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Organismal performance (or whole-organism performance) refers to the ability of an organism to conduct a task when maximally motivated.[1] Various aspects of performance are of primary concern in human athletics, horse racing, and dog racing. Performance in swimming tasks has been a subject of fisheries research since the 1960s.[2] In a broader biological context, the term first came to prominence with studies of locomotor abilities in lizards and snakes in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[3]
The Morphology, Performance, Behavior, Fitness Paradigm
editA seminal paper by Stevan J. Arnold in 1983[4] focused on the importance of performance as an intermediary between lower-level traits and how natural selection acts. In particular, selection should act more directly on performance than on the subordinate traits (e.g., aspects of morphology, physiology, neurobiology) that determine performance abilities. In other words, how fast a lizard can run is more important in escaping from predators than are the lengths of its legs, because they only party determine its ability to run fast. Since then, others have pointed out that behavior often acts as a "filter" between selection and performance[5] [6] [7] because animals do not always behave in ways that use their maximal performance abilities.[8] For example, if a lizard that saw a predator approaching did not choose to run, then its ability to sprint would be irrelevant. In any case, the original version of the conceptual model has stimulated much research in integrative organismal biology.[9] However, contrary to the hypothesis that selection should be stronger on whole-organism functional performance traits (such as sprinting ability) than on correlated morphological traits, a review of empirical studies did not find evidence that selection measured in the wild was stronger on performance.[10]
Organismal Performance in Plants
editAlthough organismal performance is more commonly studied in animals (including human beings) than in plants, various studies have focused on whole-plant performance in a similar vein.[11] For example, suction feeding abilities have been measured in carnivorous plants (bladderworts).[12] Although plants do not have either a nervous system or muscles, they can be said to have behavior.[13] [14] How such "behavior" may serve as a filter between performance and selection apparently has not been studied.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Careau, V. C.; T. Garland, Jr. (2012). "Performance, personality, and energetics: correlation, causation, and mechanism" (PDF). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 85 (6): 543–571. doi:10.1086/666970. hdl:10536/DRO/DU:30056093. PMID 23099454. S2CID 16499109.
- ^ Plaut, I. (2001). "Critical swimming speed: its ecological relevance". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology. 131: 41–50.
- ^ Huey, R. B.; P. E. Hertz (1982). "Effects of body size and slope on sprint speed of a lizard (Stellio (Agama) stellio)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 97: 401–409.
- ^ Arnold, S. J. (1983). "Morphology, performance and fitness". American Zoologist. 23: 347–361.
- ^ Garland, Jr., T. (1990). "Heritability of locomotor performance and its correlates in a natural population". Experientia. 46: 530–533. doi:10.1007/BF01954257.
- ^ Husak, J. F. (2015). "Measuring selection on physiology in the wild and manipulating phenotypes (in terrestrial nonhuman vertebrates)". Comprehensive Physiology. 6: 63–85. doi:10.1002/cphy.c140061. PMID 26756627.
- ^ Storz, J. F.; J. T. Bridgham; S. A. Kelly; T. Garland, Jr. (2015). "Genetic approaches in comparative and evolutionary physiology". American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 309: R197–R214. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00100.2015. PMC 4525326. PMID 26041111.
- ^ Husak, J. F.; S. F. Fox (2006). "Field use of maximal sprint speed by collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris): compensation and sexual selection". Evolution. 60: 1888–1895. PMID 17089973.
- ^ Kingsolver, J. G.; R. B. Huey (2003). "Introduction: the evolution of morphology, performance, and fitness". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 43: 361–366.
- ^ Irschick, D. J.; J. J. Meyers; J. F. Husak; J-FLe Galliard (2008). "How does selection operate on whole-organism functional performance capacities? A review and synthesis". Evolutionary Ecology Research. 10: 177–196.
- ^ Violle, C.; M.-L. Navas; D. Vile; E. Kazakou; C. Fortunel; I. Hummel; E. Garnier (2007). "Let the concept of trait be functional!". Oikos. 116: 882–892. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15559.x.
- ^ Deban, S. M.; R. Holzman; U. K. Muller (2020). "Suction feeding by small organisms: performance limits in larval vertebrates and carnivorous plants". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 60: 852–863. doi:10.1093/icb/icaa105. PMID 32658970.
- ^ Silvertown, J.; D. M. Gordon (1989). "A framework for plant behavior". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 20: 349–366.
- ^ Liu, D. W. C. (2014). "Plant behavior". CBE Life Sciences Education. 13: 363–368. doi:10.1187/cbe.14-06-0100. PMID 25185219.