Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2009.

List of years in paleontology (table)
In science
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
In paleobotany
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
In arthropod paleontology
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
In paleoentomology
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
In paleomalacology
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
In reptile paleontology
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
In archosaur paleontology
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
In mammal paleontology
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
In paleoichthyology
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Important taxa described (but not necessarily validly named) in 2009

Arthropods

edit

Cephalopods

edit

Three new species of extinct Octopoda discovered in 2009. The species – Keuppia hyperbolaris, Keuppia levante, and Styletoctopus annae – lived about 95 million years ago, and bear a strong resemblance to modern octopuses, suggesting that the Octopoda order has remained relatively unchanged for tens of millions of years. The fossils included evidence of arms, muscles, rows of suckers, ink, and internal gills. The discovery was made by a team led by Dirk Fuchs of the Freie University, which is located at Berlin, Germany.[2] The fossils were found at Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon.[3] Various new ammonoid taxa were named, including Ivoites.

Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Keuppia[4]

Gen et sp nov

Valid

Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis

Upper Cenomanian

  Lebanon

 
Keuppia levante

Styletoctopus[4]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis

Upper Cenomanian

  Lebanon

Ivoites[5]

gen nov

Valid

De Baets, Klug, & Korn

Lower Emsian

  Germany

Cartilaginous fish

edit
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Gansuselache[6]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Wang et al.

Late Permian

Fangshankou Formation

  China

A member of Hybodontoidea. Genus includes new species G. tungshengi.

Papilionichthys[7]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

  • Grogan
  • Lund

Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)

Bear Gulch Limestone

  United States

A member of Iniopterygidae. The type species is P. stahlae.

Rainerichthys[7]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

  • Grogan
  • Lund

Carboniferous (Serpukhovian)

Bear Gulch Limestone

  United States

A member of Iniopterygidae. The type species is R. zangerli.

Bony fish

edit
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images
Aphanius yerevanicus[8]

Valid

  • Vasilyan
  • Reichenbacher
  • Carnevale

Late Miocene

  Armenia

A pupfish, a species of Aphanius.
Carpathoserranoides[9]

Valid

  • Prokofiev

Oligocene

  Czech Republic
  Poland

A member of Percoidei. The type species is C. brnoensis; genus also includes C. polonicus.
Caucasoserranoides[9]

Valid

  • Prokofiev

Oligocene

  Russia

A member of Percoidei. The type species is C. morozkiensis.
Eophryne[10]

Valid

  • Carnevale
  • Pietsch

Eocene (late Ypresian)

Monte Bolca locality

  Italy

A frogfish. The type species is Eophryne barbutii.
Gogosardina[11]

Valid

  • Choo
  • Long
  • Trinajstic

Late Devonian

Gogo Formation

  Australia

An early ray-finned fish. Genus includes new species G. coatesi.
Heddleichthys[12]

Valid

  • Snitting

Famennian (Late Devonian)

Dura Den Formation

  Scotland

Hendrixella[13]

Valid

  • Bannikov
  • Carnevale

Eocene (late Ypresian)

Monte Bolca locality

  Italy

A member of Percoidei of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Hendrixella grandei.
Langlieria[14]

Valid

  • Clément
  • Snitting
  • Ahlberg

Famennian (Late Devonian)

Evieux Formation

  Belgium

Oligoserranoides[9]

Valid

  • Prokofiev

Oligocene

Abkhazia
  Azerbaijan
  Czech Republic
  France
  Germany
  Hungary
  Poland
  Romania
  Russia
  Ukraine

A member of Percoidei. The type species is "Smerdis" budensis Heckel (1856); genus also includes "Serranus" comparabilis Daniltshenko (1960).
Ridewoodichthys[15]

Valid

  • Taverne

Early Paleocene

  Angola

An arowana; a new genus for "Brychaetus" caheni Taverne (1969).
Ungarnia[9]

Valid

  • Prokofiev

Oligocene

  Romania

A member of Percoidei. The type species is "Serranus" transsylvanicus Bohm (1942).
  • Shimada, K.; Everhart, M.J. (2009). "First record of Anomoeodus (Osteichthyes: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 112 (1/2): 98–102. doi:10.1660/062.112.0212. S2CID 83951062.

