The 1590s decade ran from January 1, 1590, to December 31, 1599.

Events

1590

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1591

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1592

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1593

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit
  • July 25 – As he promised in January, Henry IV of France abjures Protestantism at the Basilica of Saint-Denis.[62] Legend attributes to him the saying Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a mass").[63]
  • July 29 – The Long War breaks out in Hungary between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.
  • August 3 – Poland's council of nobles, the Sejm, grants permission to King Sigismund III Vasa and his wife, Queen consort Anne, to travel to Sweden to claim the Swedish crown.
  • August 24 – After losing the Battle of Sisak two months earlier, the Ottoman Empire attacks the Austrian fortress guarding the city and breaks through its walls with cannon fire, forcing its surrender on August 30.
  • September 10 – With no fortress or troops to defend Croatia, Ottoman General Mehmed Pasha captures the city of Sisak. Selânikî Mustafa Efendi, Tarih-i Selânikî (Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999)

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1594

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1595

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit
  • October 26Battle of Giurgiu: Michael the Brave, led by Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory, again defeats the Turkish army led by Sinan Pasha, pushing them on the east side of the Danube.
  • October 30 – The surviving members of Spain's Mendaña expedition to Santa Cruz, including Mendaña's widow Isabel Barreto, decide to abandon the Santa Cruz colony in the South Pacific.
  • November 7 – Portuguese explorer Sebastião Rodrigues Soromenho, who had departed from the Philippines on the ship San Agustin on July 5 with cargo of Asian silk, porcelain, and almost 100 passengers and crew, drops anchor at Drakes Bay in what is now the U.S. state of California. [94] He and some of his crew come ashore, where they are greeted by Native Americans. A gale in a few weeks later sinks the San Agustin, killing at least 7 people and ruining the ship's cargo. The crew salvages a launch that they had brought with them.
  • November 8 – The Battle of Guadalupe Island is fought between nine English Navy warships (led by Sir Francis Drake) and eight Spanish frigates off in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish force wins the battle, capturing one ship and killing 45 English sailors. Both sets of ships proceed toward Puerto Rico.
  • November 9 – In India, Prince Man Singh I, Maharaja of Amber within the Mughal Empire, becomes the Mughal Governor (subahdar) of Bengal in what is now Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. He lays the foundations of a new capital of Bengal, Akbarnagar (now Rajmahal, Jharkhand state). [95]
  • November 17 – In the remodeling of the Church of Saint Sylvester in Rome, the ashes of Pope Anterus are discovered almost 1,360 years after his death. Anterus had served as Pope for six weeks before dying on January 3, 236. [96]
  • November 18 – The settlers of the first attempt to create a European colony in the South Pacific depart from Santa Cruz Island on three surviving ships, the San Geronimo, the San Felipe and the Santa Catalina (which disappears during the attempt to return home). Despite the lack of navigation charts, navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós brings the San Geronimo and the San Felipe back to Manila Bay, arriving on February 11 after 12 weeks and the deaths of 50 passengers.
  • November 22 – The Battle of San Juan is fought off of the island of Puerto Rico as an English fleet of 27 ships and 2,500 men, led by Francis Drake, attempts to invade the Spanish colony. In a three-day battle, the English lose at least eight ships and 400 men, including Admiral John Hawkins. Drake's fleet withdraws and attempts to conquer Panama. [97]
  • December 8 – A group of 80 people from the sunken ship San Agustin, are able to leave California on the launch which they had brought along, which they name the San Buenaventura. The group sails past San Francisco Bay and arrives at Chacala in Mexico on January 17. [94]
  • December 9 – What is probably the first performance of William Shakespeare's play, Richard II, takes place in London.
  • December 14 – Sultan Murad, 4th son of Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire invades Ahmednagar Sultanate which is defended by Chand Bibi.

