Pseudicius dentatus or the Opathe Pseudicius Jumping Spider is a species of jumping spider in the genus Pseudicius that is endemic to South Africa. The spider was first defined in 2013 by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad. The spider is small, with an oval carapace between 1.7 and 2.0 mm (0.07 and 0.08 in) long and an abdomen between 1.7 and 2.9 mm (0.07 and 0.11 in) long. The female is larger than the male. The abdomen has a pattern of white spots in pairs, the female having clearer and larger spots than the male. The spider has yellow legs, the front pair being longer and more robust. The spider's copulatory organs are distinctive. The female has two pockets lining the sides of the furrow in the epigyne. The male has a broader embolus than the otherwise similar Psenuc dependens. It can also be distinguished by its serrated tibial apophysis that is recalled in its species name, which can be translated "toothed".
| Pseudicius dentatus | |
|---|---|
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| An example of the related species Pseudicius kulczynskii | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Pseudicius |
| Species: | P. dentatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Pseudicius dentatus Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013
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Taxonomy edit
Pseudicius dentatus is a jumping spider that was first described by the Polish arachnologist Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad in 2013.[2] They allocated the species to the genus Pseudicius, first circumscribed by Eugène Simon in 1885.[3] The genus name is related to two Greek words that can be translated false and honest.[4] The species is named for a Latin word meaning "toothed".[5] The spider is also known as the Opathe Pseudicius Jumping Spider.[1]
The genus Pseudicius had been provisionally placed alongside Icius based on morphological similarities.[6] As they are superficially similar, Ekaterina Andreeva, Stefania Hęciak and Jerzy Prószyński looked to combine the genera in 1984.[7] Although the two genera have similar spermathecal structure, work by Wayne Maddison in 1987 demonstrated that they have very different DNA.[6] Also, despite the names looking similar, they have different etymologies.[8] They were kept separate, but recognised as related. The two genera were placed in the tribe Heliophaninae alongside Afraflacilla and Marchena.The tribe is ubiquitous across most continents of the world.[9] Maddison renamed the tribe Chrysillini in 2015.[10] The tribe is a member of the clade Saltafresia within the subfamily Salticoida.[11] A year later, in 2016, Jerzy Prószyński allocated the genus to the Pseudiciines group of genera, which was named after the genus.[12] Marchena is a member of the group, while Icius is not. They have flattened and elongated body and a characteristic colour pattern.[13]
Description edit
Pseudicius dentatus is a small spider with a slender body. The male has a carapace that is between 1.7 and 1.8 mm (0.07 and 0.07 in) long and between 1.1 and 1.2 mm (0.04 and 0.05 in) wide. The carapace is oval and chocolate brown with a black marking to the edges and a streak formed of white hairs on its side. The eye field is pitted with a scattering of white hairs visible. It has black rings with long, brown bristles around the eyes themselves. The underside, or sternum, is brown. The spider's face, or clypeus, is very low and covered with white hairs. The chelicerae has a single large tooth to the back, while the remaining mouthparts include a dark brown labium and maxillae. The elongated abdomen is between 1.7 and 2.1 mm (0.07 and 0.08 in) long and between 1.0 and 1.2 mm (0.04 and 0.05 in) wide. It has a pattern of eight white patches in pairs on its greyish brown topside and a greyish underside. The spinnerets are dark and the legs are yellow with brown spines and hairs. The foremost legs are longer and more robust. The pedipalps are brown with a dense covering of long dark hairs. The spider has a long embolus and the tip of the cymbium curves around the small and oval palpal bulb. There is a short protrusion on the palpal tibia called a tibial apophysis. It has a distinctive serrated feature reminiscent of teeth, as reflected in the name.[14]
The female is similar to the male. The carapace is slightly lighter, measuring between 1.7 and 2.0 mm (0.07 and 0.08 in) long and between 1.1 and 1.4 mm (0.04 and 0.06 in) wide. The abdomen has a more distinctive pattern with larger spots on the topside and a covering of grey hairs. It is also larger, between 2.3 and 2.9 mm (0.09 and 0.11 in) long and between 1.3 and 1.5 mm (0.05 and 0.06 in) wide. The legs and other features are similar to the male. The spider has an elongated epigyne with a large deep central depression and two pockets lining the sides of the epigastric furrow. The copulatory openings, placed at the back of the epigyne, lead to wide insemination ducts to u-shaped receptacles, or spermathecae. The accessory glands are very large.[14]
The species is similar to Psenuc dependens, but can be distinguished by its copulatory organs. The male can be identified by its broader embolus and its serrated palpal bulb.[5] The female has pockets on its epigyne, which the other species lacks, and gonopores in its epigastric furrow.[14]
Distribution edit
Pseudicius spiders can be found across Afro-Eurasia and the Eastern hemisphere.[15] Pseudicius dentatus is endemic to South Africa.[2] The holotype was found in the Ophathe Nature Reserve in KwaZulu-Natal during 2008. Other examples have been found in the Kruger National Park and Ndumo Game Reserve.[16]
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b Dippenaar-Schoeman et al. 2023, p. e.T176429384A189437481.
- ^ a b World Spider Catalog (2017). "Pseudicius dentatus Wesolowska & Hadded, 2013". World Spider Catalog. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
- ^ Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 213.
- ^ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 129.
- ^ a b Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 214.
- ^ a b Maddison, Bodner & Needham 2008, p. 56.
- ^ Andreeva, Hęciak & Prószyński 1984, p. 349.
- ^ Fernández-Rubio 2013, p. 127.
- ^ Maddison & Hedin 2003, p. 541.
- ^ Maddison 2015, pp. 247, 252.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 278.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 36.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 42.
- ^ a b c Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 215.
- ^ Haddad & Wesołowska 2011, p. 109.
- ^ Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 216.
Bibliography edit
- Andreeva, Ekaterina M.; Hęciak, Stefania; Prószyński, Jerzy (1984). "Remarks on Icius and Pseudicius (Araneae, Salticidae) mainly from Central Asia". Annales Zoologici, Warszawa. 37 (13): 349–376.
- Dippenaar-Schoeman, Annie; Foord, Stefan; Lotz, Leon; Haddad, Charles; Sethusa, Theresa; Lyle, Robin (2023). "Pseudicius dentatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2023: e.T176429384A189437481. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T176429384A189437481.en. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
- Fernández-Rubio, Fidel (2013). "La etimología de los nombres de las arañas (Araneae)" [The etymology of the names of spiders (Araneae)]. Revista ibérica de Aracnología (in Spanish) (22): 125–130. ISSN 1576-9518.
- Haddad, Charles R.; Wesołowska, Wanda (2011). "New species and new records of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from central South Africa". African Invertebrates. 52 (1): 51–134. Bibcode:2011AfrIn..52...51H. doi:10.5733/afin.052.0105. S2CID 86586010.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Maddison, Wayne P.; Bodner, Melissa R.; Needham, Karen M. (2008). "Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae)". Zootaxa. 1893: 49–64. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1893.1.3.
- Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae: Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17 (4): 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Haddad, Charles R. (2013). "New data on the jumping spiders of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". African Invertebrates. 54 (1): 177–240. doi:10.5733/afin.054.0111. S2CID 59450669.