Listed here are notable ethnic groups and native populations from the Oceania (Pacific Islands and Australia) and East Indonesia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies.
| Population | Language | n | C1 | C* | K*[nb 1] | M | O | S | Others | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Aborigines | Australian Aboriginal | 108 | 60.2 | 6 | 22.2 | 0 | 0.9 | 0 | R=8, F=3 | Hudjashov 2007[1] |
| Australian Aborigines | Australian Aboriginal | 44 | __ | __ | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40.9 | R=6.8 others=52.3 |
Karafet 2015[2] |
| Arnhem Land peoples | Arnhem Land languages | 60 | 53.3 | 10 | 30.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.0 | Kayser 2002[3] |
| Western Desert peoples | Wati languages | 35 | 68.7 | 0 | 17.1 | 0 | 3.0 | 0 | 8.6 | Kayser 2002[3] |
| Alor | Oceanic, Papuan | 26 | 46.2 | 3.8 | 30.8 | 11.5 | 0 | 7.7 | 0 | Mona 2009[4] |
| Pantar | Oceanic, Papuan | 26 | -- | -- | 19.2 | 46.2 | 15.4 | Karafet 2015[2] | ||
| Bali | Austronesian | 551 | -- | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 83.8 | 0.4 | 12.2 | Karafet 2005[5] |
| Bougainville | Oceanic, Papuan | 75 | 1.3 | -- | 36.0 | 41.3 | 14.7 | 1.3 | F=5.3 | Scheinfeldt 2006[6] |
| Cenderawasih | Cenderawasih | 11 | 0 | 45.5 | 18.2 | 36.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Li 2008[7] |
| Cook | Polynesian | 70 | 83.3 | -- | 7.5 | 0 | 4.6 | 0 | R=2.8 | Cox 2006[8] |
| Fiji | Fijian–Polynesian | 55 | -- | 3 | 41 | 15 | 15 | -- | Capelli 2001[9] | |
| Fiji | Fijian–Polynesian | 107 | 21.5 | 0.9 | 25.2 | 35.5 | 13.1 | 0 | 3.7 | Kayser 2006[10] |
| Flores | Austronesian | 71 | 39.4 | 23.9 | 11.3 | 2.8 | 8.5 | 12.7 | NO=1.4 | Mona 2009[4] |
| French Polynesia | Polynesian | 87 | -- | 53 | 8 | 0 | 37 | -- | Capelli 2001[9] | |
| Lesser Sunda Islands | Austronesian, Papuan | 344 | 47.7 | 14.2 | 10.5 | 4.4 | 11.6 | 11.0 | 0.6 | Mona 2009[4] |
| Maori | Polynesian | 54 | 42.6 | -- | 1.9 | -- | 5.6 | -- | 51.9 | Underhill 2001[11] |
| Melanesia | Papuan, Oceanic | 342 | -- | 17.2 | 32.5 | 25.4 | 6.4 | -- | -- | Capelli 2001[9] |
| Melanesia | Papuan, Oceanic | 400 | 12.5 | 0.2 | 8.7 | 57.0 | 8.7 | 12.5 | 0.2 | Kayser 2006[10] |
| Melanesia | Oceanic, Papuan | 1272 | -- | 9.4 | 33.1 | 42.1 | 7.4 | 6.2 | 1.9 | Scheinfeldt 2006[6] |
| Micronesia | Micronesian Polynesian |
32 | -- | 18.7 | 65.6 | 0 | 9.4 | -- | 6.2 | Hurles 2005[12] |
| Moluccas | Papuan | 34 | 14.7 | 8.8 | 17.6 | 20.6 | 17.7 | 20.6 | 0 | Kayser 2002[3] |
| New Britain | Oceanic, Papuan | 395 | 2.3 | 0 | 23.5 | 39.0 | 7.1 | 27.9 | 0 | Scheinfeldt 2006[6] |
| New Guinea | Papuan, Austronesian | 44 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 20.4 | 9.1 | 63.6 | F*=2.2 | Hurles 2005[12] |
| New Guinea | Papuan, Austronesian | 277 | 17.3 | 0.4 | 8.3 | 59.6 | 1.8 | 12.3 | P=0.4 | Scheinfeldt 2006[6] |
| Eastern New Guinea | Papuan | 62 | 12.9 | 1.6 | 11.3 | 32.2 | 6.4 | 33.8 | 1.6 | Kayser 2002[3] |