Date unknown

edit

1596

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1597

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1598

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

1599

January–March

edit

April–June

edit

July–September

edit

October–December

edit

Date unknown

edit

Births

1590

 
Emperor Ahmed I
 
Pope Clement X

1591

 
Guercino
 
Michael de Sanctis

1592

 
Emperor Shah Jahan born on January 15
 
Sir John Eliot born on April 11
 
Francis Quarles born on May 8
 
Emperor Hong Taiji born on November 28

1593

 
Saint Jean de Brebeuf
 
Catherine de' Medici, Governor of Siena
 
Cesare Monti
 
Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Duchess of Saxe-Altenburg
 
William, Margrave of Baden-Baden
 
Sixtinus Amama
 
Liborius Wagner

1594

 
Maria Tesselschade Visscher
 
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

1595

 
Hedwig of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
 
Jan Marek Marci
 
Guru Hargobind
 
Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł

1596

 
Jan van Goyen
 
René Descartes
 
Emperor Go-Mizunoo

1597

 
Henry Gage
 
Justus Sustermans

1598

 
Maarten Tromp
 
Gian Lorenzo Bernini

1599

 
Saint John Berchmans
 
Oliver Cromwell

Deaths

1590

 
Saint Catherine de Ricci
 
Pope Sixtus V
 
Pope Urban VII

Bernard Palissy, French potter (b. 1510)

