Wikipedia

Paleobiota of the Green River Formation

The Green River Formation is a geological formation located in the Intermountain West of the United States, in the states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. It comprises sediments deposited during the Early Eocene in a series of large freshwater lakes: Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, and Fossil Lake (the last containing Fossil Butte National Monument). It preserves a high diversity of freshwater fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals, with some sections of the formation (including Fossil Lake and the Parachute Creek member of Lake Uinta) qualifying as Konservat-Lagerstätten due to their extremely well-preserved fossils.

Cartilaginous fish

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Asterotrygon A. maloneyi Fossil Lake A stingray of uncertain affinities.[1]
 
Heliobatis H. radians A stingray of uncertain affinities.
 

Bony fish

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Primarily based on Grande (2001), with changes where necessary:[2]

Acipenseriformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Crossopholis C. magnicaudatus Fossil Lake A paddlefish.
 

Lepisosteiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Atractosteus A. atrox Fossil Lake A gar related to the alligator gar. A. atrox is the largest of the Green River gar species.
 
A. simplex Fossil Lake, possibly Lake Gosiute
 
Cuneatus C. cuneatus Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, possibly Fossil Lake A gar.
C. wileyi Lake Uinta
Lepisosteus L. bemisi Fossil Lake A gar.[3]
 
Masillosteus M. janeae Fossil Lake A gar.
 

Amiiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Amia A. pattersoni Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute An amiid related to modern bowfins.
 
Cyclurus C. gurleyi Fossil Lake Only 8 specimens known An amiid.
 

Hiodontiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Hiodon H. falcatus Fossil Lake A hiodontid.
 

Osteoglossiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Phareodus P. encaustus Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute 		A bonytongue.
 
P. testis Fossil Lake
 

Ellimmichthyiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Diplomystus D. dentatus Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta 		An armigatid ellimmichthyiform.
 

Clupeiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Gosiutichthys G. parvus Lake Gosiute A clupeiform.
 
Knightia K. alta Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta 		A clupeid.[4]
The most common articulated vertebrate fossil worldwide.[5]
 
K. eocaena The most common fish of the formation.
 

Gonorynchiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Notogoneus N. osculus Fossil Lake A beaked sandfish.
 

Cypriniformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Amyzon A. gosiutensis Lake Gosiute A sucker.
 
A. aggregatum, a related species

Siluriformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Astephus A. antiquus Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, Fossil Lake Only one specimen known from Fossil Lake. An ictalurid catfish.
Hypsidoris H. farsonensis Lake Gosiute A hypsidorid catfish.
 

Esociformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Esox E. kronneri Fossil Lake Only a single specimen known. A pickerel.

Percopsiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Amphiplaga A. brachyptera Fossil Lake A relative of trout-perch.
 
Erismatopterus E. levatus Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta 		A relative of trout-perch.
 

Perciformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Mioplosus M. labracoides Fossil Lake, Lake Uinta A relative of lates perches.[5]
 

Moroniformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Cockerellites C. liops Fossil Lake A temperate bass.[5]
 
Hypsiprisca H. hypsacantha Fossil Lake A temperate bass.[5]
 
H. sp.
 
Priscacara P. serrata Fossil Lake, Lake Uinta A temperate bass.[5]
 
P. sp. a Fossil Lake
P. sp. b.

Incertae sedis

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Asineops A. squamifrons Fossil Lake, Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities
Possibly a percopsiform, polymixiiform, or perciform.[6]
 
A. sp. Fossil Lake

Amphibians

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Frogs

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Aerugoamnis A. paulus Fossil Lake 2 specimens A relative of parsley frogs.[7]
 

Salamanders

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Paleoamphiuma P. tetradactylum Fossil Lake A sirenid salamander.
 

Reptiles

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Squamates

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Afairiguana A. avius Fossil Lake A stem-anole.[8]
Bahndwivici B. ammoskius A relative of the Chinese crocodile lizard.
Boavus B. idelmani A boa.
 
Dunnophis D. sp. Possibly a dwarf boa.[9]
Saniwa S. ensidens A stem-monitor lizard.
 
