The year 1955 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed below.
Astronomy and space sciences
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Biochemistry
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Chemistry
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Climatology
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August 9 – Gilbert Plass submits his seminal article "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change".[15]
Computer science
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Earth sciences
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History of science and technology
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Mathematics
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Physiology and medicine
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Technology
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January 5 – Strömsund Bridge in Sweden completed, the first significant cable-stayed bridge of the modern era.[42]
July 17 – The first atomic-generated electrical power is sold commercially, partially powering Arco, Idaho , from the U.S. National Reactor Testing Station ; on July 18, Schenectady, New York , receives power from a prototype nuclear submarine reactor at Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory .[5]
August 24 – The first accurate atomic clock , a caesium standard based on a certain transition of the caesium-133 atom, is built by Louis Essen with J. V. L. Parry at the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom) .[20] [43]
December 12 – Christopher Cockerell is granted a United Kingdom patent for his design of hovercraft .
Swiss electrical engineer George de Mestral is granted a patent for the Velcro fabric hook-and-loop fastener.[44]
Tappan introduce the first domestic microwave oven , in the United States.[5]
American electrical engineer Eugene Polley invents the Zenith Flash-Matic, the first wireless television remote control .[45] [46]
Publications
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Steve Jobs and Bill Gates
January 1 – Simon Schaffer , English historian of science.
January 6 – Susan B. Horwitz (died 2014 ), American computer scientist and academic.
January 17 – Katalin Karikó , Hungarian-born biochemist, winner of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .[48]
January 24 – Alan Sokal , American mathematical physicist and proponent of scientific objectivity .
February 3 – Sue Ion , born Susan Burrows, English nuclear scientist .
February 24 – Steve Jobs (died 2011 ), American computing entrepreneur.
April 11 – Piers Sellers (died 2016 ), English-born astronaut and climate scientist.
April 20 – Svante Pääbo , Swedish evolutionary geneticist , winner of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
April 30 – Francis Muguet (died 2009 ), French chemist and advocate of open access to information.
May 30 – Jacqueline McGlade , British-born marine biologist and pioneer of environmental informatics .
June 8 – Tim Berners-Lee , English creator of the World Wide Web .[49]
June 11 – Duncan Steel , English/Australasian space scientist .
October 2 – Nancy Rothwell , English physiologist .
October 28 – Bill Gates , American software designer and entrepreneur.
November 4 – David Julius , American physiologist, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
December 22 – Thomas C. Südhof , German-born biochemist , winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Luis Álvarez-Gaumé , Spanish theoretical physicist.
February 2 – Oswald Avery (born 1877 ), Canadian-American bacteriologist .
March 11 – Sir Alexander Fleming (born 1881 ), British bacteriologist, winner of the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine .
March 15 – Michele Besso (born 1873 ), Swiss engineer, confidant of Einstein.
April 10 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin , SJ (born 1881), French-born paleontologist and philosopher .
April 17 – Eduard Pernkopf (born 1888 ), Austrian anatomist .
April 18 – Albert Einstein (born 1879 ), German-born theoretical physicist, winner of the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics .
June 12 – Redcliffe N. Salaman (born 1874 ), English botanist .
July 21 – J. B. Christopherson (born 1868 ), English physician .
August 11 – Robert W. Wood (born 1868), American optical physicist .
August 12 – James B. Sumner (born 1887 ), American winner of the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry .
November 25 – Sir Arthur Tansley (born 1871 ), English botanist and ecologist .
December 13 – Antonio Egas Moniz (born 1874), Portuguese neurologist , winner of the 1949 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
References
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^ Hoyle, F.; Schwarzschild, M. (1955). "On the Evolution of Type II Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 2 : 1–40. Bibcode :1955ApJS....2....1H . doi :10.1086/190015 .
^ Burbidge, E. Margaret (1999). "Hoyle & Schwarzschild's Analysis of the Evolution of Population II Stars". The Astrophysical Journal . 525C : 639. Bibcode :1999ApJ...525C.639B .
^ Burke, B. F.; Franklin, K. L. (1955). "Observations of a variable radio source associated with the planet Jupiter". Journal of Geophysical Research . 60 (2): 213–217. Bibcode :1955JGR....60..213B . doi :10.1029/JZ060i002p00213 .