1591

 
Pope Gregory XIV
 
John of the Cross
 
Pope Innocent IX

1592

 
Saint Paschal Baylon died on May 17, 1592
 
King John III of Sweden died on November 17, 1592

1593

 
Emperor Ogimachi
 
The Marlowe portrait, often claimed to be Christopher Marlowe, playwright

1594

 
Tintoretto
 
Martin Frobisher
 
Gerardus Mercator

1595

 
Murad III
 
Torquato Tasso
 
Saint Philip Neri
 
Magnus, Duke of Östergötland
 
Patriarch Jeremias II of Constantinople
 
Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira

1596

 
Sir Francis Drake
 
Hattori Hanzō

1597

 
Willem Barentsz
 
Edward Kelley
 
Saint Peter Canisius

1598

 
Tsar Feodor I of Russia
 
King Philip II of Spain
 
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
 
Yi Sun-sin

1599

 
Cornelis de Houtman
 
Andrew Báthory

References

edit
  1. ^ "Hurtado de Mendoza, García", by Miguel Molina Martínez, in Diccionario Biográfico Español (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018).
  2. ^ "Luis de Velasco y Castilla", by María Justina Sarabia Viejo, in Diccionario Biográfico Español (Real Academia de la Historia, 2018)
  3. ^ Jonathan Israel, Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585-1713 (Bloomsbury, 1997) p.29
  4. ^ Hans Delbrück (1975). History of the Art of War Within the Framework of Political History: The Modern Era. Greenwood Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8371-8165-3.
  5. ^ "Ottoman-Safavid Wars", in Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, ed. by Alexander Mikaberidze (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p.698
  6. ^ Henry Kamen, Spain 1469—1714: A Society of Conflict (Pearson, 1983)
  7. ^ Roger Kerr, A General History of Voyages and Travels to the End of the 18th Century (Ulan Press, 2012) p.396-399
  8. ^ "Anne of Denmark: Biography". www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  9. ^ Robert Bireley, Ferdinand II, Counter-Reformation Emperor, 1578–1637 (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p.10
  10. ^ "The Japanese Embassy to Europe", by Dereck Massarella, in The Journal of the Hakluyt Society (February 2013)
  11. ^ Stephen Turnbull, The Samurai Sourcebook (Cassell & Company, 1998) p.241
  12. ^ a b David Stick, Roanoke Island: The Beginnings of English America (University of North Carolina Press, 1983) pp. 209–210
  13. ^ Jim Harbaugh, The Conclave: A Sometimes Secret and Occasionally Bloody History of Papal Elections (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p.123
  14. ^ a b Parminder Summon (2004). Summon's Christian Miscellany. Lion. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-7459-5174-4.
  15. ^ "1590 09 15 23:50 - Niederroesterreich". The SHARE European Earthquake Catalogue (SHEEC) 1000-1899. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  16. ^ a b c "Konklave vom 05.10. - 05.12.1590 zur Wahl von Papst Gregor XIV" Vatican History.org
  17. ^ a b U Kala, Maha Yazawin, Vol. 3 (1724), reprinted 2006 by Ya-Pyei Publishing) 90) p.90
  18. ^ "Mutual Occultation of Planets", by Stephen Breyer, Sky and Telescope (1979) p.220
  19. ^ "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)", by Lansiné Kaba, in The Journal of African History, pp. 457–475
  20. ^ Ive Mažuran, Povijest Hrvatske od 15. stoljeća do 18. stoljeća [History of Croatia from the 15th to the 18th century] (Golden Marketing, 1998) pp.139-141
  21. ^ Nicola Mary Sutherland (2002). Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: The path to Rome. Intellect Books. p. 373. ISBN 978-1-84150-702-6.
  22. ^ Lawrence Normand; Gareth Roberts (2000). Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland: James VI's Demonology and the North Berwick Witches. University of Exeter Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-85989-680-1.
  23. ^ Robert Pitcairn, Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland, volume 2 (Bannatyne Club 1833) pp. 241, 348
  24. ^ Richard A. McCabe, The Oxford Handbook of Edmund Spenser (Oxford University Press, 2010) p. 112
  25. ^ a b c Michael Ott, "Pope Gregory XIV", in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 7 (Robert Appleton Company, 1910)
  26. ^ ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Saʿdī (1 January 1999). Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʻdī's Taʼrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents. Brill. p. 259. ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
  27. ^ a b c Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 233–238. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  28. ^ Abu Fazl (translated by Henry Beveridge), Victory Of The K. Azim M. Koka And The Disgrace Of Mozaffar Gujrati in The Akbarnama (Packard Humanities Institute, 1862).
  29. ^ "Britain's oldest building firm collapses". BBC News. 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-04.