Indeterminate Indeterminate Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) 1 specimen A relative of Shinisaurids
Unusually preserved with a mineralized body with skeleton dissolved.[10]
 

Crocodilians

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

†Borealosuchus

†B. wilsoni

Fossil Lake

A eusuchian of uncertain affinities.

 

"Crocodylus"

†"Crocodylus" acer Cope, 1882

Lake Uinta (Manti beds)

1 specimen

A Crocodyloidea of unplaced affinity.
Not a Crocodylus species, but not given a new genus as of 2024.[11]

 

†Tsoabichi

†T. greenriverensis

Fossil Lake

A caiman.[12]

 

Turtles

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Axestemys A. sp. Fossil Lake A softshell turtle.
 
Baptemys B. wyomingensis A dermatemydid.
 
Chisternon C. undatum A baenid.
 
Echmatemys E. wyomingensis A geoemydid.[13]
 
Oliveremys O. uintaensis A softshell turtle.
Plastomenus P. thomasii A softshell turtle.
 

Birds

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Lithornithiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Calciavis C. grandei Fossil Lake A lithornithid.[14]
Pseudocrypturus P. cercanaxius A lithornithid.
 

Anseriformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Paakniwatavis P. grandei Fossil Lake An anseriform of uncertain affinities.
 
Presbyornis P. pervetus A presbyornithid anseriform.
 

Galliformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Gallinuloides G. wyomingensis Fossil Lake A gallinuloid galliform.
 

Coliiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Anneavis A. annae Fossil Lake A sandcoleid mousebird.

Leptosomiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Plesiocathartes P. major Fossil Lake A stem-cuckoo roller.[15]
P. wyomingensis

Coraciiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Paracoracias P. occidentalis A coraciiform.[16]
Primobucco P. mcgrewi Fossil Lake A primobucconid coraciiform.
 

Piciformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Neanis N. schucherti Fossil Lake A possible piciform of uncertain affinities.
Pristineanis P. kistneri A possible piciform of uncertain affinities.[17]

Strisores

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Eocypselus E. rowei Fossil Lake A eocypselid apodiform.[18]
Fluvioviridavis F. platyrhamphus A basal strisore, possibly a stem-frogmouth.[19][20]
 
Prefica P. nivea A stem-oilbird.[21]

Musophagiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Foro F. panarium Fossil Lake A stem-turaco.[22]

Mirandornithes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Juncitarsus J. merkeli Fossil Lake A mirandornithine, possibly an early phoenicopteriform.
 

Suliformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Limnofregata L. azygosternon Fossil Lake An early frigatebird.
 
L. hasegawai
 

Pelecaniformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Vadaravis V. brownae Fossil Lake Potentially a stem-ibis.[23]

Charadriiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
indeterminate Indeterminate Lake Uinta 1 trace specimen A shorebird
Potentially the earliest record of recurvirostrids
Known from a 3 footprint trackway.[24]

Gruiformes

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Messelornis M. nearctica Fossil Lake A messelornithid.
 
Specimen of a related species

Eufalconimorphae

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Avolatavis A. tenens Fossil Lake A quercypsittid.
Cyrilavis C. colburnorum A halcyornithid.
 
C. olsoni
Eofringillirostrum E. boudreauxi A psittacopedid.[25]
Eozygodactylus E. americanus A zygodactylid.[26]
 
Tynskya T. eocaena A messelasturid.
 
Zygodactylus Z. grandei A zygodactylid.[27]
 

Neoaves incertae sedis

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Nahmavis N. grandei Fossil Lake Either a stem-gruiform or a stem-charadriiform.[28]
 

Two other genera, "Eoeurypyga" (a stem-sunbittern) and "Wyomingcypselus" (an early apodiform) are mentioned only in a 2002 dissertation,[29] and are presently nomina nuda.

Mammals

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Partially based on Grande (1984). Aside from the few well-preserved mammals found in Fossil Lake, a majority of Green River mammals are based on isolated bones and teeth:[30]

Metatheria

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Herpetotherium H. innominatum Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta 		An opossum-like basal metatherian
Originally described as Peratherium innominatum.
 
