Wikipedia

Elliot Rodger effect

The Elliot Rodger effect is the legacy and impact of the 2014 Isla Vista killings, which occurred on May 23, 2014 at Isla Vista, California. Elliot Rodger and his murder spree and manifesto brought the incel community to mainstream attention, with him having been praised by young men around the world who identify as incels by describing Rodger as being a martyr or hero.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Radical incels refer to him as a "saint" and see him as a "hero", celebrating "Saint Elliot Day" every anniversary of his attacks.[7][8][9][10][11][12] Incels also refer to Rodger as "E.R.", and his mass killings have inspired copycat crimes.[13][14][15][16][17][18] Rodger is frequently cited as an influence by incels involved in or suspected of other mass killings, often referring to their attacks as "going E.R."[19][20][21][22][23][24] The media and academia have since described Rodger as the author of the modern incel ideology.[25]

Many incels glorify Elliot Rodger (pictured) and consider him their "saint"

Background

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Main article: 2014 Isla Vista killings
Further information: Elliot Rodger

On May 23, 2014, 22-year-old Elliot Rodger killed six people and injured fourteen others by using knives, semi-automatic pistols and his car in Isla Vista, California, near the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). Rodger first killed his two roommates and their friend in the apartment they shared, ambushing and stabbing them one at a time as they arrived. Hours later, he drove to a sorority house, intending to murder its occupants. Unable to enter, Rodger shot at three women walking outside the sorority house, killing two. He later drove by a nearby delicatessen, shooting and killing a man inside.

Afterward, Rodger went around Isla Vista, shooting indiscriminately and ramming into pedestrians with his BMW. He exchanged gunfire with sheriff's deputies twice, the latter occurrence resulted in Rodger getting shot in his hip. Shortly after, he crashed his vehicle into a parked car. As police looked around the vehicle, they found Rodger dead from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to his head. Before starting his attacks, Rodger uploaded a YouTube video in which he detailed his intentions of "punish[ing]" women for their lack of interest in him, as well as the men whom they were attracted to. He also e-mailed a 137-page manifesto—where he detailed his major life events, personal struggles, and frustrations with having remained a virgin his entire life—to several of his family members, acquaintances, and therapists.

Responses

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After the attacks, PUAHate closed its forums, mentioning that it was "for maintenance". However, it was then permanently shut down, causing its members to go to other chatrooms and forums.[26][27][28][29] Men on social media and in the comments on Rodger's YouTube videos, empathized with Rodger's views and difficulties, with some suggesting that being ignored by women was a valid reason for committing murder against them.[30][31] A Facebook page named "Elliot Rodger Is an American Hero" was created, calling on men to share their thoughts and pay tribute to Rodger for what was described as his "ultimate sacrifice in the struggle against feminazi ideology."[32] The page also shared Rodger's "Retribution" video, with several commentators expressing support for his quest for vengeance against women.[33] Activists reported the page for promoting hate speech, harassment, and violence, and initiated a campaign on Twitter encouraging others to report the page to Facebook.[34] Facebook's response was that the page did not infringe upon its community standards, leading to widespread criticism on Twitter.[34][35] Ultimately, the page was deactivated, with Facebook citing its Statement of Rights and Responsibilities as the rationale for the decision.[34][36]

Twitter hashtags

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Following the misogynistic nature of Rodger's crimes and the identification of his hatred for women as a motivating factor, some Twitter users employed the hashtag #NotAllMen to express that "not all men" behave in such a manner or would commit similar acts.[37] Other users believed the attacks were not misogynistic because Rodger killed more men than women.[38][39] The hashtag faced criticism for diverting attention away from the broader issue of the dangers against women.[40][41] In a bid to shift the focus back to the issues of misogyny and sexism experienced by women, two Twitter users introduced the hashtag #YesAllWomen, highlighting that all women endure sexism and misogyny.[42] Within just four days of its inception, the #YesAllWomen hashtag had been used 1.2 million times on Twitter, quickly eclipsing previous hashtags that aimed to spotlight violence and sexism against women.[43]

