Yadaya (Burmese: ယတြာ, IPA: [jɛ̀dəjà]; from Sanskrit yātra; variously spelt yadayar and yedaya) refers to superstitious magical rituals done to delay, neutralize or prevent misfortune, widely practiced in Myanmar (Burma). These rituals, which originate from Brahmanism, are guided and prescribed by soothsayers and astrologers, who use a combination of mathematical equations and astrology to formulate a "prescription" to avert misfortune.[1] Modern Burmese leaders, including U Nu, Ne Win and Than Shwe and many government policy decisions are widely understood to have been influenced by yadaya rituals.[2][3] Among Burmese Buddhists, yadaya is often linked to merit-making, as some prescriptive rituals involve seemingly "Buddhist" acts, although they are done to bypass karmic fate, which cannot be altered by ritual in Buddhist doctrine.[4] Yadaya is closely associated to numerology, particularly the number nine, which is widely believed to be an auspicious number. Some scholars contend that yadaya originates to the Pagan period, first practiced by monks of the Ari sect, a form of Buddhism that predates the introduction of Theravada Buddhism in Burma.[5]
One notable form of yadaya is the construction of pagodas, as seen in the construction of 60,000 pagodas by U Nu in 1961.[6] The government's unexplained decision to change the road traffic in 1970 to right-hand traffic (even though the overwhelming majority of Burmese cars are made for left-hand traffic) is one such incident believed to be the result of yadaya, to avert the threat of a political attack from the right and insurgency.[7][8]
In 2009, the military regime began printing 5000 Myanmar kyat banknotes that feature an image of a white elephant, interpreted as an act of yadaya.[9]
More recently, the unusual clothing choices, namely the wearing of traditional female acheik-patterned longyi (sarongs) by Than Shwe and other military generals at recent public appearances, including Union Day celebrations in February 2011 and at the reception of the Lao Prime Minister Bouasone Bouphavanh in June 2011 have also been attributed to yadaya, as a way to divert power to neutralize Aung San Suu Kyi's power.[10][11]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Charney, Michael W. (1993). Arakan, Min Yazagyi and the Portuguese (PDF) (M.A. thesis). SOAS. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ^ Matthews, Bruce (1998). "The Present Fortune of Tradition-Bound Authoritarianism in Myanmar". Pacific Affairs. 71 (1). University of British Columbia: 19–20. doi:10.2307/2760820. JSTOR 2760820.
- ^ Sudha Ramachandran; Swe Win (2009-06-18). "Instant karma in Myanmar". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 2009-06-20. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Matthews, Bruce (1999). "Burma/Myanmar" (PDF). The Round Table. 88 (349). Routledge: 78–79. doi:10.1080/003585399108289.
- ^ Arkar Moe (July 2009). "Pagoda Power". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
- ^ Seekins, Donald M. (2006). Historical dictionary of Burma (Myanmar). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 483. ISBN 978-0-8108-5476-5.
- ^ "Burma Makes Road Switch". The New York Times. 7 December 1970. p. 6. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Fink, Christina (2001). Living silence: Burma under military rule. Zed Books. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-85649-926-2.
- ^ "Status-Obsessed Myanmar Junta Chief's Reverence for White Elephants Draws Ridicule". The Irrawaddy. 2022-08-04. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ^ Horn, Robert (2011-02-24). "Why Did Burma's Leader Appear on TV in Women's Clothes?". TIME. Archived from the original on March 1, 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
- ^ WAI MOE (2011-02-17). "Than Shwe Skirts the Issue". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 8 March 2011.