Amphibians

edit

Newly named amphibians

edit
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Baphetes orientalis[16]

Valid

  • Milner
  • Milner
  • Walsh

Late Carboniferous

  Czech Republic

Cratia[17]

Valid

  • Báez
  • Moura
  • Gómez

Lower Cretaceous

Crato Formation

  Brazil

Possible stem neobatrachian

Eurycephalella[17]

Valid

  • Báez
  • Moura
  • Gómez

Lower Cretaceous

Crato Formation

  Brazil

A hyloid

Nannaroter[18]

Valid

Early Permian

  USA

The smallest known ostodolepid microsaur

Nesovtriton[19]

Valid

  • Skutschas

Turonian

Bissekty Formation

  Uzbekistan

A cryptobranchoid salamander

Regalerpeton[20]

Valid

Early Cretaceous

Huajiying Formation

  China

A cryptobranchoid salamander

Spinarerpeton[21]

Valid

  • Klembara

Early Permian

Boskovice Furrow

  Czech Republic

A discosauriscid seymouriamorph

Basal reptiles

edit

Newly named basal reptiles

edit
Name Status Authors Discovery year Age Unit Location Notes Images

Australothyris[22]

Valid

Middle Permian

Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone

  South Africa

A basal parareptile

Procolina[23]

Valid

  • Borsuk−Białynicka
  • Lubka

early Late Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

  Poland

A procolophonine procolophonid

Turtles

edit

Newly named turtles

edit
Name Status Authors Discovery year Age Unit Location Notes Images

Angolachelys[24]

Valid

Turonian (Late Cretaceous)

  Angola

Aurorachelys[25]

Valid

Late Cretaceous

Strand Fiord Formation

  Canada

Basilochelys[26]

Valid

Late Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous

Phu Kradung Formation

  Thailand

Cedrobaena[27]

Valid

  • Lyson
  • Joyce

Paleocene

Fort Union Formation

  USA

New genus for "Plesiobaena" putorius Gaffney, 1972

Chelonoidis alburyorum[28]

Valid

  • Franz
  • Franz

Holocene

  The Bahamas

A tortoise.

Chinlechelys[29]

Valid

  • Joyce et al.

Late Triassic (Norian)

Bull Canyon Formation

  United States

A basal member of Testudinata. The type species is C. tenertesta. The genus Chinlechelys was considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Proganochelys by Joyce (2017), though the author maintained C. tenertesta as a distinct species within the latter genus.[30]

Derrisemys[31]

Junior synonym

  • Hutchison

Early Paleocene

  USA

Junior synonym of Hutchemys.[32]

Eileanchelys[33]

Valid

Middle Jurassic

Kilmaluag Formation

  Scotland

Hutchemys[34]

Valid

  • Joyce
  • Revan
  • Lyson
  • Danilov

Paleocene

Fort Union Formation
Tullock Formation

  USA

A plastomenine softshell turtles

Kinkonychelys[35]

Valid

Late Cretaceous

Maevarano Formation

  Madagascar

Palatobaena cohen[36]

Valid

  • Lyson
  • Joyce

Maastrichtian

Hell Creek Formation

  USA

A baenid

Peckemys[27]

Valid

  • Lyson
  • Joyce

Late Cretaceous

Hell Creek Formation

  USA

A baenid

Plastomenoides[31]

Junior synonym

  • Hutchison

Early Paleocene

  USA

Junior synonym of Hutchemys.[32]

Archosauromorphs

edit

Basal archosauromorphs

edit
Newly named basal archosauromorphs
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Czatkowiella[37]

Valid

  • Borsuk−Białynicka
  • Evans

earliest Late Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

  Poland

A long−necked archosauromorph

Archosaurs

edit

Lepidosauromorphs

edit

Basal lepidosauromorphs

edit
Newly named basal lepidosauromorphs
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Pamelina[38]

Valid

Early Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

  Poland

A basal kuehneosaurid

Sophineta[39]