^ "Stand By Satellite For Take OffP" . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines. July 1957. pp. 65–69, 216.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "1955". Houghton Mifflin Guide to Science & Technology .
^ Franklin, Rosalind E. (1955). "Structure of Tobacco Mosaic Virus". Nature . 175 (4452): 379–381. Bibcode :1955Natur.175..379F . doi :10.1038/175379a0 . PMID 14356181 . S2CID 1109700 .
^ Tjio, J.-H.; Levan, A. (1956). "The chromosome number of man" . Hereditas . 42 (1–2): 1–6. doi :10.1111/j.1601-5223.1956.tb03010.x . PMID 345813 .
^ Harper, Peter S. (2006). "The discovery of the human chromosome number in Lund, 1955–1956" . Human Genetics . 119 (1–2): 226–232. doi :10.1007/s00439-005-0121-x . PMID 16463025 . S2CID 12237105 . Retrieved 2011-08-18 .
^ Schafer, W. (1955). "Vergleichende sero-immunologische Untersuchungen über die Viren der Influenza und klassischen Geflügelpest" [Comparative sero-immunological studies on the viruses of influenza and classical avian influenza]. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung . 10 (2): 81–91. doi :10.1515/znb-1955-0205 . S2CID 94565421 .
^ Lycett, Samantha J.; Duchatel, Florian; Digard, Paul (2019-06-24). "A brief history of bird flu" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 374 (1775): 20180257. doi :10.1098/rstb.2018.0257 . ISSN 0962-8436 . PMC 6553608 . PMID 31056053 .
^ Applied for in 1953. Greenwood, David (21 February 2008). Antimicrobial Drugs: Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199534845 – via Google Books. McFaul, Thomas R.; Brunsting, Al (2014). God Is Here to Stay: Science, Evolution, and Belief in God . Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 9781630871802 – via Google Books.
^ Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B.; Choppin, G.; Thompson, S.; Seaborg, G. (1955). "New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101" . Physical Review . 98 (5): 1518–19. Bibcode :1955PhRv...98.1518G . doi :10.1103/PhysRev.98.1518 .
^
^ Calderbank, A.; et al. (1978). "Chapter 9: Bipyridylium herbicides". In Peacock, F. C. (ed.). Jealott's Hill: Fifty years of Agricultural Research 1928-1978 . Imperial Chemical Industries. pp. 67–86. ISBN 0901747017 .
^ Plass, Gilbert N. (May 1956). "The Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate Change". Tellus . 8 (2): 140–54. Bibcode :1956Tell....8..140P . doi :10.1111/j.2153-3490.1956.tb01206.x .
^ Weik, Martin H. (1961). "The ENIAC Story" . Ftp.arl.mil. Archived from the original on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2011-08-18 .
^ Spira, Jonathan B. (2011). Overload! How Too Much Information is Hazardous to your Organization . Wiley. p. 51. ISBN 978-1118064177 . Retrieved 2013-06-08 .
^ Reilly, Edwin D. (2013). Milestones in Computer Science and Information Technology . Greenwood. p. 274. ISBN 978-1573565219 . Retrieved 2013-06-08 .
^ Patterson, C. (1956). "Age of meteorites and the Earth". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta . 10 (4): 230–237. Bibcode :1956GeCoA..10..230P . doi :10.1016/0016-7037(56)90036-9 .
^ a b Winston, Robert , ed. (2013). "1955". Science Year by Year . London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 978-1-4093-1613-8 .
^ Rix, Michael (October 1955). "Industrial Archaeology". The Amateur Historian . 2 (8): 225–9.
^ Cox, D. R. (1955). "Some Statistical Methods Connected with Series of Events". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . 17 (2): 129–164. doi :10.1111/j.2517-6161.1955.tb00188.x .
^ Brauer, R. ; Fowler, K. A. (1955). "On groups of even order". Annals of Mathematics . 2nd series. 62 (3): 565–583. doi :10.2307/1970080 . ISSN 0003-486X . JSTOR 1970080 . MR 0074414 . S2CID 48846261 .
^ Chevalley, Claude (1955). "Sur certains groupes simples" . Tohoku Mathematical Journal . 2nd series. 7 (1–2): 14–66. doi :10.2748/tmj/1178245104 . ISSN 0040-8735 . MR 0073602 .
^ Gilbert, E. (1955), Theory of shuffling , Technical memorandum, Bell Labs .