| Western New Guinea | Papuan | 183 | 16.9 | -- | 5.5 | 76.0 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0 | Kayser 2002[3] |
| New Ireland | Oceanic, Papuan | 109 | 8.3 | 0 | 29.4 | 48.6 | 8.3 | 5.5 | 0 | Scheinfeldt 2006[6] |
| PNG coast | Papuan | 31 | 12.9 | 9.7 | 16.1 | 29.0 | 9.7 | 23.2 | P-M74=3.2 | Kayser 2002[3] |
| PNG Northern coast | Papuan | 16 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 25.0 | 12.5 | 6.3 | 0 | Kayser 2002[3] | |
| PNG Southern coast | Papuan | 15 | 6.7 | 0 | 6.7 | 46.7 | 13.3 | P-M74=6.7 | Kayser 2002[3] | |
| PNG highlands | Papuan | 38 | 3 | 0 | 10 | 32 | 3 | 53 | 0 | Kayser 2002[3] |
| PNG Eastern highlands | Papuan | 17 | 5.9 | 0 | 5.9 | 35.3 | 5.9 | 0 | Kayser 2002[3] | |
| PNG islands | Oceanic, Papuan | 685 | 4.5 | 0 | 21.9 | 41.3 | 7.4 | 24.1 | 0 | Scheinfeldt 2006[6] |
| West Papua (province) | Papuan, Austronesian | 133 | 44.4 | -- | 23.3 | 29.3 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 | Mona 2007[13] |
| Polynesia | Polynesian | 282 | -- | 53.5 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 26.6 | -- | 13.8 | Scheinfeldt 2006[6] |
| Polynesia | Polynesian | 441 | 37.2 | 0.2 | 17.9 | 11.6 | 27.9 | 0.2 | 5.0 | Kayser 2006[10] |
| Rapa Nui | Polynesian | 10 | 90 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | I=10 | Karafet 2010[14] |
| Samoa | Polynesian | 62 | 61.3 | -- | 3.2 | 3.2 | 25.8 | 1.6 | 4.8 | Kayser 2006[10] |
| Solomon | Oceanic | 32 | 0 | 0 | 59.4 | 9.4 | 28.1 | 3.1 | 0 | Cox 2006[8] |
| Sulawesi | Austronesian | 54 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 7.4 | 3.7 | 50.0 | 5.6 | F=5.6, R=3.7 | Karafet 2010[14] |
| Sulawesi | Austronesian | 177 | __ | __ | 5.7 | 1.1 | 63.8 | 5.1 | R=6.8, P=0.6, others=16.9 |
Karafet 2015[2] |
| Sumba | Austronesian | 649 | __ | __ | MS*=4.5 | 5.5 | 19 | 16.2 | P=3, others=52.8 | Karafet 2015[2] |
| Tahiti | Polynesian | 24 | 66.7 | 0 | 4.2 | 0 | 29.2 | 0 | 0 | Karafet 2010[14] |
| Timor | Austronesian, Papuan | 509 | __ | __ | MS*=10.2 | 6.1 | 17 | 8.7 | P=11, others=47.4 | Karafet 2015[2] |
| East Timor | Austronesian, Papuan | 39 | 35.9 | 7.7 | 17.9 | 7.7 | 17.9 | 12.8 | 0 | Mona 2009[4] |
| Tonga | Polynesian | 55 | -- | 23 | 1 | 8 | 60 | -- | Capelli 2001[9] | |
| Trobriands | Oceanic | 53 | 9.4 | -- | 22.6 | 30.2 | 37.7 | 0 | 0 | Kayser 2002[3] |
| Tuvalu | Polynesian | 100 | 17 | -- | 36 | 0 | 45 | 0 | F=2 | Kayser 2006[10] |
| Vanuatu | Oceanic | 234 | -- | 17.5 | 40.6 | 29.5 | 4.3 | 6.4 | R=1.7 | Cox 2006[8] |
See also edit
Notes edit
References edit
- ^ Hudjashov, G.; Kivisild, T.; Underhill, P. A.; Endicott, P.; Sanchez, J. J.; Lin, A. A.; Shen, P.; Oefner, P.; Renfrew, C.; Villems, R.; Forster, P. (2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (21): 8726–30. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8726H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570. PMID 17496137.
