenced by a large band of cloud tops at −80 °C (−112 °F) or colder in the southern part of the system—made landfall over Haiphong and Quang Ninh, Vietnam.[29] The JTWC described it as historic,[30] considering it one of the most intense typhoons ever to strike Vietnam.[31] Shortly after landfall, the JTWC discontinued warnings on the system due to warming cloud tops and a filling cloud eye feature.[32]

Preparations

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Philippines

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As the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) started to track Yagi (known as "Enteng" in the Philippines) as a tropical depression on September 1, Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1 was raised in Eastern Visayas; some parts of Bicol Region; eastern portions of Cagayan and Isabela; southern portions of Quirino and Nueva Vizcaya, and northern Quezon.[33] Shortly after Yagi became a tropical storm, PAGASA raised Signal No. 2 for the northeastern portion of Camarines Sur, the entire province of Abra; Apayao; Babuyan Islands; Cagayan; Ilocos Norte; Ifugao; Isabela; Kalinga; Mountain Province; Polillo Islands; and Quirino, and northern portions of Aurora; Camarines Norte; Ilocos Sur; and Nueva Vizcaya. The agency also added Benguet; La Union; Nueva Ecija; Rizal; Laguna; Marinduque, some parts of Batangas; Bulacan; Pampanga; and Pangasinan, as well as Metro Manila to Signal No. 1 because of gusty winds and heavy rains caused by the storm.[34] By September 4, most TCWS signals were lowered by the PAGASA as the storm left the Philippine Area of Responsibility.[35]

Classes in Metro Manila and multiple provinces across Luzon and the Visayas were suspended on September 2 and 3.[36][37] Several domestic flights to Bicol, Cagayan Valley, Mimaropa, the Visayas and Zamboanga Peninsula were also cancelled at Ninoy Aquino International Airport, while operations at six regional airports were suspended.[38] Forced evacuations were ordered in Naga, Camarines Sur.[39] An evacuation advisory was raised for the Marikina River after water levels reached 16 meters.[40] Salvage operations for the MT Terranova, which sank in Manila Bay and caused an oil spill during Typhoon Gaemi (locally called Carina) in July, were also suspended.[41] The Premier Volleyball League postponed the championship match of its 2024 Reinforced Conference originally scheduled on September 2.[42] The Government Service Insurance System prepared emergency loan programs for calamity-hit individuals.[43]

Mainland China

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In preparation for Yagi, schools were closed across Hainan Province on 5 September and suspensions to local transportation and shipping occurred the following day. The storm was expected to make landfall near Qionghai.[44] In Guangdong Province, all coastal attractions and activities were cancelled along with flights at Zhuhai Jinwan Airport.[45] More than 420,000 people were evacuated in Hainan, while nearly 500,000 others were evacuated in Guangdong. Emergency warnings were also issued in parts of Guangxi Province.[46]

Hong Kong

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On September 3, the Hong Kong Observatory issued a Standby Signal No.1 warning over Hong Kong as Yagi approached the city.[47] The following day, the Strong Wind Signal No. 3 was hoisted, and six HK Express flights were rescheduled.[48] A Northeast Gale or Storm No. 8 signal was raised on 5 September. All trading in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange was cancelled on September 6.[49] The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge was also closed to traffic.[50]

Vietnam

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According to the National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, Typhoon Yagi is expected to make landfall in Vietnam between the Quảng Ninh and Haiphong areas.[51] In response, authorities advised against fishing in hazardous waters, organizing outdoor gatherings, and recommended strengthening home defenses and inspecting dykes, especially at landing sites.[52] Twelve northern provinces ordered schools to close in anticipation of the impacts of the typhoon, covering at least 6.5 million students including in Haiphong, Quảng Ninh, Bắc Giang,[53] Nam Định,[54] Thái Bình,[55] Hanoi, Hà Nam, Phú Thọ, and Ninh Bình.[56] All coastal localities from Quang Ninh to Nghệ An banned vessels from operating, and approximately 310 domestic and international flights scheduled for September 7 were canceled.[57][53][54][55][56][excessive citations] Additionally, airports including Noi Bai (Hanoi), Cat Bi (Haiphong), Van Don (Quảng Ninh), and Tho Xuan (Thanh Hóa) were asked to temporarily suspend operations on September 7 during specific time periods.[58] Some local news outlets suggested that residents use Google Maps to track the storm's path and get updates on the situation.[51]