  30. ^ Ahmet Türk, The Crimean Khanate Under the Reign of Ğazı II Giray (Bilkent University, 2006)
  31. ^ Constantin Rezachevici, Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova a. 1324–1881 (Editura Enciclopedică, 2001) p. 432 ("A Criticism and Chronology of the Lords of Wallachia and Moldova, 1324–1881")
  32. ^ a b J. J. Colledge and Ben Warlow, Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of All Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy from the 15th Century to the Present (Pen & Sword Books Limited, 2021)
  33. ^ Stephen Turnbull, The Samurai Sourcebook (Cassell & Company, 1998) p. 241
  34. ^ "Gareth Jenkins, Political Islam in Turkey: Running West, Heading East? (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) p.44
  35. ^ "Konklave vom 27.-29.10.1591 zur Wahl von Papst Innozenz IX", VaticanHistory.de, or Archive.org
  36. ^ Noel Grove (1997). National Geographic Atlas of World History. National Geographic Society. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-7922-7023-2.
  37. ^ Philip Benedict, Rouen During the Wars of Religion (Cambridge University Press, 2004) p.218
  38. ^ Sergio Buonadonna and Mario Marcenaro, Rosso doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797 (De Ferrari Editore, 2000)
  39. ^ "Account of the attempt upon Holyroodhouse, 1591", by J. R., in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine (October 1817), p.31
  40. ^ The Book Review. C. Chari for Perspective Publications. 1996. p. 38.
  41. ^ Commentarii Collegii Conimbricensis Societatis Jesu in octo libros physicorum Aristotelis Stagyritæ.
  42. ^ Nicola Mary Sutherland (2002). Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: The path to Rome. Intellect Books. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-84150-702-6.
  43. ^ James S. Donnelly (2004). Encyclopedia of Irish History and Culture. Macmillan Reference USA. p. xxix. ISBN 978-0-02-865699-1.
  44. ^ John Lothrop Motley, History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce to 1609 (Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1895) p.146
  45. ^ James D. Tully, The History of Plague: As it Has Lately Appeared in the Islands of Malta, Gozo, Corfu, Cephalonia, Etc. Detailing Important Facts, Illustrative of the Specific Contagion of that Disease, with Particulars of the Means Adopted for Its Eradication (Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1821)
  46. ^ Stephen R. Turnbull (1996). The Samurai: A Military History. Psychology Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-873410-38-7.
  47. ^ Royal Historical Commission of Burma, Hmannan Yazawin (1832, reprinted by Ministry of Information of Myanmar, 2003) p.93
  48. ^ Metzger, Bruce M. (1977). "VII The Latin Versions". The Early Versions of the New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 349.
  49. ^ Reginald H. Adams, The Parish Clerks of London (Phillimore, 1971)
  50. ^ Katz, Brigit (2018). "Thailand Drops Charges Against Historian Who Questioned the Facts Around Historic 16th-Century Duel". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  51. ^ Paweł Jasienica (1987). The Commonwealth of Both Nations: The Silver Age. American Institute of Polish Culture. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-87052-394-6.
  52. ^ Kenneth M. Swope, A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2009) p.156
  53. ^ Kenneth B. Lee; Kong-bok Yi (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-275-95823-7.
  54. ^ "and Mathematics in the Sixteenth Century", by David Eugene Smith, in Annals of Medical History (July 1917) p.131
  55. ^ Papers Illustrative of the Origin and Early History of the Royal Hospital at Chelsea (Antiposi Verlag, 2023, reprint of 1872) p.5
  56. ^ Castex, Jean-Claude (2012). Dictionnaire des Batailles navales franco-anglaises. Les Éditions du Phare-Ouest. p. 59. ISBN 9782921668194.
  57. ^ Cox, Michael, ed. (2004). The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860634-6.
  58. ^ Freeman, Arthur (1973). "Marlowe, Kyd, and the Dutch Church Libel". English Literary Renaissance. 3. University of Chicago: 44–52. doi:10.1086/ELRv3n1p44. S2CID 151720064. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
  59. ^ Hotson, Leslie (1925). The Death of Christopher Marlowe. London: Nonesuch Press.
  60. ^ Bèze, Théodore (2010). Correspondance. Tome XXXIV, 1593. Librairie Droz. p. 165. ISBN 9782600314688.
  61. ^ Branka Magaš (2007). Croatia Through History: The Making of a European State. Saqi. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-86356-775-9.
  62. ^ Le Roux, Nicolas (May 13, 2013). La Faveur du Roi: Mignons et courtisans au temps des derniers valois (vers 1547–vers 1589). Éditions Champ Vallon. ISBN 9782876737518.
  63. ^ Lacotte, Daniel (2016). Les Mots célèbres de l'histoire. Albin Michel. ISBN 9782226379887.
