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Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office

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The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO), also known as Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (TECO), Taipei Representative Office (TRO) or Taipei Mission, is an alternative diplomatic institution serving as a de facto embassy or a consulate of the Republic of China (ROC, commonly referred to as Taiwan) to exercise the foreign affairs and consular services in specific countries which have established formal diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC, commonly referred to as China). The PRC denies the legitimacy of the ROC as a sovereign state and claims the ROC-controlled territories as an integral part of its territory. An exclusive mandate, namely One-China policy, requires that any country wishing to establish a diplomatic relationship with the PRC must first sever any formal relationship with the ROC. According to The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, "non-recognition of the Taiwanese government is a prerequisite for conducting formal diplomatic relations with the PRC—in effect forcing other governments to choose between Beijing and Taipei."[1][2] As a result, these countries only allow the ROC to establish representative offices instead of a fully-fledged embassy or consulate for the purpose of conducting practical bilateral relations without granting full diplomatic recognition.

Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office
Taipei Representative Office in The Hague, Netherlands.
Traditional Chinese臺北經濟文化辦事處
Simplified Chinese台北经济文化办事处
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinTáiběi Jīngjì Wénhùa Bànshìchù
Wade–GilesT'aipei Chingchi Wenhua Panshihch'u
Tongyong PinyinTáiběi Jǐngjì Wúnhùa Bànshìhchù
Yale RomanizationTáiběi Jǐngjì Wénhwà Bànshr̀chù
Southern Min
Hokkien POJTâi-pak Keng-chè Bûn-hòa Pān-sū-chhù

Except in Lithuania[3] and Somaliland (opened in 2020), all offices use the capital city "Taipei" and refrain from using the name "Taiwan" or the "Republic of China", since the term "Taipei" avoids implying that Taiwan is a different country on par with the PRC or that there are "Two Chinas", the PRC and the ROC, in order to diminish the obstacles of building pragmatic diplomacy and sidestep the Taiwan issue. The first attempt of using the name "Taiwan" in a Taiwanese diplomatic mission within a non-diplomatic state was when Lithuania broke the tradition with the name Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania in 2021. In response the PRC expelled Lithuania's embassy staff from Beijing and downgraded diplomatic relations to charge d'affaires status.[4] Attempts by other countries, including Fiji, to allow ROC government to change the representative office to indicate "Taiwan" later failed and were reversed under pressure from PRC government. [5]

On the other side, offices located in Taiwan usually also use the term "Taipei", though the United States, Japan, and Somaliland (but not Lithuania) use "Taiwan" (for example the American Institute in Taiwan).

TECROs state that their aim is "to promote bilateral trade, investment, culture, science and technology exchanges and cooperation, as well as better understanding", and provide common citizen services towards overseas Taiwanese, such as issuing visas and passports.

TECROs in the United States enjoy many diplomatic privileges such as extraterritoriality, providing consular protection and their staff have diplomatic immunity.[6] Other countries also establish reciprocal representative offices in Taiwan, such as the American Institute in Taiwan, Canadian Trade Office in Taipei and Japan–Taiwan Exchange Association.

History

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See also: Chinese Civil War

Following the admission of the PRC to the United Nations in 1971, many countries began to establish diplomatic relations with the government in Beijing, and as a consequence, ended diplomatic relations with the Nanjing-based ROC Government stationed in Taipei.[7] In order to maintain trade and cultural ties with countries with which it no longer had diplomatic relations, Taiwan established representative offices in these countries, often replacing its former embassies.

Before the 1990s, the names of these offices would vary considerably from country to country, usually omitting any reference to "Taiwan" or "Republic of China", instead referring to "East Asia", "Far East" or "Free China".[8] They would also describe themselves as "centres" or "offices", concerned with trade, tourism, culture or information, thereby emphasising their private and unofficial status, despite being staffed by Ministry of Foreign Affairs personnel.