Valid

  • Evans
  • Borsuk−Białynicka

earliest Late Olenekian

Czatkowice 1

  Poland

A basal lepidosauromorph

Plesiosaurs

edit
Newly named plesiosaurs
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Gallardosaurus[40]

Valid

  • Gasparini

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

Jagua Formation

  Cuba

 
Gallardosaurus

Nichollssaura[41]

Valid

  • Druckenmiller
  • Russell

Early Cretaceous (Albian)

Clearwater Formation

  Canada

Replacement name for Nichollsia Druckenmiller & Russell, 2008, preoccupied by an isopod genus Nichollsia Chopra & Tiwari, 1950

 
Nichollssaura.

Rarosaurus[42]

Disputed

  • Kaddumi

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

  Jordan

A member of Polycotylidae. The type species is R. singularis.

Squamates

edit
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Carinodens minalmamar[43]

Sp. nov

Valid

Schulp, Bardet & Bouya

Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)

  Morocco

A mosasaur.

Titanoboa[44]

Gen. et sp. nov

Valid

Head et al.

Paleocene

Cerrejón Formation

  Colombia

In February, the fossils of 28 individual T. cerrejonensis (Titanoboas) were announced to have been found in the coal mines of Cerrejón, La Guajira, Colombia.[45]

Synapsids

edit

Non-mammalian

edit
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Protuberum[46]

Valid

  • Reichel
  • Schultz
  • Soares

Middle Triassic (Ladinian)

Santa Maria Formation

  Brazil

Raranimus[47]

Valid

  • Liu
  • Rubidge
  • Li

Middle Permian (Roadian)

Xidagou Formation

  China

 
Raranimus dasahankouensis

Yuanotherium[48]

Valid

  • Hu
  • Meng
  • Clark

Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)

Shishugou Formation

  China

Mammals

edit

Plants

edit

Angiosperms

edit
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images

Eucalyptolaurus[49]

gen et sp nov

Valid

Coiffard et al.

uppermost Albian-lowermost Cenomanian

Charente-Maritimes

  France

Relevant research in other sciences

edit

Evolutionary biology

edit
  • A study is published that proposes that females from certain taxa use ornaments as a criterion for mate choice because other dimorphic structures, like biological "weaponry" could be used to coerce or force them to mate.[50]
  • A study concludes that biotic factors have more pronounced local and short term evolutionary impacts than abiotic factors, which in turn have a more pronounced effect through time and on biodiversity as a whole.[51]

Extinction

edit

A study noting the effects of the KT mass extinction on Earth's modern biota is published.[52]

Geology

edit

Ichnology

edit

Paleobiogeography

edit
  • Pereda-Suberbiola X (2009). "Biogeographical affinities of Late Cretaceous continental tetrapods of Europe: a review". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 180 (1): 57–71. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.1.57.

Paleoecology

edit
  • Nicolas M., Rubidge B.S. (2009). "Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa". Lethaia. 43: 45–59. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x.

Footnotes

edit

Complete author list

edit

As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

  1. ^ Mateus, Jacobs, Polcyn, Schulp, Vineyard, Neto, Antunes.
  2. ^ Vandermark, Tarduno, Brinkman, Cottrell, Mason.
  3. ^ Tong, Claude, Naksri, Suteethorn, Buffetaut, Khansubba, Wongko, Yuandetkla.
  4. ^ Anquetin, Barrett, Jones, Moore-Fay, Evans.