  64. ^ Mark C. Fissel, English Warfare, 1511–1642; Warfare and History. London: Routledge, 2001) p.183 After being halted by winter weather, the Spanish resume the siege in March but abandon it by May 6.
  65. ^ Hewinson, James King (1912). Dumfriesshire. Cambridge University Press. p. 93.
  66. ^ Donald F. Lach, Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery (University of Chicago Press, 2008) p.721
  67. ^ British Library Harley MS 7553.
  68. ^ Tietoa Laukaasta – Laukaa.fi (in Finnish)
  69. ^ "Khwaja Usman". Banglapedia. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
  70. ^ Chambers, Anne (2003). Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley (2nd ed.). New York: MJF Books. ISBN 978-1-56731-858-6.
  71. ^ "King Tilokarat (1441–1485)", in Popular History of Thailand, by Manich Jumsai (Claremint, 1976) pp. 227–231
  72. ^ "Shakespeare quartos: Titus Andronicus"
  73. ^ Vladimir Ćorović, Istorija srpskog naroda (Ianis, 1997)
  74. ^ F. E. Halliday, A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964 (Penguin, 1964) p.24
  75. ^ Richard Hakluyt, The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation (1598), reprinted 2002, p.571
  76. ^ David F. Marley, Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present (ABC-CLIO, 1994)
  77. ^ "Fundación de la Ciudad de San Luis". www.efemeridesargentina.com.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-29.
  78. ^ László Markó, A magyar állam főméltóságai Szent Istvántól napjainkig – Életrajzi Lexikon ("The High Officers of the Hungarian State from Saint Stephen to the Present Days – A Biographical Encyclopedia") (Helikon Kiadó Kft., 2006) p.113
  79. ^ Clare McManus, Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court, 1590–1618 (Manchester, 2002), p. 83.
  80. ^ Wallace T. MacCaffrey, Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588-1603 (Princeton University Press, 1994) pp. 193
  81. ^ Hugh Bicheno, Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas (Conway, 2012) pp. 279-280
  82. ^ John Keay and Julia Keay, The Collins Enclyclopaedia of Scotland (HarperCollins, 1994) p.468
  83. ^ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Aragón y Castilla ("The Spanish Armada after the Union of the Kingdoms of Aragon and Castile") Vol. III. (Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1897). pp. 86–90.
  84. ^ a b "Union of Brest", by Charles Herbermann, in The Catholic Encyclopedia (Robert Appleton Company, 1913)
  85. ^ Visheshwar Sarup Bhargava, Marwar And The Mughal Emperors (1526–1748) (Munshiram Manoharlal, 1966) pp. 61–62
  86. ^ Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet) Histoire du Parlement de Paris (1769)
  87. ^ "Introduction", by Charles Whitworth, ed., William Shakespeare: The Comedy of Errors (Oxford University Press, 2003) p.1
  88. ^ Donald Quataert, The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 (Cambridge University Press, 2000) p.90
  89. ^ Michael Bormann, Beitrag zur Geschichte der Ardennen ("Contribution to the history of the Ardennes") (Lintzschen Buchhandlung, 1841) pp. 242–243
  90. ^ "The Cockpit of Ulster: War along the River Blackwater 593-1603", by James O'Neill, in Ulster Journal of Archaeology (2013) p.186
  91. ^ John Lothrop Motley, The History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce, Complete (1584-1609) (1860, reprinted by Library of Alexandria, 2004)
  92. ^ Russia. Posolstvo (Great Britain) (1994). England and the North: The Russian Embassy of 1613-1614. American Philosophical Society. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-87169-210-8.
  93. ^ a b Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 163–165. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
  94. ^ a b Aker, Raymond (1965). The Cermen̄o Expedition at Drake's Bay (PDF). Drake Navigators Guild. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  95. ^ Jadunath Sarkar, A History of Jaipur, c. 1503-1938 (Orient Longman, 1984) p.81
  96. ^ Artaud de Montor, The Lives and Times of the Popes: Including the Complete Gallery of Portraits of the Pontiffs Reproduced from Effigies (The Catholic Publication Society of America, 1911) pp. 49–50
  97. ^ Thomas Maynarde, Sir Francis Drake: His Voyage, 1595, including an Account off What Took Place at San Juan de Puerto Rico (reprinted by Routledge, 2016) pp. 46-63
  98. ^ Green, Toby (21 March 2019). A fistful of shells : West Africa from the rise of the slave trade to the age of revolution. Chicago. ISBN 9780226644578. OCLC 1051687994.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  99. ^ David Marley, Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (ABC-CLIO, 2008) pp. 136-137
  100. ^ Kenneth R. Andrews, The Last Voyage of Drake and Hawkins (Routledge, 2017) pp. 204-05
  101. ^ John Sugden, Sir Francis Drake (Penguin Books, 2004) pp. 313
