The year 1948 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Astronomy and space science
edit- February 16 – Miranda, innermost of the large moons of Uranus, is discovered by Gerard Kuiper from the McDonald Observatory in Texas.[1]
- October 10 – An R-1 (missile) on test becomes the first Soviet launch to enter space.[2]
Biology
edit- August 7 – Teaching and research in Mendelian genetics is prohibited in the Soviet Union in favour of Lysenkoist theories of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.[3][4]
- October 5 – Delegates to a conference organised by Sir Julian Huxley at Fontainebleau agree to formation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[5]
- November 20 – The South Island takahē, a flightless bird generally thought to have been extinct for fifty years, is rediscovered by Geoffrey Orbell near Lake Te Anau in the South Island of New Zealand.
- Last recorded sighting of the Caspian tiger in Kazakhstan.
- Publication of Fairfield Osborne's Our Plundered Planet, a Malthusian critique of human environmental destruction.[6][7]
Computer science
edit- May 12 – World's first stored-program computer operates, the mechanical ARC (Automatic Relay Calculator) at Birkbeck College, University of London (largely built by Kathleen Booth).[8]
- June 21 – World's first working program run on an electronic stored-program computer, the Manchester Baby (written by Tom Kilburn).[9]
- July–October – Claude E. Shannon publishes "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in Bell System Technical Journal, regarded as a foundation of information theory,[10] introducing the concept of Shannon entropy and adopting the term Bit.
History of science
edit- December 17 – The original Wright Flyer goes on display in the Smithsonian Institution.
Medicine and human sciences
edit- January 5 – The first Kinsey Report, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is published in the United States.
- April 7 – The World Health Organization is established by the United Nations.
- July 5 – The National Health Service begins functioning in the United Kingdom, giving the right to universal healthcare, free at point of use.[11]
- Winter 1948/49 – Outbreak of Akureyri disease in Iceland.
- In psychology, Bertram Forer demonstrates the Barnum effect (that people tend to accept generalised descriptions of personality as uniquely applicable to themselves).
- Julius Axelrod and Bernard Brodie identify the analgesic properties of acetaminophen.
Meteorology
edit- March 25 – Meteorologists at Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City issue the world's first tornado forecast, for the second of the 1948 Tinker Air Force Base tornadoes.
Physics
edit- April 1 – Physicists Ralph Asher Alpher and George Gamow publish the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper about the Big Bang.[12]
- May 29 – Casimir effect predicted by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.[13]
- Herbert Fröhlich makes a key breakthrough in understanding superconductivity, at the University of Liverpool.[14]
Technology
edit- June 18 – Columbia Records unveil the LP records developed by Peter Goldmark of CBS Laboratories.[15][16][17]
- First modern long-span permanent box girder bridge completed, between Cologne and Deutz.[18]
Publications
edit- First publication of Norbert Wiener's Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.
- Publication in Britain of the novel No Highway by former aeronautical engineer Nevil Shute, dealing with the effects of metal fatigue on aircraft.
Awards
editBirths
edit- January 30 – Akira Yoshino, Japanese chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- March 1 – Alison Richard, English primatologist and academic.
- March 9 – László Lovász, Hungarian computer scientist.
- March 21 – Robert Watson, British atmospheric chemist.
- May – David Mabberley, English-born plant taxonomist.
- June 13 – Nina L. Etkin (died 2009), American anthropologist and biologist.
- June 28 – Kenneth Alan Ribet, American mathematician.
- July 20 – Martin Green, Australian solar cell researcher.
- August 4 – Giorgio Parisi, Italian theoretical physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
- August 7 – James P. Allison, American immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- August 25 – Nicholas A. Peppas, Greek chemical and biomedical engineer.
- August 29 – Robert S. Langer, American biomedical engineer.
- August 30 – Victor Skumin, Russian scientist, psychiatrist and psychologist; describes Skumin syndrome in 1978.
- September 2 – Christa McAuliffe, born Sharon Christa Corrigan (died 1986), American astronaut.
- October 29 – Frans de Waal, Dutch primatologist.
- October 31 – Mu-ming Poo, Chinese neuroscientist.
- December 30 – Randy Schekman, American cell biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- Margaret Allen, American cardiothoracic surgeon.
- Robert Plomin, American-born psychologist.
Deaths
edit- January 30 – Orville Wright (born 1871), American pioneer aviator.
- May 26 – Sir George Newman (born 1870), English public health physician.
- June 10 – Philippa Fawcett (born 1868), English mathematician.
- June 21 – D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (born 1860), Scottish biologist.
- December 12 – Marjory Stephenson (born 1885), English biochemist.
References
edit- ^ Moore, Patrick (1995). The Guinness Book of Astronomy (5th ed.). Enfield, UK: Guinness Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 978-0851126432.
- ^ Wade, Mark. "R-1". Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
- ^ Joravsky, David (1970). The Lysenko Affair. Russian Research Center studies, 61. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-53985-3.
- ^ Cohen, Barry M. (1965). "The descent of Lysenko". The Journal of Heredity. 56 (5): 229–233. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a107425.
- ^ Christoffersen, Leif E. (1994). "IUCN: A Bridge-Builder for Nature Conservation" (PDF). Green Globe YearBook. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ Netzley, Patricia (1999). Environmental Literature. California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-000-0.
- ^ Desrochers, Pierre; Hoffbauer, Christine (2009). "The Post War Intellectual Roots of the Population Bomb: Fairfield Osborne's Our Plundered Planet and William Vogt's Road to Survival in retrospect" (PDF). The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development. 1 (3): 73–97. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2011-12-08.
- ^ Campbell-Kelly, Martin (2022-11-12). "Kathleen Booth". The Guardian. London. p. 9 (Journal). Retrieved 2022-11-13.
- ^ Enticknap, Nicholas (Summer 1998). "Computing's Golden Jubilee". Resurrection (20). Computer Conservation Society. ISSN 0958-7403. Archived from the original on 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
- ^ James, Ioan (2009). "Claude Elwood Shannon 30 April 1916 – 24 February 2001". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 55: 257–265. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2009.0015.
- ^ "The Lost Decade Timeline". BBC. Archived from the original on 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2007-09-25.
- ^ Alpher, R. A.; Bethe, H.; Gamow, G. (1948-04-01). "The Origin of Chemical Elements" (PDF). Physical Review. 73 (7): 803–804. Bibcode:1948PhRv...73..803A. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.73.803. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2011-03-10.
- ^ Casimir, H. B. G. (1948). "On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates" (PDF). Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wet. 51: 793.
- ^ "Science Places Liverpool". 2008. Retrieved 2011-03-20.
- ^ Goldmark, Peter (1973). Maverick Inventor: My Turbulent Years at CBS. New York: Saturday Review Press. ISBN 978-0-8415-0046-4.
- ^ "Columbia Diskery: CBS Show Microgroove Platters to Press; Tell How It Began". Billboard: 3. 1948-06-26.
- ^ Marmorstein, Gary (2007). The Label: the Story of Columbia Records. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-56025-707-3.
- ^ Brown, David J. (1993). Bridges. London: Mitchell Beazley. p. 94. ISBN 978-1-85732-163-0.