For example, in Japan, the former ROC Embassy was replaced by the "Association of East Asian Relations" (AEAR) in 1972.[9] In Malaysia, following the closure of the consulate general in Kuala Lumpur in 1974, an office known as the Far East Travel and Trade Centre was established.[10] In the Philippines, the former embassy in Manila was replaced by the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center", established in 1975.[9] In Thailand, the former embassy in Bangkok was replaced by the "Office of the Representative of China Airlines" in 1975.[11] This was later renamed the Far East Trade Office in 1980.[10]

In the United States, Taipei's mission, established in 1979, was known as the "Coordination Council for North American Affairs" (CCNAA).[12] As of 2019, it has been renamed "Taiwan Council for US Affairs."[13]

In the United Kingdom, Taiwan was represented by the "Free Chinese Centre", established in 1963.[14] In West Germany, it was represented by a Büro der Fernost-Informationen ("Far East Information Office") established in 1972.[15] In Spain, the office, established in 1973, was known as the Centro Sun Yat-sen ("Sun Yat-sen Centre").[16] In the Netherlands, the office was known as the "Far East Trade Office".[16]

However, in the late 1980s, these offices began using the name "Taipei" in their titles due to confusion on their functions, particular those needing visa to travel to ROC areas. Using the "Taipei" is more familiar as it was recently used in the Olympics after "Chinese Taipei" Olympics team rejoined in 1981. In May 1992, the AEAR offices in Japan became Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Offices.[17] The "Free Chinese Centre" in London was similarly renamed the "Taipei Representative Office".[18] In September 1994, the Clinton Administration announced that the CCNAA office in Washington could similarly be called the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office.[19]

 
The building hosting TECO branch office in Sydney, Australia

Earlier in 1989, the "Pacific Economic and Cultural Center" in Manila became the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines".[20] In 1991, the "Taiwan Marketing Service" office in Canberra, Australia, established in 1988, also became a "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office", along with the "Far East Trading Company" offices in Sydney and Melbourne.[21]

Other names are still used elsewhere; for example, the mission in Moscow is formally known as the "Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission",[22] the mission in New Delhi is known as the "Taipei Economic and Cultural Center".[23] The mission in Pretoria is known as the "Taipei Liaison Office".[24]

The two most recent ones to change their official names, in Papua New Guinea and in Jordan, both use the name Taipei Economic and Cultural Office (Chinese: 臺北經濟文化辦事處).

TECRO in the United States

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Main article: Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States
 
Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States in Washington, D.C.

Originally called the Coordination Council for North American Affairs (CCNAA), the name of the CCNAA office in Washington, D.C. (the "embassy") was changed to "Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office" (TECRO) as a result of the Clinton administration's Taiwan Policy Review of 1994.[19] Similarly, the names of the twelve other CCNAA offices ("consulates") in the United States were changed to "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office" (TECO).[25]

On May 24, 2019, Taiwan informed that "the Coordination Council for North American Affairs" was renamed "the Taiwan Council for U.S. Affairs".[26]

In September 2020, the US Ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft met with James K.J. Lee, director-general of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New York, who was secretary-general in Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs until July, for lunch in New York City in what was the first meeting between a top Taiwan official and a United States ambassador to the United Nations.[27] Craft said she and Lee discussed ways the US can help Taiwan become more engaged within the U.N., and she pointed to a December 2019 email alert from Taiwan that WHO had ignored, recognizing and warning about the danger of the person-to-person transmission of the new highly contagious COVID-19 virus in China.[27]

TECRO in Japan

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Main article: Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Japan
 
TECRO in Japan

Diplomatic relations between the Republic of China and Japan were broken off in September 1972. For practical reasons, the Association of East Asian Relations (AEAR), was established two months after the Japan-China Joint Communique was signed. EARA had offices in Taipei, Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka.[28] In 1992, Japan authorized the change in name of AEAR to TECRO.[29]

Representations in the PRC special administrative regions

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Hong Kong

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Main article: Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, from 1966, Taiwan was represented by the 'Chung Hwa Travel Service', a name chosen to avoid upsetting Beijing.[30] On 20 July 2011, as a result of warming relations between Taiwan and Beijing, the name was formally changed to the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, bringing it into line with other Republic of China representative offices around the world.[31]

Macau

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Main article: Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau

In Macau, from 1989 to 1999, Taiwan was represented by the 'Taipei Trade and Tourism Office', Taiwan's first-time representation in Macau after Kuomintang's expulsion from Macau as the consequence of the December 3rd Incident in 1966. From 1999 to 2011, Taiwan was represented by the 'Taipei Economic and Cultural Center'. On 13 May 2012, the name was formally changed to the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office.[32]

TRO in the United Kingdom

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See also: Taipei Representative Office in the U.K.