H. huntii, a related species
H. knighti Lake Gosiute

Cimolesta

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Palaeosinopa P. didelphoides Fossil Lake A pantolestid.
 

Chiroptera

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Icaronycteris I. gunnelli Fossil Lake 2 specimens[31] An icaronycterid bat.
 
I. index
 
Onychonycteris O. finneyi An onychonycterid bat.
 

Eulipotyphla

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Nyctitherium N. nitidum Lake Gosiute A nyctitheriid.
Originally described as Talpavus nitidus.
N. sp. Lake Uinta

Pan-Carnivora

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
"Miacis" "M." gracilis Lake Uinta A carnivoraform of uncertain affinities.
Sinopa S. minor Lake Uinta A sinopid hyaenodont.
 
S. rapax, a related species
Viverravus V. minutus Lake Uinta A viverravid.
 
Vulpavus V. profectus Lake Gosiute A miacid.
 

Pan-Perissodactyla

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Hyopsodus H. minusculus Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta 		A hyopsodontid.
H. paulus (=H. vicarius) Lake Uinta
H. wortmani Fossil Lake
 
Lambdotherium L. popoagicum Fossil Lake A small-sized basal brontothere.
 
Protorohippus P. venticolus 2 specimens An equid.
 
Indeterminate Indeterminate 1 specimen A juvenile tapiromorph, the largest mammal known from the formation.
Initially described as Heptodon calciculus.[32]

Apatotheria

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Apatemys A. chardini Fossil Lake 1 specimen An apatemyid.

Rodentia

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Paramys P. sp. Lake Uinta A ischyromyid rodent.
 
P. delicatus
Sciuravus S. eucristadens Lake Uinta A sciuravid rodent.
Originally described as Viverravus eucristadens.
S. sp.
Thisbemys T. sp. Lake Gosiute A ischyromyid rodent.
 
T. plicatus

Primatomorpha

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Microsyops M. elegans Lake Gosiute A microsyopid stem-primate.
 
M. cardiorestes, a related species
Notharctus N. sp. Lake Gosiute A notharctid adapiform.
 
N. tenebrosus
Omomys O. carteri (=O. pucillus)[33] Lake Uinta An omomyid primate.
Smilodectes S. gracilis Lake Uinta A notharctid adapiform.
Formerly included in Notharctus matthewi.
 
Tetonius T. sp. Lake Uinta An omomyid primate.
 
T. homunculus
Uintasorex U. parvulus Lake Gosiute A microsyopid stem-primate.
Washakius W. insignis Lake Gosiute An omomyid primate.
 

Arthropoda

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Arachnida

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Araneaovoius

Araneaovoius columbiae[34]

1 specimen

An orb-web spider egg sack.
First described as "Aranea" columbiae (1878)[35]

 

Araneus

A. sp

6 specimens

Possible orbweb-spiders, known from partial fossils
First placed as Epeira sp.[36]

Hersiliola (sensu lato)

H. sp.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 male

A tree trunk spider.[37]

Ixodes

I. tertiarius Scudder, 1885

Lake Uinta (Laney Member)

1 specimen

A punitive ixodid hard tick.[36]
Type specimen declared lost and species considered nomen dubium by Dunlop (2011)[38]

Miagrammopes

M. sp.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 female, 2 males

A uloborid spider.[37]

genus indet.

1 specimen

A female or juvenile selenopid spider.[37]

genus indet.

2 males, 1 juv female

Crab spiders.[37]

Uintascorpio U. halandrasi 1 specimen A buthid scorpion.[39]
genus indet. A uloborid spider.[37]

Crustacea

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
†Bechleja †B. rostrata Fossil Lake A palaemonid shrimp.[40]
 
†Cyclestherioides †C. wyomingensis Lake Gosiute (Laney) A clam shrimp.[41]
Procambarus †P. primaevus Fossil Lake A cambarid crayfish.
 
