George Blowers (March 5, 1906 – October 19, 1969) was an American economist. A Harvard graduate, he became governor of the state banks of Liberia, Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia. During his career he was responsible for introducing two new currencies and represented Ethiopia at the Bretton Woods Conference.
George Blowers | |
|---|---|
| Born | March 5, 1906 |
| Died | October 19, 1969 (aged 63) |
| Nationality | American |
| Academic career | |
| Institutions | Bank of Monrovia, State Bank of Ethiopia, Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency |
| Alma mater | Harvard University |
Early career and Liberia edit
Born on March 5, 1906, in Pineville, Kentucky, Blowers graduated from Harvard University before gaining a job at the National City Bank in New York City in 1928. In 1938 he became general manager of the Bank of Monrovia in Liberia, during which time he was responsible for changing the country's currency from the West African pound (pegged to sterling) to the Liberian dollar (pegged to the US dollar).[1] The Smithsonian Institution's 1940 National Zoological Park expedition to Monrovia met with Blowers and he presented his household pets, a red forest duiker, a civet cat and a West African linsang, to them for use as zoo exhibits.[2] British Foreign Office staff writing to Anthony Eden in March 1942 noted that Blowers adhered strictly to the American policy of neutrality, opposing attempts to enforce British control of capital in Liberia.[3] Blowers, who could speak German, was known to have transferred German funds through Liberia to the United States.[3][4]
State Bank of Ethiopia edit
Blowers was appointed governor of the State Bank of Ethiopia in 1943 following a request by Emperor Haile Selassie for more American advisers to replace the British staff that predominated in his court. The 1942 Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement required Selassie to seek British approval prior to the appointment of any foreign staff. The British were not informed of the new appointments and the arrival of Blowers in Ethiopia came as something of an embarrassment to his British predecessor, who was still in post.[5] Ethiopia formally renounced the treaty with Britain in 1944.[6]
Blowers, in addition to his duties as governor, also acted as adviser to the Ethiopian Minister of Commerce, who preferred him over his official British adviser.[6] Blowers attended the July 1944 Bretton Woods Conference that resulted in the introduction of the Bretton Woods system of foreign exchange.[7] In 1945 he was responsible for the reintroduction of the Ethiopian birr to replace the East African shilling.[1]
Later career edit
Blowers became deputy director of the Economic Cooperation Administration, set up to administer the US Marshall Plan for economic rejuvenation in Europe, in 1948.[8] He became known as an expert of African economics and was appointed head of a UN mission to Libya, looking into its currency and banking system, in 1950.[8][9] He later worked with the International Monetary Fund and in 1952 was appointed governor of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (which functioned as the central bank but couldn't be described as such under Islamic law), having been recommended to the position by Arthur N Young, the director of Harry Truman's Point Four Program in the country.[10][11] The bank started off with a fund of $10 million that was developed into billions of dollars of capital.[11] During his time as governor he revised the Saudi riyal.[9]
Blowers became director of the Export–Import Bank of the United States in Washington, D.C., in 1954.[8][12] He became well known to Latin American governments, travelling to Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia on special missions.[9] He retired from the bank in 1961 and died at Hempstead, Long Island, New York, on October 19, 1969.[8]
References edit
- ^ a b Shavit, David (1989). The United States in Africa – A Historical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-313-25887-2.
- ^ Smithsonian Institution (1940). Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution and financial report of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents for the year ending June 30 1940. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 73.
- ^ a b Woodward, Peter; Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael (1998). British Documents on Foreign Affairs—reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Africa, January 1942 – March 1943. University Publications of America. p. 33. ISBN 9781556556760.
- ^ Smith, Blackwell (1993). My Imprints on the Sands of Time: The Life of a New Dealer. Vantage Press. p. 203. ISBN 9780533106585.
- ^ Norberg, Viveca halldin (1977). Swedes in Haile Selassie's Ethiopia, 1924–1952. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. p. 84.
- ^ a b Norberg, Viveca halldin (1977). Swedes in Haile Selassie's Ethiopia, 1924–1952. Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. p. 85.
- ^ Kirshner, Orin (17 July 2015). The Bretton Woods-GATT System: Retrospect and Prospect After Fifty Years. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 9781317458180.
- ^ a b c d Shavit, David (1989). The United States in Africa – A Historical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-313-25887-2.
- ^ a b c United States Congress (1961). Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Committee on Banking and Currency. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 59.
- ^ McLeod, Alex N. (1997). Hunting a Paradigm: An Economist's Quest. A.N. McLeod. p. 206. ISBN 9780969582618.
- ^ a b Fuchs, James R. "Oral History Interview with Arthur N. Young". Harry S Truman Library and Museum. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
- ^ Horton, A. Romeo (2004). For Country, Africa, and My People. Ghana Universities Press. p. 93. ISBN 9789964303334.