In 1950, the UK switched recognition from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China (PRC) shortly after its establishment, while maintaining the British Consulate in Tamsui, through which the UK continued to carry out consular and trade-related activities. The consulate was closed after the UK and the PRC upgraded relations to Ambassadorial level in March 1972, and in June 1980 the building and land of the consulate were returned to the Taiwanese government. The ROC government's office in the UK was set up in September 1963, and at the time was known as the Free Chinese Centre.[14] In 1992, this was revised to become the Taipei Representative Office in the UK.[33]

Taipei Representative Office in Norway

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Taipei Representative Office in Norway
駐挪威代表處
Agency overview
Formed1980 (as Taipei Trade Centre)[16]
Dissolved30 September 2017
HeadquartersOslo, Norway

The Taipei Representative Office in Norway; (Chinese: 駐挪威代表處; pinyin: Zhù Nuówēi Dàibiǎo Chù) was a diplomatic mission of Taiwan to Norway that functioned as a de facto embassy. The first representative office of Taiwan in Norway was the Taipei Trade Centre, established in 1980.[34]

In July 2017, the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the office will be suspended on 30 September 2017 and affairs related to Taiwanese in the country will be handled by Taipei Mission in Sweden. The decision was made to improve the efficiency of the foreign diplomatic missions of Taiwan.[35]

Taipei representative offices around the world

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The list below shows the countries or regions where TECROs/TROs are established.

G20 nations

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Country or Region Office Name Representative Website
  Argentina Oficina Comercial y Cultural de Taipei en Argentina Miguel Tsao [1]
  Australia Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Australia Elliott Charng [2]
  Brazil Escritório Econômico e Cultural de Taipei no Brasil Chang Tsung-che [3]
  Canada Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Canada Winston Chen [4]
  France Bureau de Représentation de Taipei en France Wu Chih-chung[36] [5]
  Germany Taipeh Vertretung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Shieh Jhy-wey [6]
  Indonesia Kantor Dagang dan Ekonomi Taipei John C. Chen [7]
  India Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in India Tien Chung-kwang [8]
  Italy Ufficio di Rappresentanza di Taipei in Italia Lee Sing-ying [9]
  Japan 台北駐日経済文化代表処 (Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Japan) Frank Hsieh [10]
  Mexico Oficina Económica y Cultural de Taipei en México Carlos Liao [11]
  Russia Представительство в Москве Тайбэйско-Московской координационной комиссии по экономическому и культурному сотрудничеству (Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission) Chen Chun-shen [12]
  Saudi Arabia مكتب الممثل الإقتصادي والثقافي لتايبيه في المملكة العربية السعودية (Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Saudi Arabia) Lin Jinn-jong [13]
  South Africa Taipei Liaison Office in the Republic of South Africa Oliver Liao [14]
  South Korea 주한국 타이페이 대표부 (Taipei Mission in Korea) Daniel Diann-wen Tang [15]
  Turkey Taipei Economic and Cultural Mission in Ankara James Chen [16]
  United Kingdom Taipei Representative Office in the U.K. Vincent Yao [17]
  United States Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States Alexander Yui [18]