†Prolynceus †P. laneyensis Lake Gosiute (Laney) A clam shrimp.[41]

Myriapoda

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Julus?

"J." telluster Scudder, 1878

1 specimen

A punitive parajulidae millapede[36]
Considered nomen dubium by Hoffman (1969).[42]

Insecta

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Diptera

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Plecia

A. pealei Scudder, 1890

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

Most common insect in Fossil Lake

A bibonid marchfly.[36]

 

Hemiptera

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Coelidia

A. wyomingensis Scudder, 1890

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

1 specimen

A coelidiine leafhopper.[36]

Telmatrechus

T. parallelus Scudder, 1890

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)
Lake Uinta (Laney Member)

A water strider.[36][43]

 

Odonata

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Primarily based on Bechly et al (2020):[44]

Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Carlea C. eocenica Fossil Lake A carleid damselfly.
Cordulibellula C. inopinata Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A cordulibellulid dragonfly, the last member of an ancient lineage.[45]
Dysagrion

D. fredericii Scudder, 1878

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

16 specimens

A dysagrionid damselfly.

D. integrum Bechly et al., 2020

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

1 specimen

D. lakesii Scudder, 1890

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

1 specimen

D. packardii Scudder, 1885

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

1 specimen

Eocalopteryx E. atavina A calopterygid damsefly.
Eodysphaea E. magnifica Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A euphaeid damselfly.
Eolestes E. syntheticus An eolestid damselfly.
Eopodagrion

"E." abortivum

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

1 specimen

A damselfly of uncertain affinities.
Deemed nomen dubium by Nel (2022).[46]

E. scudderi

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

3 specimens

A damselfly of uncertain affinities.

Epallagites E. avus A euphaeid damselfly.
Kohlslibellula K. lini Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A urolibellulid dragonfly
Labandeiraia L. americaborealis Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A euphaeid damselfly.
L. riveri Fossil Lake
Litheuphaea L. coloradensis Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A euphaeid damselfly.
Oreodysagrion O. tenebris Fossil Lake A thaumatoneurid damselfly.
Petrolestes P. hendersoni Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A dysagrionid damselfly.
Protamphipteryx P. basalis Fossil Lake An amphipterygid damselfly.
Tenebragrion T. shermani Fossil Lake A dysagrionid damselfly.
Tynskysagrion T. brookeae Fossil Lake A thaumatoneurid damselfly.
 
Urolibellula U. eocaenica Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) A urolibellulid dragonfly

Viridiflumineagrion

V. aasei Nel, 2022

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A "megapodagrionid" damselfly.[47]

Zacallites Z. balli A zacallitid damselfly.
Z. cockerelli Fossil Lake
 

Orthoptera

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Arethaea A. solterae Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek) 1 specimen A roundhead katydid.[48]

Mollusks

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Based on Grande (1984):[30][49]

Bivalvia

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Plesielliptio P. priscus Lake Gosiute A unionid river mussel.
P. sp. "A"
Sphaerium S. sp. A fingernail clam.
 
S. rhomboideum, a modern species

Gastropoda

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Biomphalaria B. aequalis Lake Gosiute A ramshorn snail.
B. storchi
B. pseudoammonius
?Drepanotrema ?D. sp. A ramshorn snail.
Elimia E. tenera A pleurocerid snail.
the most common snail in the formation
The source of the famous "Turritella agate".
 
Gastrocopta G. sp. A gastrocoptid land snail.[49]
Gyraulus G. militaris A ramshorn snail.
Holospira H. sp. A urocoptid land snail.[49]
Hydrobia H. aff. utaensis A mud snail.
H. sp. "A."
Lymnaea L. similis A pond snail.
L. sp. "B."
Omalodiscus O. cirrus A ramshorn snail.
Oreoconus O. sp. "A." A bulimulid land snail.
Physa P. bridgerensis A bladder snail.
P. longiuscula
P. pleromatis
P. sp. "A."
Pleurolimnaea P. tenuicosta A pond snail.
Valvata V. subumbilicata A valve snail.
V. cf. filosa
Viviparus V. paludinaeformis A river snail.
V. trochiformis