References

edit
  1. ^ Gini-Newman, Garfield; Graham, Elizabeth (2001). Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ISBN 9780070887398. OCLC 46769716.
  2. ^ Rare fossil octopuses found, NBC News, March 18, 2009
  3. ^ New Octopus from the late Cretaceous of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon, Palaeontology, Volume 52, Issue 1, Pages 65-81
  4. ^ a b Fuchs, D.; Bracchi, G.; Weis, R. (2009). "New Octopods (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Late Cretaceous (Upper Cenomanian) of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00828.x.
  5. ^ De Baets, K.; Klug, C.; Korn, D. (2009). "Anetoceratinae (Ammonoidea, Early Devonian) from the Eifel and Harz Mountains (Germany), with a revision of their genera". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 252 (3): 361–376. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0252-0361.
  6. ^ N.‐Z. Wang; X. Zhang; M. Zhu; W.‐J. Zhao (2009). "A new articulated hybodontoid from Late Permian of northwestern China". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 159–170. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00382.x.
  7. ^ a b Eileen D. Grogan; Richard Lund (2009). "Two new iniopterygians (Chondrichthyes) from the Mississippian (Serpukhovian) Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana with evidence of a new form of chondrichthyan neurocranium". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 134–151. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00371.x.
  8. ^ Davit Vasilyan; Bettina Reichenbacher; Giorgio Carnevale (2009). "A new fossil Aphanius species from the Upper Miocene of Armenia (Eastern Paratethys)". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 83 (4): 511–519. doi:10.1007/s12542-009-0034-4. S2CID 129643131.
  9. ^ a b c d A.M. Prokofiev (2009). "К систематике олигоценовых перкоидных рыб, известных под сборным названием "Serranus budensis", с выделением новых таксонов". Актуальные проблемы современной науки. 46: 199–222.
  10. ^ Giorgio Carnevale; Theodore W. Pietsch (2009). "An Eocene frogfish from Monte Bolca, Italy: the earliest known skeletal record for the family". Palaeontology. 52 (4): 745–752. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00874.x.
  11. ^ Brian Choo; John A. Long; Katherine Trinajstic (2009). "A new genus and species of basal actinopterygian fish from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 194–210. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00370.x.
  12. ^ Snitting, D. (2009). "Heddleichthys- a new tristichopterid genus from the Dura Den Formation, Midland Valley, Scotland (Famennian, Late Devonian)". Acta Zoologica. 90: 273–284. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00376.x.
  13. ^ Alexandre F. Bannikov; Giorgio Carnevale (2009). "A new percoid fish from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy: Hendrixella grandei gen. & sp. nov". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 102 (3): 481–488. doi:10.1007/s00015-009-1331-3. S2CID 129475416.
  14. ^ Clément, G; Snitting, D; Ahlberg, PE; Gaël Clément; Daniel Snitting; Per Erik Ahlberg (July 2009). "A new Tristichopterid (Sarcopterygii, Tetrapodomorpha) from the Evieux Formation (Upper Devonian) of Belgium". Palaeontology. 52 (4): 823–836. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00876.x.
  15. ^ Louis Taverne (2009). "Ridewoodichthys, a new genus for Brychaetus caheni from the marine Paleocene of Cabinda (Africa): re-description and comments on its relationships within the Osteoglossidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre. 79: 147–153.
  16. ^ Angela C. Milner; Andrew R. Milner; Stig A. Walsh (2009). "A new specimen of Baphetes from Nýřany, Czech Republic and the intrinsic relationships of the Baphetidae". Acta Zoologica. 90 (s1): 318–334. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.2008.00340.x.
  17. ^ a b Báez, Ana M.; Moura, Geraldo J.B.; Gómez, Raúl O.; Ana M. Báez; Geraldo J.B. Moura; Raúl O. Gómez (2009). "Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians". Cretaceous Research. 30 (4): 829–846. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.002.
  18. ^ Anderson, J.S.; Scott, D.; Reisz, R.R. (2009). "Nannaroter mckinziei, a new ostodolepid 'microsaur' (Tetrapoda, Lepospondyli, Recumbirostra) from the Early Permian of Richards Spur (Ft. Sill), Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (2): 379–388. doi:10.1671/039.029.0222. S2CID 130420068.
  19. ^ Skutschas, Pavel P.; Pavel P. Skutschas (2009). "Re-Evaluation of Mynbulakia Nesov, 1981 (Lissamphibia: Caudata) and Description of a New Salamander Genus from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (3): 659–664. doi:10.1671/039.029.0326. S2CID 85024012.