Other countries

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Country or Region Office Name Representative Website
  Austria Taipei Economic and Culture Office in Austria Katharine Chang [19]
  Bahrain Taipei Trade Office in the Kingdom of Bahrain Michael Chen [20]
  Belgium Taipei Representative Office in the EU and Belgium Tung Kuo-yu [21]
  Brunei Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Brunei Darussalam Vanessa Shih [22]
  Chile Oficina Económica y Cultural de Taipei en Chile Silvia Liu [23]
  Colombia Oficina Comercial de Taipei en Bogotá, Colombia Francisca Y.T.Chang [24]
  Czech Republic Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Prague, Czech Republic Ke Liang-ruey [25]
  Denmark Taipei Representative Office in Denmark Lee Shying-jow [26]
  Ecuador Oficina Comercial de Taipei Rolando Chuang [27]
  Fiji Taipei Trade office in Fiji Paul Chen [28]
  Finland Taipei Representative Office in Finland Janet Chang [29]
  Greece Taipei Representative Office in Greece Sherman S. Kuo [30]
  Guam Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Guam Paul Yin-Lien Chen [31]
  Hong Kong Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Hong Kong James Chu[37] [32]
  Hungary Taipei Representative Office in Budapest Liu Shih-chung [33]
  Ireland Taipei Representative Office in Ireland Yang Tzu-pao [34]
  Israel Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Tel Aviv Abby Ya-ping Lee[38] [35]
  Ivory Coast Taipei Representative Office in Ivory Coast [36]
  Jordan Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Jordan Ismail Mae [37]
  Kuwait Taipei Commercial Representative Office in the State of Kuwait Liu Kuo-hsing [38]
  Latvia Taipei Mission in the Republic of Latvia Andy Chin [39]
  Lithuania Taiwanese Representative Office in Lithuania Constance H. Wang [40]
  Macau Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau Lu Chang-shui[39] [41]
  Malaysia Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Malaysia Lo Yu-chung [42]
  Mongolia Taipei Trade and Economic Representative Office in Ulaanbaatar Yang Syin-yi [43]
  Myanmar Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Myanmar Zhang Jun[40] [44]
  Netherlands Taipei Representative Office in the Netherlands James Lee [45]
  New Zealand Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in New Zealand Charng Yii-Lih [46]
  Nigeria Taipei Trade Office in the Federal Republic of Nigeria Morgan Chao [47]
  Oman Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Muscat, Oman Liao Kang-min [48]
  Papua New Guinea Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Papua New Guinea Ben Wang [49]
  Peru Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Peru Francisca Yu-Tsz Chang [50]
  Philippines Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in the Philippines Lin Song-huann [51]
  Poland Taipei Representative Office in Poland Chen Ming-cheng[41] [52]
  Portugal Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre in Portugal Her Jian-gueng [53]
  Singapore Taipei Representative Office in Singapore Tung Chen-yuan [54]
  Slovakia Taipei Representative Office, Bratislava David Nan-yang Lee [55]
  Somaliland Taiwan Representative Office in the Republic of Somaliland Allen C. Lou [56]
  Spain  Equatorial Guinea Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Spain José María Liu [57]
  Sweden Taipei Mission in Sweden Daniel Liao [58]
  Switzerland Taipei Cultural and Economic Delegation in Switzerland Liu Bang-zyh [59]
  Thailand Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Thailand Tung Chen-yuan [60]
  United Arab Emirates The Commercial Office of Taipei, Dubai, U.A.E. Samee Chang [61]
  Vietnam Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Vietnam Richard R. C. Shih [62]

