The Kalinago genocide was the genocidal massacre of an estimated 2,000 Kalinago people by English and French settlers on the island of Saint Kitts in 1626.
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Event
editDuring the early 17th century, Kalinago leader Ouboutou Tegremante had become uneasy with the increasing number of English and French settlers emigrating to the island of Saint Kitts. The settlers soon outnumbered the Kalinago and began to clear land around the island to establish farms.[1] In 1626, Tegremond began plotting to massacre all English and French settlers on Saint Kitts, under the fear that they would "completely take over the island"; he secretly dispatched messengers to Kalinago communities on other West Indian islands, informing them to come to Saint Kitts by canoe at night for the planned attack on the settlers. However, a Kalinago woman named Barbe informed Sir Thomas Warner and Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc of Tegremond's plan; taking pre-emptive action, the English and French invited the Kalinago to a party where they became intoxicated. When the Kalinago returned to their village, a combined force of English and French settlers attacked them and 120 Kalinago were killed in the attack, including Tegremond.
On the following day, roughly 4,000 Kalinago were forced by the settlers into the area of Bloody Point and Bloody River where a battle broke out; historian Vincent K. Hubbard estimates 2,000 Kalinago were massacred while attempting to surrender.[2] The account of the massacre by Jean-Baptiste Du Tertre described "piles of [Kalinago] bodies" after the massacre.[3] 100 settlers were also killed in the battle, with one French settler going insane after being struck by a poisoned arrow from a Kalinago before dying.
Historian Melanie J. Newton argued that the alleged plot by Tegremond to kill the settlers was based on "slim intelligence". According to Newton, the settlers' belief that the natives would attack them was rooted in popular depictions of the Kalinago as "untrustworthy cannibals who ultimately had to be eliminated" rather than in any real evidence of a plot.[4]
Aftermath
editThe remaining Kalinago fled into the mountains, and by 1640, those who were not enslaved were forcibly removed to Dominica.[2][3]
Through subsequent decades of European expansion in the Caribbean, Kalinago populations on other islands were subjected to more massacres.[5] German legal scholar Andreas Buser argued in 2016 that these massacres, including that on Saint Kitts, could be considered genocides under the 1948 convention.[6] This history of genocidal warfare against the Kalinago has led to perceptions that "there are no indigenous peoples left in the Caribbean."[7]
References
edit- ^ McD. Beckles 2008, p. 81.
- ^ a b Hubbard, Vincent (2002). A History of St. Kitts. Macmillan Caribbean. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9780333747605.
- ^ a b Jean-Baptiste, Du Tertre (1667). Histoire générale des Antilles habitées par les François [General history of the West Indies inhabited by the French] (in French). Vol. I. Paris: Jolly. pp. 5–6.
- ^ Newton 2014, p. 11.
- ^ McD. Beckles 2008, p. 88.
- ^ Buser 2016, p. 417.
- ^ Shannon, Jennifer (1 September 2014). "The Professionalization of Indigeneity in the Carib Territory of Dominica". American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 38 (4): 29–56. doi:10.17953/aicr.38.4.680p1633v5545v2.
Bibliography
edit- Buser, Andreas (1 August 2016). "Colonial Injustices and the Law of State Responsibility: The CARICOM Claim for Reparations". Heidelberg Journal of International Law. 2: 409–446.
- McD. Beckles, Hilary (2008). "Kalinago (Carib) Resistance to European Colonisation of the Caribbean". Caribbean Quarterly. 54 (4): 77–94. doi:10.1080/00086495.2008.11829737.
- Newton, Melanie (2014). ""The Race Leapt at Sauteurs": Genocide, Narrative, and Indigenous Exile from the Caribbean Archipelago". Caribbean Quarterly. 60 (2): 5–28.