Fungi

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
†Caenomyces

Caenomyces eucalypti Knowlton, 1923

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies.
Hosted on a Syzygioides americana leaf.[50][51]
Brown (1934) considered all leaf spots of the formation to be indeterminate †Sphaerites species.[52]

†Caenomyces planerae R.W. Brown, 1929

1 specimen

A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies.
Hosted on a Cedrelospermum nervosum leaf.[53][54]
Brown (1934) considered all leaf spots of the formation to be indeterminate †Sphaerites species.[52]

†Caenomyces sapindicola Knowlton, 1923

1 specimen

A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies.
Hosted on the Toxicodendron winchesteri holotype leaf.[50][55]
Brown (1934) considered all leaf spots of the formation to be indeterminate †Sphaerites species.[52]

†Sphaerites

†Sphaerites myricae (Lesquereux) Meschinelli, 1892

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies.
Hosted on a "Rhus" nigricans leaf.
First described as Sphaeria myricae (1878)[50][56]
Brown (1934) considered all leaf spots of the formation to be indeterminate †Sphaerites species.[52]

Plants

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Algae

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

†Chlorellopsis

†C. coloniata Reis, 1923

A unicellular stromatolite forming green algae.[57]

†Confervites

†C. mantiensis Bradley, 1929

Lake Uinta (Manti beds)

A filamentous stromatolite forming green algae.[57]

Ferns

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Acrostichum

†A. hesperium Newberry, 1883

Lake Gosiute

3 specimens

A parkerioid leather fern leaf morphospecies.[50][58]

Asplenium

†Asplenium delicatula (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969

A spleenwort fern leaf morphospecies.
First described as Aneimia delicatula (1929)[53][58]
Jr homonym of Asplenium delicatulum C. Presl, 1825

†Asplenium eoligniticum Berry, 1916

Lake Unita

2 specimens

A spleenwort fern leaf morphospecies.[52][58]

Azolla

†Azolla berryi Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A mosquito fern morphospecies.[52][58]

Danaea

†Danaea coloradensis Knowlton, 1923

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A possible marattiaceous fern leaf morphospecies.
The genus affiliation was questioned by MacGinitie (1969).[50][58]

Equisetum

†Equisetum haydenii Lesquereux, 1872

Not Green River Formation

A scouring rush morphospecies.
First ascribed to the formation
Excluded by Knowlton (1923) as a species.[50][58]

†Equisetum winchesteri Brown, 1929

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A scouring rush morphospecies.[50][58]

†Equisetum wyomingense Lesquereux, 1873

Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

A scouring rush morphospecies.[50][58]

Lygodium

†Lygodium dentoni Lesquereux, 1875

Not Green River Formation?

1? specimen

A climbing fern species.
Type specimens missing by 1923
Brown (1934) rejected per Knowlton and dubious locality.[52]

†Lygodium kaulfussi Heer, 1861

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

Numerous

A climbing fern species.
First described as Lygodium neuropteroides (1870)[50][58]

 

Marsilea

†M. sprungerorum Hermsen, 2019

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

A water clover fern.[59]

Osmunda?

†Osmunda? sepulta (Newberry) Knowlton, 1923

Lake Gosiute

2 specimens

A possible osmundaceous fern leaf morphospecies.
First described as Pecopteris sepulta (1883)[50]

Cycadalean palynomorphs

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

†Cycadopites

†C. sp.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

Various Cycas - Zamia Cycad palynomorphs.[60][58]

†Dioonipites

†D. sp.