Former representative offices

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Erikson, Daniel P.; Chen, Janice (2007). "China, Taiwan, and the Battle for Latin America". The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs. 31 (2): 71.
  2. ^ "The One-China Principle and the Taiwan Issue". China Internet Information Center. Archived from the original on 2019-02-27. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
  3. ^ https://www.roc-taiwan.org/lt_en/index.html
  4. ^ "China downgrades Lithuania's diplomatic status over Taiwan row". 21 November 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  5. ^ https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2023/06/23/2003802043
  6. ^ New US diplomatic immunity pact a breakthrough: MOFA Archived 2016-10-21 at the Wayback Machine, The China Post, February 6, 2013
  7. ^ The Road Less Traveled Archived 2016-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Taiwan Review, September 1, 2002
  8. ^ China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective Archived 2017-08-22 at the Wayback Machine, Richard L. Edmonds, Cambridge University Press, 2002, page 141
  9. ^ a b International Law of Recognition and the Status of the Republic of China Archived 2016-02-25 at the Wayback Machine, Hungdah Chiu, in The United States and the Republic of China: Democratic Friends, Strategic Allies, and Economic Partners, Steven W. Mosher Transaction Publishers, 1992, page 24
  10. ^ a b Foreign Policy of the New Taiwan: Pragmatic Diplomacy in Southeast Asia Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Jie Chen, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002, page 82
  11. ^ The Changing Political Economy of Taiwan's and China's Relations with Southeast Asia: A Comparative Perspective Archived 2016-03-13 at the Wayback Machine, Samuel C Y Ku in China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenge, Ho Khai Leong, Samuel C Y Ku, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2005, page 259
  12. ^ Memorandum of Understanding between the American Institute in Taiwan and the Coordination Council for North American Affairs on the Exchange of Information Concerning Commodity Futures and Options Matters Archived 2016-12-21 at the Wayback Machine, Signed at Arlington, Virginia this 11th day of January 1993
  13. ^ "Taiwan changes name of office in the U.S. To ... | Taiwan News". 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-05-27. Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  14. ^ a b The Cold War's Odd Couple: The Unintended Partnership Between the Republic of China and the UK, 1950–1958 Archived 2016-02-24 at the Wayback Machine, Steven Tsang, I.B.Tauris, 2006, page 39
  15. ^ Die Beziehungen zwischen Taiwan und Deutschland[permanent dead link‍], Taipeh Vertretung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
  16. ^ a b c Pretence of Privatisation: Taiwan's External Relations Archived 2016-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Françoise Mengin, in Privatising the State, Béatrice Hibou, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004, pages 154
  17. ^ Republic of China Yearbook Archived 2016-02-24 at the Wayback Machine Kwang Hwa Publishing Company, 1998, 145
  18. ^ Former diplomats to Great Britain remember Thatcher Archived 2016-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, The China Post, 10 April 2013
  19. ^ a b Taiwan's Relations with Mainland China: A Tail Wagging Two Dogs Archived 2016-02-08 at the Wayback Machine, Chi Su Routledge, 2008, page 31
  20. ^ Ensuring Interests: Dynamics of China-Taiwan Relations and Southeast Asia Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine, Khai Leong Ho, Guozhong He, Institute of China Studies, University of Malaya, 2006, page 25
  21. ^ Australia and China: Partners in Asia Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, Colin Mackerras, Macmillan Education, 1996, page 33
  22. ^ 外交部 (9 January 2015). "中華民國(台灣)外交部全球資訊網". 中華民國外交部 - 全球資訊網 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan). Archived from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
  23. ^ MoU between India-Taipei Association (ITA) in Taipei and Taipei Economic and Cultural Center (TECC) in India on cooperation in the field of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Archived 2016-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Cabinet, 14 October 2015
  24. ^ Team, Internet. "首頁 - 駐南非共和國台北聯絡代表處 Taipei Liaison Office in the RSA". www.roc-taiwan.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-03-13.
  25. ^ "1994 Taiwan Policy Review Archived 2007-04-04 at the Wayback Machine." Formosan Association for Public Affairs. Retrieved on January 28, 2009.
  26. ^ "Taiwan changing name of de-facto embassy in US". The Washington Post.[dead link‍]
  27. ^ a b "US envoy to United Nations meets with Taiwan official in NY". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  28. ^ The International Law of Recognition and the Status of the Republic of China Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, Hungdah Chiu in The United States and the Republic of China: Democratic Friends, Strategic Allies, and Economic Partners, Steven W. Mosher, Transaction Publishers, 1992, page 24
  29. ^ Republic of China Yearbook. Kwang Hwa Publishing Company. 1998. p. 145. ISBN 9789570211795. Archived from the original on 2016-03-09. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
  30. ^ Is name change a game changer? Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, Taipei Times, 17 July 2011
  31. ^ Taiwan changes name of HK office Archived 2012-10-02 at the Wayback Machine, RTHK News, 15 July 2011
  32. ^ Macau representative office in Taiwan opens Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine The China Post, May 14, 2012
  33. ^ Former diplomats to Great Britain remember Thatcher Archived 2016-02-03 at the Wayback Machine, China Post, 10 April 2013
  34. ^ A Pretence of Privatisation: Taiwan's External Relations Archived 2016-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Françoise Mengin, in Privatising the State, Béatrice Hibou, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2004, pages 154
  35. ^ Hou, Elaine (27 July 2017). "Taiwan suspending operations at 3 overseas offices". Focus Taiwan. Archived from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
  36. ^ Team, Internet. "Le Représentant de Taïwan en France". Bureau de Représentation de Taipei en France 駐法國台北代表處. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-18.
  37. ^ "Activity Highlights". Eccpc.org.hk. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  38. ^ "Taiwan's new representative to Israel to assume duties this week | Politics | FOCUS TAIWAN - CNA ENGLISH NEWS". Focustaiwan.tw. 9 February 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-04-04. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  39. ^ "Taiwan's man in Macau has creative approach". Macau Business Daily. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2014-06-09.
  40. ^ "駐緬甸代表訪問緬北僑社及僑校". 駐緬甸台北經濟文化辦事處 (Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Myanmar). Archived from the original on 2018-12-26. Retrieved 2018-12-26.
  41. ^ Two diplomats sworn in before departing for Poland, India Archived 2015-07-10 at the Wayback Machine, Focus Taiwan, July 8, 2015

Further reading

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