^ "Canadian Mathematical Bulletin" . Canadian Mathematical Society. 1967: 764.
^ Roth, K. F. (1955). "Rational approximations to algebraic numbers". Mathematika . 2 : 1–20, 168. doi :10.1112/S0025579300000644 . ISSN 0025-5793 . MR 0072182 .
^ Taniyama, Yutaka (1956), "Problem 12", Sugaku (in Japanese), 7 : 269
^ Hopkins, H. H.; Kapany, N. S. (1955). "Transparent fibres for the transmission of optical images". Optica Acta . 1 (4): 164–170. Bibcode :1955AcOpt...1..164H . doi :10.1080/713818685 .
^ Rotblat, Joseph (March 1955). "The Hydrogen-Uranium Bomb". Atomic Scientists Journal . 4 : 224.
^ "Early-Warning Radars (part 3)" . Lincoln Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2013-03-12. Retrieved 2013-01-19 .
^ Müller, Erwin W.; Bahadur, Kanwar (1956). "Field Ionization of gases at a metal surface and the resolution of the field ion microscope". Physical Review . 102 (3): 624–631. Bibcode :1956PhRv..102..624M . doi :10.1103/physrev.102.624 .
^ Jacoby, Mitch (2008-11-28). "Atomic Imaging Turns 50" . Chemical & Engineering News . 83 (48): 13–16.
^ Haroldsen, Ray. The Story of the Borax Nuclear Reactor and the EBR-I Meltdown . ISBN 978-1-56684-706-3 .
^ Alvarez, L. W. (1987). Alvarez: Adventures of a Physicist . Basic Books . pp. 185–9. ISBN 0-465-00115-7 .
^ "Science Places Liverpool" . 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-20 .
^ Franklin D. Roosevelt is one of the most famous polio victims.) By the early 1950s, polio epidemics had been increasing in severity ... Archived 2015-04-07 at the Wayback Machine history1900s.about.com
^ Beecher, Henry K. (1955). "The Powerful Placebo". Journal of the American Medical Association . 159 (17): 1602–1606. doi :10.1001/jama.1955.02960340022006 . PMID 13271123 .
^ Acheson, E. D. (1959). "The clinical syndrome variously called benign myalgic encephalomyelitis, Iceland disease and epidemic neurоmyasthaenia" (PDF) . The American Journal of Medicine . 26 (4): 569–95. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.534.4761 . doi :10.1016/0002-9343(59)90280-3 . PMID 13637100 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2011-07-29 .
^ Banoth, M.; Naru, R. R.; Inamdar, M. B.; Chowhan, A. K. (2018). "Familial Swyer syndrome: a rare genetic entity". Gynecological Endocrinology . 34 (5): 389–393. doi :10.1080/09513590.2017.1393662 . PMID 29069951 . S2CID 4452231 . {{cite journal }}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link )
^ "Historical timeline: 1852-1967" . Textbook of Cardiology . Retrieved 2022-10-27 .
^ "Strömsund Bridge (1955)" . Structurae . Retrieved 2010-10-02 .
^ Essen, L.; Parry, J. V. L. (13 August 1955). "An Atomic Standard of Frequency and Time Interval: A Cæsium Resonator". Nature . 176 (4476): 280–2. Bibcode :1955Natur.176..280E . doi :10.1038/176280a0 . S2CID 4191481 .
^ Stephens, Thomas (2007-01-04). "How a Swiss invention hooked the world" . swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2011-12-16 .
^ "Inventor of the TV remote control dies" . Chicago Tribune . 2012-05-22. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23. Retrieved 2012-05-23 .
^ "TV remote control inventor Eugene Polley dies at 96" . BBC News . 2012-05-22. Retrieved 2012-05-23 .
^ Garfield, Eugene (15 July 1955). "Citation indexes for science: a new dimension in documentation through association of ideas" (PDF) . Science . 122 (3159): 108–111. Bibcode :1955Sci...122..108G . doi :10.1126/science.122.3159.108 . PMID 14385826 . Retrieved 2011-07-29 . [permanent dead link ]
^ Gallagher, James (2023-10-02). "Nobel Prize goes to scientists behind mRNA Covid vaccines" . BBC News . Retrieved 2023-10-02 .
^ "Tim Berners-Lee | Biography, Education, Internet, Contributions, & Facts | Britannica" . www.britannica.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023 .