5 specimens

A Dioon like Cycad palynomorph.[60][58]

Conifer palynomorphs

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Abies

†A. concolipites Wodehouse, 1933

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

2 specimens

A true fir palynomorph similar to Abies concolor.[60][58]

†Abietipites

†A. antiquus Wodehouse, 1933

2 specimens

A generally abietine-like palyonomorph.[60][58]

†Cedripites

†C. eocenicus Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Cedrus libani cedar-like palyonomorph.[60][58]

†Inaperturopollenites

†I. concedipites (Wodehouse) Krutzsch, 1971

6 specimens

A Cunninghamia-like palyonomorph.
First described as Cunninghamia concedipites (1933).[60][58][61]

†I. vacuipites (Wodehouse) Krutzsch, 1971

1 specimen

A Chinese swamp cypress-like palyonomorph.
First described as Glyptostrobus vacuipites (1933).[60][58][62]

Picea

†P. grandivescipites Wodehouse, 1933

6 specimens

A spruce palyonomorph.[60][58]

Pinus

†P. scopulipites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A pine palyonomorph.[58]
Less common than P. strobipites.[60]

†P. strobipites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A pine palyonomorph.[60][58]

†P. tuberculipites Wodehouse, 1933

6 specimens

A pine palyonomorph.[60][58]

Taxodium

†T. hiatipites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A bald cypress palyonomorph.[60][58]

†Tsugaepollenites

†T. viridifluminipites (Wodehouse) R. Potonié, 1958

1 specimen

A hemlock-like palyonomorph.
First described as Tsuga viridifluminipites (1933)
Moved from Zonalapollenites viridifluminipites (1953).[60][58][63][64]

Gnetalean palynomorphs

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

†Gnetaceae-pollenites

†G. eocenipites (Wodehouse) R. Potonié, 1958

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

12 specimens

An Ephedra-like palyonomorph.
First described as Ephedra eocenipites (1933).[60][58][65]

Monocot palynomorphs

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Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
†Arecipites

†A. punctatus Wodehouse, 1933

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A Phoenix dactylifera-like palm palyonomorph.[60][58]

†A. rugosus Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A palm palyonomorph.[60][58]

†Peltandripites

†P. davisii Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A tuckahoe-like arrow-arum palyonomorph.[60][58]

Potamogeton

†P. hollickipites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A Potamogeton palyonomorph.[60][58]

†Smilacipites

†S. echinatus Wodehouse, 1933

2 specimen

A Smilax-like palyonomorph.[60][58]

†S. herbaceoides Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Smilax-like palyonomorph.[60][58]

†S. molloides Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Smilax mollis-like palyonomorph.[60][58]

Magnoliid palynomorphs

edit
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Liriodendron

†L. psilopites Wodehouse, 1933

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A Liriodendron tulipifera-like tulip tree palyonomorph.[60][58]

Eudicots

edit
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

†Achaenites

†A. cichorioides Knowlton, 1923

Lake Uinta

1 specimen

An asteraceous seed morphospecies.[58]

Ailanthus

†A. lesquereuxii T. D. A. Cockerell

A tree of heaven fruit morphospecies[58]

†Allopanax

†A. quinus (Macginitie) Doweld

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

An Apialean leaf mophogenus.[66]
Moved from Araliophyllum quinus (1969).

†Alsinites

†A. revelatus Cockerell, 1925

A caryophyllacous flower morphotaxon.[58]

Amorpha

†A. utensis Cockerell, 1925

A legume leaf morphospecies.[58]

Arcoa

†A. lindgreni Herendeen & Herrera

3 specimens

A species of Arcoa.[67]

†Barkleya

†B. schinoloxa (R. W. Brown) Manchester & Judd

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

An anacardiaceous samara.[68]
The type species is B. schinoloxa.
Moved from Anacardites schinoloxus (1929).
includes †Anacardites schinus R. W. Brown, 1934
Possibly the fruits of "Rhus" nigricans.

