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Zombie Election Monitoring (otherwise known as Shadow Observation or Zombie Observation) is a term given to a low-credibility election monitor, in the study of social science, and as developed by Christopher Walker and Alexander Cooley[1] and further expanded by Sarah Sunn Bush and Lauren Prather, which relates to how authoritarian regimes can create artificial electoral legitimacy.[2] The phenomenon has been used to describe elections in Myanmar[3], Cambodia[4][5], China, Russia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela[6]. Early examples were also analysed in Uzbekistan,Tajikistan, and Azerbaijan.[7]
Daxecher and Schneider further expanded the analysis to argue that a mix of reviews can further bolster legitimacy.[8] Thailand took the step in 2018 to ban Election Monitors, even would be shadow observers, which Lee Morgenbesser described as "unusual", given the authoritarian impulse to derive at least nominal legitimacy by commissioning sympathetic monitors.[9]
References
edit- ^ Walker, Christopher; Cooley, Alexander (2024-06-13). "Vote of the Living Dead". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
- ^ Bush, Sarah Sunn; Prather, Lauren (2017). "The Promise and Limits of Election Observers in Building Election Credibility". The Journal of Politics. 79 (3): 921–935. doi:10.1086/691055. ISSN 0022-3816. JSTOR 26551049.
- ^ Cottiero, Christina; Haggard, Stephan (2023-03-14). "Stabilizing Authoritarian Rule: The Role of International Organizations". International Studies Quarterly. 67 (2). doi:10.1093/isq/sqad031. ISSN 0020-8833.
- ^ Debre, Maria J.; Morgenbesser, Lee (2018-12-07), "Out of the shadows: autocratic regimes, election observation and legitimation", Justifying Dictatorship, Routledge, pp. 78–97, doi:10.4324/9781351044714-5, ISBN 978-1-351-04471-4, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ^ "The European populists monitoring 'sham' elections". 2018-08-01. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
- ^ Esfandiari, Golnaz. "Gongos And Zombie Monitors: New Book Warns of 'Authoritarian Surge' Around World". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
- ^ Michel, Casey. "The Rise of the Zombie Monitors". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
- ^ Daxecker, Ursula; Schneider, Gerald (2014-05-12), Norris, Pippa; Frank, Richard W.; Martinez i Coma, Ferran (eds.), "Election Monitoring", Advancing Electoral Integrity, Oxford University Press, pp. 73–93, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199368709.003.0005, ISBN 978-0-19-936870-9, retrieved 2024-06-12
- ^ "Thailand's foreign election observer ban is an unusual step". www.phnompenhpost.com. Retrieved 2024-06-12.