- ^ a b c d e Karafet, T., Mendez, F., Sudoyo, H. et al. Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia. Eur J Hum Genet 23, 369–373 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejhg.2014.106
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kayser, M; Brauer, Silke; Weiss, Gunter; Schiefenhövel, Wulf; Underhill, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Oefner, Peter; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, Mila; Stoneking, Mark (2003). "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 72 (2): 281–302. doi:10.1086/346065. PMC 379223. PMID 12532283.
- ^ a b c d Mona, S.; Grunz, K. E.; Brauer, S.; Pakendorf, B.; Castri, L.; Sudoyo, H.; Marzuki, S.; Barnes, R. H.; et al. (2009). "Genetic Admixture History of Eastern Indonesia as Revealed by Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 26 (8): 1865–77. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp097. PMID 19414523.
- ^ Karafet, TM; Lansing, JS; Redd, AJ; Reznikova, S; Watkins, JC; Surata, SP; Arthawiguna, WA; Mayer, L; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders" (PDF). Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl:1808/13586. PMID 16114819. S2CID 7953854.
- ^ a b c d e f g Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J (2006). "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (8): 1628–41. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
- ^ Li, Hui, et al. (2008). "Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:146. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-146
- ^ a b c Cox, Murray P.; Mirazón Lahr, Marta (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity is inversely associated with language affiliation in paired Austronesian- and Papuan-speaking communities from Solomon Islands". American Journal of Human Biology. 18 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20459. PMID 16378340. S2CID 4824401.
- ^ a b c d Capelli, C; Wilson, J; Richards, M; Stumpf, M; Gratrix, F; Oppenheimer, S; Underhill, P; Pascali, V; Ko, T; Goldstein, David B. (2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–43. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
- ^ a b c d e Kayser, M.; Brauer, S; Cordaux, R; Casto, A; Lao, O; Zhivotovsky, LA; Moyse-Faurie, C; Rutledge, RB; et al. (2006). "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (11): 2234–44. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0010-0145-0. PMID 16923821.
- ^ Underhill, Peter A.; Passarino, Giuseppe; Lin, Alice A.; Marzuki, Sangkot; Oefner, Peter J.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca; Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2001). "Maori origins, Y-chromosome haplotypes and implications for human history in the Pacific". Human Mutation. 17 (4): 271–80. doi:10.1002/humu.23. PMID 11295824.
- ^ a b Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
- ^ Mona, S.; Tommaseo-Ponzetta, M.; Brauer, S.; Sudoyo, H.; Marzuki, S.; Kayser, M. (2007). "Patterns of Y-Chromosome Diversity Intersect with the Trans–New Guinea Hypothesis". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (11): 2546–55. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm187. PMID 17846104.
- ^ a b c Tatiana M. Karafet, Brian Hallmark, Murray P. Cox, Herawati Sudoyo, Sean Downey, J. Stephen Lansing, Michael F. Hammer, Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 27, Issue 8, August 2010, Pages 1833–1844, https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msq063