  102. ^ Cesáreo Fernández Duro, Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón (Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1898) p. 115
  103. ^ John Daniell, A Compendium of the History of Cornwall (Netherton & Worth, 1880) p. 156
  104. ^ "Elizabeth I, Letters Permitting Deportation of Blackamoors from England, Acts of the Privy Council, Vol. 26 (1596-97), ed. John Roche Dasent (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1902)", in "Othello" A Broadview Internet Shakespeare Edition (Broadview Press, 2017) pp.299-300
  105. ^ Emily C. Bartels (April 2006). "Too Many Blackamoors: Deportation, Discrimination, and Elizabeth I". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 46 (2). Rice University: 305–322. doi:10.1353/sel.2006.0012. JSTOR 3844644. S2CID 154728438. In 1596, Queen Elizabeth issued an 'open letter' to the Lord Mayor of London, announcing that 'there are of late divers black-moores brought into this realme, of which kinde of people there aire allready here to manie,' and ordering that they be deported from the country.
  106. ^ George Nedungatt (2001). The Synod of Diamper Revisited. Pontificio Istituto Orientale. p. 137. ISBN 978-88-7210-331-9.
  107. ^ William J. Griswold (1983). The Great Anatolian Rebellion, 1000-1020/1591-1611. K. Schwarz. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-922968-34-4.
  108. ^ "Jaakko Ilkka's biography". Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
  109. ^ Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
  110. ^ Chris Cook; Philip Broadhead (2 October 2012). The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453-1763. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-134-13065-8.
  111. ^ Nuijasota – Ilmajoki (in Finnish)
  112. ^ John Hudson Tiner (1999). Johannes Kepler: Giant of Faith and Science. Mott Media. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-915134-11-3.
  113. ^ DK (1 October 2009). War. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-4053-4778-5.
  114. ^ "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony"", by Edward Tenace, in The English Historical Review (2003) pp. 869–872
  115. ^ a b R. B. Wernham, The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603 (Clarendon Press, 1994) pp. 185–187
  116. ^ John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1597-1603 (Edinburgh, 1969) p. 126.
  117. ^ Lisa Jardine; Professor of Renaissance Studies Lisa Jardine (1974). Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-521-20494-1.
  118. ^ "From liquid to vapor and back: origins". Special Collections Department. University of Delaware Library. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
  119. ^ Peter F. Sugar,et al., A History of Hungary, ed. by Peter F. Sugar (Indiana University Press, 1990) p. 97
  120. ^ Scott M. Manetsch (2000). Theodore Beza and the Quest for Peace in France: 1572 - 1598. BRILL. p. 332. ISBN 90-04-11101-8.
  121. ^ Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá, Historia de la Nueva México, 1610 : a critical and annotated Spanish/English edition (translated by Joseph P. Sánchez, University of New Mexico Press, 1992)
  122. ^ Constantin C. Giurescu, Istoria Românilor (Editura Al.) p. 191
  123. ^ R. A. Van Middeldyk, The History of Puerto Rico (Echo Library, 2008) p.114
  124. ^ George Williamson, George, Third Earl of Cumberland, 1558-1605: His Life and His Voyages (Kessinger Publishing, 2009) p.205
  125. ^ a b Nancy Lyman Roelker, Queen of Navarre: Jeanne d'Albret, 1528-1572 (Harvard University Press, 1968) p. xiv
  126. ^ "Stationers' Register entry for The Merchant of Venice", Shakespeare Documented (Folger Shakespeare Library)
  127. ^ Gary Dean Peterson, Warrior Kings of Sweden: The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (McFarland, 2014) p.105
  128. ^ Tommaso Campanella (30 March 2011). Selected Philosophical Poems of Tommaso Campanella: A Bilingual Edition. University of Chicago Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-226-09205-8.
  129. ^ a b Mary Elizabeth Berry, Hideyoshi (Harvard University Press, 1982) pp. 139, 235
  130. ^ Harry S. Ashmore (1962). Encyclopaedia Britannica: A New Survey of Universal Knowledge. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 279.
  131. ^ Kenneth M. Swope, A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598 (University of Oklahoma Press, 2009) p.271
  132. ^ Samuel Hawley, The Imjin War (Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, 2005) p.531
  133. ^ Ashin Sandamala Linkara, Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan (Tetan Sarpay, 1931) pp. 77–78
  134. ^ Andrew Knaut, The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 (University of Oklahoma Press, 1995) p.69
  135. ^ Turnbull, Stephen (2002). Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-35948-6.
  136. ^ Ottavio Rinuccini's libretto survives complete but only fragments of the music are known.
