Elliptic rational functions

In mathematics the elliptic rational functions are a sequence of rational functions with real coefficients. Elliptic rational functions are extensively used in the design of elliptic electronic filters. (These functions are sometimes called Chebyshev rational functions, not to be confused with certain other functions of the same name).

Plot of elliptic rational functions for x between -1 and 1 for orders 1,2,3 and 4 with discrimination factor ξ=1.1. All are bounded between -1 and 1 and all have the value 1 at x=1.

Rational elliptic functions are identified by a positive integer order n and include a parameter ξ ≥ 1 called the selectivity factor. A rational elliptic function of degree n in x with selectivity factor ξ is generally defined as:

where

  • cd(u,k) is the Jacobi elliptic cosine function.
  • K() is a complete elliptic integral of the first kind.
  • is the discrimination factor, equal to the minimum value of the magnitude of for .

For many cases, in particular for orders of the form n = 2a3b where a and b are integers, the elliptic rational functions can be expressed using algebraic functions alone. Elliptic rational functions are closely related to the Chebyshev polynomials: Just as the circular trigonometric functions are special cases of the Jacobi elliptic functions, so the Chebyshev polynomials are special cases of the elliptic rational functions.

Expression as a ratio of polynomials

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For even orders, the elliptic rational functions may be expressed as a ratio of two polynomials, both of order n.

       (for n even)

where   are the zeroes and   are the poles, and   is a normalizing constant chosen such that  . The above form would be true for even orders as well except that for odd orders, there will be a pole at x=∞ and a zero at x=0 so that the above form must be modified to read:

       (for n odd)

Properties

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Plot of the absolute value of the third order elliptic rational function with ξ=1.4. There is a zero at x=0 and the pole at infinity. Since the function is antisymmetric, it is seen there are three zeroes and three poles. Between the zeroes, the function rises to a value of 1 and, between the poles, the function drops to the value of the discrimination factor Ln
 
Plot of the absolute value of the fourth order elliptic rational function with ξ=1.4. Since the function is symmetric, it is seen that there are four zeroes and four poles. Between the zeroes, the function rises to a value of 1 and, between the poles, the function drops to the value of the discrimination factor Ln
 
Plot of the effect of the selectivity factor ξ. The fourth order elliptic rational function is shown with values of ξ varying from nearly unity to infinity. The black curve, corresponding to ξ=∞ is the Chebyshev polynomial of order 4. The closer the selectivity factor is to unity, the steeper will be the slope in the transition region between x=1 and x=ξ.

The canonical properties

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  •   for  
  •   at  
  •  
  •   for  
  • The slope at x=1 is as large as possible
  • The slope at x=1 is larger than the corresponding slope of the Chebyshev polynomial of the same order.

The only rational function satisfying the above properties is the elliptic rational function (Lutovac, Tošić & Evans 2001, § 13.2). The following properties are derived:

Normalization

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The elliptic rational function is normalized to unity at x=1:

 

Nesting property

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The nesting property is written:

 

This is a very important property:

  • If   is known for all prime n, then nesting property gives   for all n. In particular, since   and   can be expressed in closed form without explicit use of the Jacobi elliptic functions, then all   for n of the form   can be so expressed.
  • It follows that if the zeroes of   for prime n are known, the zeros of all   can be found. Using the inversion relationship (see below), the poles can also be found.
  • The nesting property implies the nesting property of the discrimination factor:
 

Limiting values

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The elliptic rational functions are related to the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind   by:

 

Symmetry

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  for n even
  for n odd

Equiripple

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  has equal ripple of   in the interval  . By the inversion relationship (see below), it follows that   has equiripple in   of  .

Inversion relationship

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The following inversion relationship holds:

 

This implies that poles and zeroes come in pairs such that

 

Odd order functions will have a zero at x=0 and a corresponding pole at infinity.

Poles and Zeroes

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The zeroes of the elliptic rational function of order n will be written   or   when   is implicitly known. The zeroes of the elliptic rational function will be the zeroes of the polynomial in the numerator of the function.

The following derivation of the zeroes of the elliptic rational function is analogous to that of determining the zeroes of the Chebyshev polynomials (Lutovac, Tošić & Evans 2001, § 12.6). Using the fact that for any z

 

the defining equation for the elliptic rational functions implies that

 

so that the zeroes are given by

 

Using the inversion relationship, the poles may then be calculated.

From the nesting property, if the zeroes of   and   can be algebraically expressed (i.e. without the need for calculating the Jacobi ellipse functions) then the zeroes of   can be algebraically expressed. In particular, the zeroes of elliptic rational functions of order   may be algebraically expressed (Lutovac, Tošić & Evans 2001, § 12.9, 13.9). For example, we can find the zeroes of   as follows: Define

 

Then, from the nesting property and knowing that

 

where   we have:

 
 

These last three equations may be inverted:

 

To calculate the zeroes of   we set   in the third equation, calculate the two values of  , then use these values of   in the second equation to calculate four values of   and finally, use these values in the first equation to calculate the eight zeroes of  . (The   are calculated by a similar recursion.) Again, using the inversion relationship, these zeroes can be used to calculate the poles.

Particular values

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We may write the first few elliptic rational functions as:

 
 
where
 
 
where
 
 
 
 
  etc.

See Lutovac, Tošić & Evans (2001, § 13) for further explicit expressions of order n=5 and  .

The corresponding discrimination factors are:

 
 
 
 
  etc.

The corresponding zeroes are   where n is the order and j is the number of the zero. There will be a total of n zeroes for each order.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

From the inversion relationship, the corresponding poles   may be found by  

References

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  • MathWorld
  • Daniels, Richard W. (1974). Approximation Methods for Electronic Filter Design. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-015308-6.
  • Lutovac, Miroslav D.; Tošić, Dejan V.; Evans, Brian L. (2001). Filter Design for Signal Processing using MATLAB© and Mathematica©. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-201-36130-2.