Lawsuits

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In March 2015, Hong, Wang, and Chen's parents filed a civil rights lawsuit against Santa Barbara County, the Sheriff's department, Capri Apartments, and the property management company claiming negligence and breaches of the victims' constitutional right to due process.[44][45][46] They claimed that since Rodger moved into the Capri Apartments in 2011, he insulted and fought with a lot of his roommates and displayed odd behavior, but the apartment owners failed to conduct reasonable background checks before assigning Hong and Wang as his roommates and failed to warn them that Rodger had had serious conflicts with his previous roommates.[47] They also contended that the county and its Sheriff's Department violated their rights to due process by ignoring repeated "red flags" that Rodger was violent and unstable, even after a mental health worker saw YouTube videos that Rodger had posted and contacted authorities to say that Rodger appeared to be a danger to himself and others.[48]

U.S. District Judge John F. Walter removed Santa Barbara County and the Sheriff's department from the lawsuit on October 28, 2015, determining that the county had not infringed upon their constitutional rights under federal law and that the Sheriff's department did not act neglectfully, nor did their procedures or guidelines contribute to the harm they suffered. The judge concluded that the victim's parents failed to sufficiently demonstrate a violation of their due process rights, and although the judge dismissed the state-law claims within the lawsuit, he allowed for the claims to be re-submitted. The victim's parents proceeded to file their claims again on November 20, 2015, in state court.[49] Capri Apartments and the property management company sought to have the lawsuit dismissed, but their motion was denied in February 2017. By May 2017, a trial date was scheduled for September 15 of the same year.[50] The lawsuit was later settled nearly a week and a half before the trial was to start. Despite the property management company's denial of a settlement, an attorney for the victim's parents asserted a settlement was reached but said it was "confidential". The Santa Barbara Independent claimed that a settlement of $20 million was reached.[51]

In June 2015, the cyclist who was struck by Rodger's vehicle and subsequently handcuffed filed a civil lawsuit against Santa Barbara County, Rodger's parents, and the University of California, Santa Barbara, citing negligence, false imprisonment, and civil rights infringements for not giving him immediate medical attention after getting hit. The lawsuit contended that both campus police and the Santa Barbara Sheriff's Department did not adequately investigate Rodger despite his release of several YouTube videos indicating his potential threat to others. Additionally, it was argued that Rodger's parents were negligent in allowing their mentally unstable son access to a BMW.[52][53][54]

Misogyny

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The attack sparked discussion of broader issues of violence against women and misogyny.[55][56] According to the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism at the Hague, Rodger's attacks were an act of misogynist terrorism.[57] The US Secret Service described it as "misogynistic extremism".[58] Writer M.E. Williams objected to Rodger being labeled the "virgin killer", saying that implies that "one possible cause of male aggression is a lack of female sexual acquiescence".[59] Amanda Hess, writing for Slate, argued that although Rodger killed more men than women, his motivations were misogynistic because his reason for hating the men he attacked was that he thought they stole the women he felt entitled to.[38] Writing for Reason, Cathy Young countered with "that seems like a good example of stretching the concept into meaninglessness – or turning it into unfalsifiable quasi-religious dogma" and wrote that Rodger also wrote many hateful messages about other men.[60]

Film critic Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post attributed the attacks to Hollywood's "sexist movie monoculture," which she claimed was largely produced by white men.[61][62][63] She criticized American actor Seth Rogen and American director Judd Apatow, stating that Rogen's role in the 2014 movie Neighbors and Apatow's directing encouraged "outsized frat-boy fantasies", making people like Rodger feel "unjustly shut out of college life that should be full of 'sex and fun and pleasure'."[64][65][66]