†Bonanzacarpum

†B. sprungerorum Manchester & Lott

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

A eudicot fruit of uncertain phylogenetic placement.[69]

Dioscorea

†D. lindgrenii Herrera & Manchester

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

2 specimens

sweet potato fruits[70]

†D. shermanii Herrera & Manchester

1 specimen

†Lycianthoides

†L. calycina Deanna et al.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

3 specimens

A nightshade family fruit[71]

†Parvaspicula

†P. lepidioides Deanna et al.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

A tetramelaceous leaf morphotype.[72]
The type species is Clethra (?) lepidioides Cockerell (1925)[73][58]

†Palibinia

†P. comptonifolia (Brown) Manchester, Judd, & Kodrul

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

A pentapetalean eudicot of uncertain affiliation.[74]
Moved from Vauquelinia comptonifolia (1969)
Originally named Banksia comptonifolia (1934)

†Punctaphyllum

†P. glandulosa (Brown) Manchester, Judd, & Kodrul

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

A tetramelaceous leaf morphotype
The type species is Cucurbita glandulosa (1929)[75][58]

"Rhus"

†"R." nigricans (Lesquereux) Knowlton

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

An anacardiaceous leaf morphotype.[68]
Moved from Myrica nigricans (1929).
Possibly the leaves of Barkleya schinoloxa.

 

Stephania

†S. wilfii

Lake Uinta (Wilkins Peak Member)

Numerous

A menispermaceous fruit.[76]

†Welkoetoxylon

†W. multiseriatum Boonchai, Manchester & Wheeler

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale Member)

1 specimen

A moraceous wood morphogenus.[77]

Eudicot palynomorphs

edit
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

†Ailanthipites

†A. berryi Wodehouse, 1933

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

An Ailanthus glandulosa-like soapberry family palynomorph.[60][58]

†Alni-pollenites

†A. speciipites (Wodehouse) Raatz, 1938

Numerous

An alder-like palynomorph.
first described as Alnus speciipites (1933)[60][58][78]

Betula

†B. claripites Wodehouse, 1933

3 specimens

A Betula lenta-like birch palynomorph.[60][58]

†Caprifoliipites

†C. viridi-fluminis Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A caprifoliaceous-like palynomorph.[60][58]

Carpinus

†C. ancipites Wodehouse, 1933

A Carpinus-like palynomorph.[60][58]

Carya

†C. juxtaporipites (Wodehouse) LaMotte, 1952

1 specimen

A hickory-like palynomorph.
First described as Hicoria juxtaporipites (1933)[60][58][79]

†C. viridi-fluminipitis (Wodehouse) Wilson & Webster, 1944

1 specimen

A Carya myristiciformis-like hickory palynomorph.
First described as Hicoria viridi-fluminipites (1933)[60][58][80]

Ericipites

†E. brevisulcatus Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Calluna vulgaris-like heath family palynomorph.[60][58]

†E. longisulcatus Wodehouse, 1933

2 specimens

A heath family-like palynomorph.[60][58]

†Juglanspollenites

†J. nigripites (Wodehouse) Wingate & Nichols, 2001

1 specimen

A walnut-like palynomorph.
First described as Juglans nigripites (1933)[60][58][81]

†Momipites

†M. corylipites (Wodehouse) D.J. Nichols, 1973

2 specimens

An Engelhardia-like palynomorph.
First described as Engelhardia corylipites (1933).[60][58][82]

†M. coryloides Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A Celtis iguanaea-like hackberry palynomorph.[60][58]

†Myricipites

†M. dubius Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A bayberry-like palynomorph.[60][58]

Myriophyllum

†M. ambiguipites Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Myriophyllum spicatum-like watermillfoil family palynomorph.[60][58]

†Rhoipites

†R. bradleyi Wodehouse, 1933

4 specimens

A Rhus typhina-like cashew family palynomorph.[60][58]

Salix

†S. discoloripites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A Salix discolor and S. fragilis-like willow palynomorph.[60][58]

†Talisiipites

†T. fischeri Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A Talisia depressa-like soapberry family palynomorph.[60][58]

Tilia

†T. crassipites Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[60][58]

†T. tetraforaminipites Wodehouse, 1933

3 specimens

A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[60][58]

†T. vescipites Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimens

A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[60][58]

†Vitipites

†V. dubius Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Vitis vinifera-like grape family palynomorph.[60][58]

Incertae sedis angiosperms

edit
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

†Dicotylophyllum

†D. lesquereuxii (Knowlton) J.A. Wolfe & Tanai, 1987

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

A leaf morphotype of uncertain affiliation.
First described as Acer lesquereuxii (1898)[58][83]