  137. ^ MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2013). Silence: A Christian History. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 9781846144264.
  138. ^ Denis Crispin Twitchett; John King Fairbank; Frederick W. Mote (1978). The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 349–. ISBN 978-0-521-24333-9.
  139. ^ Andrew Knaut, The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 (University of Oklahoma Press, 1995) p.69
  140. ^ Herbert Berry, Shakespeare's Playhouses (AMS Press, 1987) pp. 82–88
  141. ^ William R. Jones (2004). "The Mists of Error Withdrawn": Elizabethan Satire, Cultural Criticism, and the Bishops' Ban of 1599. University of California, Santa Cruz. p. 69.
  142. ^ Guy Le Strange, Don Juan of Persia: A Shi'ah Catholic 1560-1604 (Routledge, 2004) p.4
  143. ^ Sir John Alexander Hammerton (1975). Concise Universal Biography: A Dictionary of the Famous Men and Women of All Countries and All Times, Recording the Lives of More Than 20,000 Persons and Profusely Illustrated with Authentic Portraits and Other Pictorial Documents. Gale Research Company. p. 1347. ISBN 978-0-8103-4209-5.
  144. ^ Brown, Cedric Clive (1993). Patronage, Politics, and Literary Traditions in England, 1558-1658. Wayne State University Press. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-0-8143-2417-2.
  145. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 1983. p. 822. ISBN 978-0-85229-400-0.
  146. ^ Alexander Hopkins McDonnald (1951). The Encyclopedia Americana. Americana Corporation. p. 87.
  147. ^ Elizabeth Story Donno (1 April 1983). The Renaissance: Excluding Drama. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-349-17058-6.[permanent dead link]
  148. ^ Pierre Gassendi; Oliver Thill (2002). The Life of Copernicus (1473-1543). Xulon Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-59160-193-7.
  149. ^ "John Amos Comenius | Czech educator | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  150. ^ Paul E. Eisler (1972). World Chronology of Music History: 1594-1684. Oceana Publications. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-379-16082-6.
  151. ^ Amy Marie Charles (1977). A Life of George Herbert. Cornell University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-8014-1014-7.
  152. ^ R. Ward Bissell; Roger Ward Bissell (1999). Artemisia Gentileschi and the Authority of Art: Critical Reading and Catalogue Raisonné. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-271-01787-7.
  153. ^ James Vinson; D. L. Kirkpatrick (1979). Novelists and Prose Writers. Macmillan. p. 1250. ISBN 978-0-333-25292-5.
  154. ^ Ronald H. Fritze; William B. Robison (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-313-28391-8.
  155. ^ Stanley Wells (28 November 2002). Shakespeare Survey. Cambridge University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-521-52374-5.
  156. ^ John Cottingham (25 September 1992). The Cambridge Companion to Descartes. Cambridge University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-521-36696-0.
  157. ^ The Ukrainian Review. Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain, Limited. 1966. p. 28.
  158. ^ Ronald H. Fritze; William B. Robison (1996). Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-313-28391-8.
  159. ^ Jolande van der Klis (2000). The Essential Guide to Dutch Music: 100 Composers and Their Work. Amsterdam University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-5356-460-8.
  160. ^ Oechslin, Werner (1972). "BUONAMICI, Francesco". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 15. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020.
  161. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. 1999. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7172-0131-0.
  162. ^ Rudolf Wittkower (1981). Gian Lorenzo Bernini: The Sculptor of the Roman Baroque. Cornell University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8014-1430-5.
  163. ^ Ronald Shaw-Kennedy (1978). Venice Rediscovered. Associated University Presse. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8453-1484-5.
  164. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Strode, William" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1040.
  165. ^ Hans Kühner (1958). Encyclopedia of the Papacy. Philosophical Library. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8022-0900-9.
  166. ^ "Anthony van Dyck". Netherlands Institute of Art. Retrieved 2021-03-20.
  167. ^ Martyn Bennett (21 August 2006). Oliver Cromwell. Routledge. pp. 3–. ISBN 978-1-134-36495-4.
  168. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. p. 113. OCLC 194887.
  169. ^ Lawrence Thompson (1990). The Princeton University Library Chronicle. Friends of the Princeton University Library. p. 98.