  20. ^ Zhang, Guilin; Wang, Yuan; Jones, Marc E.H.; Evans, Susan E.; Guilin Zhang; Yuan Wang; Marc E.H. Jones; Susan E. Evans (2009). "A new Early Cretaceous salamander (Regalerpeton weichangensis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Huajiying Formation of northeastern China". Cretaceous Research. 30 (3): 551–558. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2008.10.004.
  21. ^ Klembara, Jozef (2009). "The skeletal anatomy and relationships of a new discosauriscid seymouriamorph from the lower Permian of Moravia (Czech Republic)". Annals of Carnegie Museum. 77 (4): 451–483. doi:10.2992/0097-4463-77.4.451. S2CID 86629854.
  22. ^ Sean P. Modesto; Diane M. Scott; Robert R. Reisz (2009). "A new parareptile with temporal fenestration from the Middle Permian of South Africa". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 46 (1): 9–20. Bibcode:2009CaJES..46....9M. doi:10.1139/E09-001. Retrieved 14 August 2010.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; Mariusz Lubka (2009). "Procolophonids from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 107–144. Retrieved 12 August 2010..
  24. ^ Octávio Mateus; Louis Jacobs; Michael Polcyn; Anne S. Schulp; Diana Vineyard; André Buta Neto; Miguel Telles Antunes (2009). "The oldest African eucryptodiran turtle from the Cretaceous of Angola" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (4): 581–588. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0063. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  25. ^ Vandermark, D.; Tarduno, J.A.; Brinkman, D.B.; Cottrell, R.D.; Mason, S. (2009). "New Late Cretaceous macrobaenid turtle with Asian affinities from the High Canadian Arctic: dispersal via ice-free polar routes". Geology. 37 (2): 183–186. Bibcode:2009Geo....37..183V. doi:10.1130/G25415A.1.
  26. ^ Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. (2009). "Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.
  27. ^ a b Lyson, T.R.; Joyce, W.G. (2009). "A revision of Plesiobaena (Testudinoes: Baenidae) and an assessment of Baenid ecology across the K/T boundary". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (6): 833–853. doi:10.1666/09-035.1. S2CID 85964417.
  28. ^ Richard Franz; Shelley E. Franz (2009). "A new fossil land tortoise in the genus Chelonoidis (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the northern Bahamas, with an osteological assessment of other Neotropical tortoises". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 49 (1): 1–44.
  29. ^ Walter G. Joyce; Spencer G. Lucas; Torsten M. Scheyer; Andrew B. Heckert; Adrian P. Hunt (2009). "A thin-shelled reptile from the Late Triassic of North America and the origin of the turtle shell". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1656): 507–513. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1196. PMC 2664348. PMID 18842543.
  30. ^ Walter G. Joyce (2017). "A Review of the Fossil Record of Basal Mesozoic Turtles" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 58 (1): 65–113. doi:10.3374/014.058.0105. S2CID 54982901.
  31. ^ a b John Howard Hutchison (2009). "New soft-shelled turtles (Plastomeninae, Trionychidae, Testudines) from the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of North America". PaleoBios. 29 (2): 36–47. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  32. ^ a b Walter G. Joyce; Tyler R. Lyson (2011). "New Material of Gilmoremys lancensis nov. comb. (Testudines: Trionychidae) from the Hell Creek Formation and the Diagnosis of Plastomenid Turtles". Journal of Paleontology. 85 (3): 442–459. doi:10.1666/10-127.1. S2CID 129918006.
  33. ^ Anquetin, J.; Barrett, P.M.; Jones, M.E.H.; Moore-Fay, S.; Evans, S.E. (2009). "A new stem turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland: new insights into the evolution and palaeoecology of basal turtles". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 276 (1658): 879–886. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1429. PMC 2664364. PMID 19019789..
  34. ^ Walter G. Joyce; Ariel Revan; Tyler R. Lyson; Igor G. Danilov (2009). "Two New Plastomenine Softshell Turtles from the Paleocene of Montana and Wyoming" (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 50 (2): 307–325. doi:10.3374/014.050.0202. S2CID 85505337. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  35. ^ Gaffney, E.S.; Krause, D.W.; Zalmout, I.S. (2009). "Kinkonychelys, a new side-necked turtle (Pelomedusoides: Bothremydidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar". American Museum Novitates (3662): 1–25. doi:10.1206/672.1. hdl:2246/5985. S2CID 54740846.