Gun control and mental health

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The attacks renewed calls for gun control and improvements in the American health care system.[67] Sheriff Bill Brown blamed Rodger's actions and the subsequent attacks on shortcomings in the mental health treatment system. He pointed out a widespread shortfall in resources for community mental health care and criticized the inadequate communication from healthcare professionals regarding individuals who exhibit suicidal or homicidal thoughts.[68] Several legislators in California demanded an evaluation of the interaction between the deputies and Rodger on April 30,[69] with the FBI launching an investigation on how the Sheriff's Office handled the situation.[70] The deputies did not consult the California gun ownership database, which already showed Rodger's purchase of at least two handguns.[69] They also did not examine the YouTube videos that led Rodger's parents to reach out to them.[71] Subsequently, the Sheriff's Office concluded that the responding deputies followed all rules and conducted themselves professionally, in alignment with both state law and departmental guidelines.[72] Despite California being one of the most strict states in the United States with gun laws, Rodger, who despite having undergone several years of psychiatric treatment, passed all necessary background checks. Because he had neither been institutionalized for mental health issues nor possessed a criminal history, he was able to purchase all three firearms.[73] In California, at the time, undergoing mental health treatment did not disqualify people for applying for firearms. Furthermore, even when Rodger's parents alerted the police to his threats on YouTube, the absence of an immediate threat meant the police lacked the authority to search his apartment, search the gun registry, or confiscate any firearms without a warrant based on probable cause.[74] Democratic Senator Richard Blumenthal from Connecticut advocated for the reinstatement of gun-control measures previously declined by Congress following the 2012 Sandy Hook school shooting, suggesting such legislation might have prevented the shooting spree.[75] Blumenthal emphasized the necessity to refocus gun-control initiatives around mental health issues, highlighting the urgent need for enhanced resources to support individuals with mental illnesses.[76][77] In his address, Michaels-Martinez's father attributed the attacks to the "craven, irresponsible" actions of politicians and the National Rifle Association (NRA), accusing the NRA of prioritizing gun rights above public safety.[78][79][80] Subsequently, Martinez said he wanted members of Congress to stop calling him to offer condolences for his son's death and appealed to the public to unite with him in "demanding immediate action" on gun control from Congress members.[81] Additionally, he extended his sympathies towards the parents of Rodger.[82] Timothy F. Murphy, a Pennsylvania Representative and clinical psychologist, presented his bipartisan mental health reform as a solution and called on Congress to enact it.[83][84] Santa Barbara Assemblymembers Das Williams and Nancy Skinner introduced legislation that would allow law enforcement, close relatives, or roommates to request a court order for the confiscation of firearms from individuals deemed a serious risk to themselves or others.[85][86] State Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson also proposed a bill enforcing officers consult a state firearms registry during assessments of potential threats to personal or public safety.[87] Jackson's bill received unanimous Senate approval in August 2014.[88] While Williams and Skinner's bill successfully passed through both legislative chambers, it faced opposition from the National Rifle Association and other groups advocating for Second Amendment rights, who launched statewide robocall campaigns against it. Williams highlighted the external origin of the calls and maintained that the legislation received significant bipartisan support.[89] Governor Jerry Brown ultimately signed both bills into law in September 2014,[90]<

Inspired incidents

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Rodger's killing spree inspired numerous copycat killings, including:

  • 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting: on October 1, 2015, 26-year-old Chris Harper-Mercer killed nine people and injured eight others before killing himself in a shooting at the Umpqua Community College campus, in Roseburg, Oregon. He left a manifesto at the scene, outlining his interest in the Isla Vista killings and other mass murders, his anger at not having a girlfriend, and his animus towards the world. In his journal writings, he had related with Elliot Rodger and other mass shooters, describing them as "people who stand with the gods".[91] Before the attack, when someone on an online message board had speculated Harper-Mercer was "saving himself for someone special", Harper-Mercer had replied: 'involuntarily so".[92][93][94][95]
  • 2018 Toronto van attack: on April 23, 2018, 25-year-old Alek Minassian killed eleven people and injured 15 others in Toronto, Canada, by driving a van into pedestrians.[96][97][98][99] Before his attack, Minassian posted on his Facebook profile:

Private (Recruit) Minassian Infantry 00010, wishing to speak to Sgt 4chan please. C23249161. The Incel Rebellion has already begun! We will overthrow all the Chads and Stacys! All hail the Supreme Gentleman Elliot Rodger![100][101][102][103]