  170. ^ "Sixtus V | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  171. ^ Otto, Jochen; Baboukis, Translated from the German by Johanna M. (2009). "Cujas, Jacques". The Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513405-6.
  172. ^ Frederic, Louis; Louis-Frédéric (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5.
  173. ^ Y Cymmrodor: The Magazine of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion ... Cymmrodorion Society. 1929. p. 32.
  174. ^ "Gregory XIV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  175. ^ "Innocent IX | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  176. ^ Jennifer Speake (2003). Literature of Travel and Exploration: G to P. Taylor & Francis. p. 808. ISBN 978-1-57958-424-5.
  177. ^ The Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Incorporated. 1997. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-7172-0129-7.
  178. ^ John Penry (1944). The Notebook of John Penry, 1593. Offices of the Royal Historical Society. p. vii.
  179. ^ British Museum. Department of Printed Books. King's Library; William Shakespeare; Christopher Marlowe (1964). William Shakespeare, 1564-1616, and Christopher Marlowe, 1564-1593: An Exhibition of Books, Manuscripts, and Other Illustrative Material Held in the King's Library of the British Museum, 23 April to 12 July, 1964. British Museum. p. 4.
  180. ^ Clara Marvin (15 October 2013). Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina: A Research Guide. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-135-61754-7.
  181. ^ Abel Lefranc (1988). Under the Mask of William Shakespeare. Merlin. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-86303-352-0.
  182. ^ Tom Nichols (1999). Tintoretto: Tradition and Identity. Reaktion Books. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-86189-120-4.
  183. ^ Belgian Laces. Belgian Researchers, Incorporated. 1993. p. 2.
  184. ^ Coote, Charles Henry (1889). "Frobisher, Martin" . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 281–284.
  185. ^ Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1979). Torquato Tasso: A Play. Manchester University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7190-0720-0.
  186. ^ Montague Summers (1928). The Vampire: His Kith and Kin. K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Company, Limited. p. 132.
  187. ^ Neville Williams (1973). Francis Drake. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-297-76685-8.
  188. ^ R. W. Lamb (1998). Annales Phaedriani, 1596-1996. R.W. Lamb. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-9533361-0-4.
  189. ^ Barwolt Sijbrand Ebbinge; P. S. Tomkovich (2000). Heritage of the Russian Arctic: Research, Conservation, and International Co-operation : Proceedings of the International Scientific Willem Barents Memorial Arctic Conservation Symposium, Held in Moscow, Russia, 10-14 March 1998. Ecopros Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-5-88621-057-6.
  190. ^ Saheed A. Adejumobi (2007). The History of Ethiopia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-313-32273-0.
  191. ^ John McClintock (1981). Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Baker Book House. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8010-6123-3.
  192. ^ Perrie, Maureen (1995). Pretenders and popular monarchism in early modern Russia: the false tsars of the Time of Troubles. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780521472746.
  193. ^ Christopher Maginn (15 March 2012). William Cecil, Ireland, and the Tudor State. OUP Oxford. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-19-969715-1.
  194. ^ Fernand Braudel (1995). The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II: Volume II. University of California Press. p. 1234. ISBN 978-0-520-20330-3.
  195. ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia: New Mexico-Philip. Appleton. 1911. p. 510.
  196. ^ May King; David Leer Ringo; William K. Barnarad (2001). Supplemental research and history (volume XIV). McDowell Publications for the Freeborn Family Association. p. 24.
  197. ^ Colin Burrow (1996). Edmund Spenser. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7463-0750-2.
  198. ^ Turnbull, Stephen R. (1998) The Kakure Kirishitan of Japan: A Study of Their Development, Beliefs and Rituals to the Present Day. Richmond, UK: Japan Library. pp. 28–31, 38. ISBN 1-873410-70-0
  199. ^ St James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992). Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789. St. James Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-55862-159-6.
  200. ^ Bettina Liebowitz Knapp (18 October 1985). French Theatre 1918–1939. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-349-17985-5.[permanent dead link]
  201. ^ Anuario interamericano de investigación musical: Yearbook for inter-American musical research. Anuário interamericano de pesquisa musical. University of Texas at Austin. 1972. p. 9.