  36. ^ Lyson, T.R.; Joyce, W.G. (2009). "A New Species of Palatobaena (Testudines: Baenidae) and a Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis of Baenidae". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (3): 457–470. doi:10.1666/08-172.1. S2CID 86045244.
  37. ^ Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka; Susan E. Evans (2009). "A long−necked archosauromorph from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 203–234. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
  38. ^ Susan E. Evans (2009). "An early kuehneosaurid reptile (Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 145–178. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  39. ^ Susan E. Evans; Magdalena Borsuk−Białynicka (2009). "A small lepidosauromorph reptile from the Early Triassic of Poland" (PDF). Paleontologica Polonica. 65: 179–202. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2010.
  40. ^ Gasparini, Z. (2009). "A New Oxfordian Pliosaurid (Plesiosauria, Pliosauridae) in the Caribbean Seaway". Palaeontology. 52 (3): 661–669. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00871.x. S2CID 55353949.
  41. ^ Druckenmiller, P.S.; Russell, A.P. (2009). "The new plesiosaurian genus Nichollssaura from Alberta, Canada: replacement name for the preoccupied genus Nichollsia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29 (1): 276. doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010379. S2CID 83847722.
  42. ^ Hani Faig Kaddumi (2009). "On the remains of the first plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Harrana with a description of a new genus and species of Polycotylidae". In Hani Faig Kaddumi (ed.). Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. pp. 158–162.
  43. ^ A.S. Schulp; N. Bardet; B. Bouya (2009). "A new species of the durophagous mosasaur Carinodens (Squamata, Mosasauridae) and additional material of Carinodens belgicus from the Maastrichtian phosphates of Morocco". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 88 (3): 161–167. doi:10.1017/S0016774600000871. S2CID 130121783.
  44. ^ Head, Jason J.; Jonathan I. Bloch; Alexander K. Hastings; Jason R. Bourque; Edwin A. Cadena; Fabiany A. Herrera; P. David Polly; Carlos A. Jaramillo (2009). "Giant boid snake from the paleocene neotropics reveals hotter past equatorial temperatures". Nature. 457 (7230): 715–718. Bibcode:2009Natur.457..715H. doi:10.1038/nature07671. PMID 19194448. S2CID 4381423.
  45. ^ Kwok, Roberta (4 February 2009). "Scientists find world's biggest snake". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2009.80. Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
  46. ^ Reichel, M.; Schultz, C.L.; Soares, M.B. (2009). "A new traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Middle Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". Palaeontology. 52 (1): 229–250. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00824.x. S2CID 129081834.
  47. ^ Liu, J.; Rubidge, B.; Li, J. (2009). "New basal synapsid supports Laurasian origin for therapsids". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 393–400. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0071.
  48. ^ Hu, Y.; Meng, J.; Clark, J.M. (2009). "A new tritylodontid from the Upper Jurassic of Xinjiang, China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 54 (3): 385–391. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0053.
  49. ^ Coiffard, C; Gomez, B; Thiébaut, M; Kvácek, J; Thévenard, F; Néraudeau, D (2009). "Intramarginal veined Lauraceae Leaves from the Albian-Cenomanian of Charente-Maritime (western France)". Palaeontology. 52 (2): 323–336. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00845.x.
  50. ^ Pradhan, G.R.; Van Schaik, C.P. (2009). "Why do females find ornaments attractive? The coercion-avoidance hypothesis". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 96 (2): 372–382. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01131.x.
  51. ^ Benton, M.J. (2009). "The Red Queen and the Court Jester: species diversity and the role of biotic and abiotic factors through time". Science. 323 (5915): 728–732. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..728B. doi:10.1126/science.1157719. PMID 19197051. S2CID 206512702.
  52. ^ Krug, A.Z.; Jablonski, D.; Valentine, J.W. (2009). "Signature of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in the modern biota". Science. 323 (5915): 767–771. Bibcode:2009Sci...323..767K. doi:10.1126/science.1164905. PMID 19197060. S2CID 47550103.