  • Danforth shooting: on July 22 2018, 29-year-old Faisal Hussain killed two and wounded 13 in a mass shooting on Danforth Avenue in Toronto. He became obsessed with the 'incel culture,' particularly Elliot Rodger and Alek Minassian.[104] police found a copy of Elliot Rodger's manifesto in Hussain's phone and electronic equipment.[105]
  • 2018 Tallahassee shooting: On November 2, 2018, Scott Beierle killed two women and injured four women and a man before killing himself in a shooting at the Hot Yoga Tallahassee studio in Tallahassee, Florida. He had been a follower of incel ideologies for a long time, and also had a history of arrests for grabbing women's buttocks. In 2014 he posted several YouTube videos of himself espousing extreme hatred for women and expressing anger over not having a girlfriend, and would mention Elliot Rodger in his videos. In the months leading up to the shooting, he posted numerous misogynistic, racist, violent, and homophobic songs to SoundCloud.
  • 2020 Toronto machete attack: on February 24, 2020, 17-year-old Oguzhan Sert attacked an erotic spa killing one and two including himself.[106][107][108][109][110] A note was found on the perpetrator which read "Long Live the Incel Rebellion."[111][112][113] The perpetrator told paramedics that he had come to the spa to kill everyone inside the building and that he was glad to have killed one person.[111][112][113] the perpetrator idolized Alek Minassian and Elliot Rodger.[111][112] The perpetrator's profile on Steam stated that he was a "Proud Incel."[112] When asked by police why he identified as an incel, the perpetrator stated: "You don't choose to become an incel. You are born one."[111]
  • Westgate Entertainement District shooting: 20-year-old Armando Hernandez Jr. opened fire on May 20, 2020, at Westgate Entertainment District, a mixed-use development in Glendale, Arizona, before being arrested by police. A 19-year-old man was critically injured, while a 30-year-old woman and a 16-year-old girl suffered minor injuries. According to the Maricopa County prosecutor, Hernandez idolized and had sympathy for Elliot Rodger, in his police interview He stated that he viewed Rodger as "a god.", Hernandez identified himself as an incel and claimed he wanted to target couples and shoot at least ten people. The prosecutor said, "Mr. Hernandez is a self-professed incel ... He was taking out his anger at society, the feeling that he has been bullied, the feeling that women didn't want him". The prosecutor also alleged that Hernandez sent a video of the attack to a woman he wished to impress.
  • 2023 Allen, Texas mall shooting: On May 6, 2023, a mass shooting occurred at Allen Premium Outlets, an outlet center in Allen, Texas, United States. Nine people, including the perpetrator, were killed during the shooting, the youngest of whom was a three-year-old boy, and seven others were injured.[114] The perpetrator was fatally shot by a police officer already in the area on an unrelated call.[115] the perpetrator praised Elliot Rodger.[116][117] In some posts, he identified himself as an "incel."[118]

Attempted copycats

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Between January and the end of July 2020, five self-identified incels were arrested in separate incidents in North America for killing or planning to kill women.[119] Among them was Cole Carini, a man who was charged with making false statements to law enforcement in June 2020 after claiming serious injuries to his hands had been caused by a lawnmower accident. Police alleged that Carini was actually injured while trying to make a bomb, and that he had written a note threatening violence against women and referencing Elliot Rodger.[120]

In April 2021, Malik Sanchez, a 19-year-old self-described incel who praised Elliot Rodger,[121] was arrested on federal charges after allegedly videotaping himself approaching women sitting outside a restaurant in Manhattan, New York and telling them he was going to detonate a bomb.[122] The man had previously been arrested several times for harassing others, often while recording or livestreaming, and for multiple assaults with pepper spray.[123]

In July 2021, a 21-year-old self-identified incel from Ohio Identified as Tres Genco was charged with attempting a hate crime and illegally possessing a machine gun. The man was a frequent poster on a popular incel website, where he wrote posts venerating Elliot Rodger. He wrote a manifesto in which he expressed his desire to "slaughter" women, and in another document he allegedly wrote about his goals to kill 3,000 people in a mass casualty attack.[124]

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Rodger and his attacks would be featured in or would inspire numerous works which include:

See also

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References

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