By the morning of September 6, one day before the typhoon was officially expected to make landfall in Vietnam, Prime Minister Phạm Minh Chính issued an urgent directive to numerous provinces and cities as well as to the relevant ministers, urging them to take prompt action to respond to and minimize the damage caused by the storm.[59] Ferry services between the mainland and Phú Quốc were also suspended starting from September 6.[60] The Ministry of Industry and Trade instructed local authorities to stockpile essential goods for five to ten days.[61] Twelve rail routes in the North-South railway system were suspended.[62] The People's Army of Vietnam mobilised 460,000 personnel to help in disaster response.[63]

Impact

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Philippines

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Yagi passing through the Philippines on September 1

Yagi, combined with the effects of the southwest monsoon, resulted in 20 deaths, 18 injuries and 26 missing people.[64] Yagi caused flooding in Metro Manila, and in the provinces of Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Cavite, Laguna, Northern Samar, Pangasinan, and Rizal.[65][66] In Manila Bay, several ships ran aground off the coast of Navotas, while two others collided with each other, causing a fire on one of the vessels.[67] A barge also ran aground in Rosario, Cavite.[68] President Bongbong Marcos conducted aerial inspections of La Mesa Dam, Marikina, and Antipolo,[69] announcing that over ₱16 million (US$324,873.1) in humanitarian aid has been allocated to the hardest-hit areas.[70] In Metro Manila, Calabarzon, and Bulacan, around 28,000 people lost electricity.[71]

A state of calamity was declared in Camarines Sur, Naga City and Allen, Northern Samar due to floods caused by Yagi.[72] The NDRRMC reported that the storm affected 2,394,169 people and displaced 82,233,[73] causing ₱1.33 billion (US$27.07 million) in total damage, including ₱657.98 million (US$13.36 million) in agricultural losses[74] and ₱675.26 million (US$13.71 million) in infrastructural damage;[75] it also led to nine deaths in Rizal, stranded nearly 3,400 passengers nationwide,[76] affected 6,587 homes (with 459 destroyed),[64] caused power outages in 28 cities and municipalities, and blocked roads in 115 places while rendering 29 bridges impassable.[77][76]

The Department of Agriculture estimated that the storm affected 13,623 hectares (33,660 acres) of agricultural land, while the Department of Social Welfare and Development reported that assistance and relief goods valued at ₱700 million (US$14.21 million) have been distributed to the impacted families.[78] Although Yagi moved farther from the Philippine Area of Responsibility, its trough continued to bring rainfall to Northern Luzon.[79] On September 4, the small asteroid 2024 RW1, provisionally known as CAQTDL2 and measuring about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in size,[80] entered Earth's atmosphere over the Philippines;[81] it was discovered by Jacqueline Fazekas at the NASA-funded Catalina Sky Survey,[82] though observing the resulting fireball from the ground was challenging due to Typhoon Yagi.[82]

China

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Two people were killed and 92 sustained injuries when the storm made landfall in Hainan.[83] Power outages affecting about 830,000 households[63] and downed trees were also reported.[84]

Vietnam

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Uprooted trees injured two people and killed one in Ho Chi Minh city on September 4.[85] Some roofs were blown off along with some electric poles in Bình Dương province, causing power outages in some areas on 5 September.[86] On 6 September, the storm uprooted trees, roofs and signboards across the country, resulting in one death and five injuries.[87]

Hong Kong

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In Hong Kong, nine were injured[88] while 270 others were displaced.[27] Additionally, 32 trees were downed.[89]

See also

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References

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  85. ^ Một phụ nữ tử vong do nhánh cây rơi trúng đầu trong mưa lớn ở TPHCM https://vietnamnet.vn/mot-phu-nu-tu-vong-do-nhanh-cay-roi-trung-dau-trong-mua-lon-chieu-nay-o-tphcm-2318487.html Archived 2024-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
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