References

edit
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  64. ^ "Zonalapollenites viridifluminipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  65. ^ "Gnetaceae-pollenites eocenipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  66. ^ Alexander B. Doweld (2017). "Allopanax and Boreopanax, New Names of Fossil Araliales". Annales Botanici Fennici. 54 (4–6): 263–266. doi:10.5735/085.054.0608. S2CID 90295525.
  67. ^ Patrick S. Herendeen; Fabiany Herrera (2019). "Eocene fossil legume leaves referable to the extant genus Arcoa (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (3): 220–231. doi:10.1086/701468. S2CID 92041312.
  68. ^ a b Manchester, S. R.; Judd, W. S. (2022). "Extinct Anacardiaceous Samaras and Sumac-Like Leaves from the Eocene of Western North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 183 (5): 357–366. doi:10.1086/719948. S2CID 247868997.
  69. ^ Steven Manchester; Terry A. Lott (2019). "Bonanzacarpum sprungerorum sp. nov. – a bizarre fruit from the Eocene Green River Formation in Utah, USA" (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 75 (2): 281–288. doi:10.2478/if-2019-0016. S2CID 209378482.
  70. ^ Herrera, F.; Manchester, S. R. (2024). "Earliest Dioscorea fruits (Dioscoreaceae) from North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 185 (5): 474–481. doi:10.1086/729607. S2CID 267284371.
  71. ^ Deanna, R.; Martínez, C.; Manchester, S.; Wilf, P.; Campos, A.; Knapp, S.; Chiarini, F. E.; Barboza, G. E.; Bernardello, G.; Sauquet, H.; Dean, E.; Orejuela, A.; Smith, S. D. (2023). "Fossil berries reveal global radiation of the nightshade family by the early Cenozoic". New Phytologist. 238 (6): 2685–2697. doi:10.1111/nph.18904. PMID 36960534. S2CID 257715632.
  72. ^ Correa Narvaez, J. E.; Allen, S. E.; Huegele, I. B.; Manchester, S. R. (2023). "Fossil leaves and fruits of Tetramelaceae (Curcurbitales) from the Eocene of the Rocky Mountain region, USA, and their biogeographic significance". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 184 (3): 177–200. doi:10.1086/724018. S2CID 256185427.
  73. ^ Cockerell, T.D.A. (1925). "Plant and insect fossils from the Green River Eocene of Colorado". Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum. 66 (19): 1–13. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.66-2556.1.
  74. ^ Manchester, S. R.; Judd, W. S.; Kodrul, T. (2023). "First recognition of the extinct eudicot genus Palibinia in North America: Leaves and fruits of Palibinia comptonifolia (R.W.Br.) comb. nov. from the Eocene of Utah and Colorado, USA". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 62: 149–163. doi:10.1111/jse.13011.
  75. ^ Brown, R. W. (1929). "Additions to the flora of the Green River formation". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. 154: 279–292. Bibcode:1929usgs.rept....6B. doi:10.3133/pp154J.
  76. ^ Han, M.; Manchester, S.; Fu, Q.-Y.; Jin, J.-H.; Quan, C. (2018). "Paleogene fossil fruits of Stephania (Menispermaceae) from North America and East Asia". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1111/jse.12288. S2CID 90749898.
  77. ^ Nareerat Boonchai; Steven R. Manchester; Elisabeth A. Wheeler (2015). "Welkoetoxylon multiseriatum: fossil moraceous wood from the Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming, U.S.A.". IAWA Journal. 36 (2): 158–166. doi:10.1163/22941932-00000093.
  78. ^ "Alni-pollenites speciipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  79. ^ "Carya juxtaporipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  80. ^ "Carya viridi-fluminipitis". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  81. ^ "Juglanspollenites nigripites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  82. ^ "Momipites corylipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  83. ^ Wolfe, J.A.; Tanai, T. (1987). "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America". Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy. 22 (1): 1–246. Archived from the original on 2011-10-04. Retrieved 2011-08-18.
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