This is a list of women chemists. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of chemistry. Their research or application has made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied chemistry.
Nobel Laureates[1] edit
- 2022 - Carolyn R. Bertozzi - for Bioorthogonal chemistry
- 2020 – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna – for CRISPR gene editing
- 2018 – Frances Arnold – directed evolution to engineer enzymes
- 2009 – Ada E. Yonath – structure & function of the ribosome
- 1964 – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin – protein crystallography
- 1935 – Irène Joliot-Curie – artificial radioactivity
- 1911 – Marie Sklodowska-Curie – discovery of radium & polonium
Eight women have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (listed above), awarded annually since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Marie Curie was the first woman to receive the prize in 1911, which was her second Nobel Prize (she also won the prize in physics in 1903, along with Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel – making her the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her "discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element." Irene Joliot-Curie, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. Dorothy Hodgkin won the prize in 1964 for the development of protein crystallography. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Steitz for the study of the structure and function of the ribosome. Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A Doudna won the 2020 prize in chemistry “for the development of a method for genome editing.”[2] Charpentier and Doudna are the first women to share the Nobel Prize in chemistry.[3]
Wolf Laureates edit
Three women have been awarded the Wolf Prize in Chemistry, they are:
- 2006 – Ada Yonath "for ingenious structural discoveries of the ribosomal machinery of peptide-bond formation and the light-driven primary processes in photosynthesis.[4]
- 2022 – Bonnie L. Bassler and Carolyn R. Bertozzi "for their seminal contributions to understanding the chemistry of cellular communication and inventing chemical methodologies to study the role of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in such biological processes."[5]
Chemical elements edit
In the periodic table of elements, two chemical elements are named after a female scientist:
- Curium (element 96), named after Marie and Pierre Curie
- Meitnerium (element 109), named after Lise Meitner
List of women chemists edit
The following list is split into the centuries when the majority of the scientist's work was performed. The scientist's listed may be born and perform work outside of the century they are listed under.
19th century edit
- Mary Watson (1856–1933), one of the first two female chemistry students at the University of Oxford
- Margaret Seward (1864–1929), one of the first two female chemistry students at the University of Oxford; signed the 1904 petition to the Chemical Society
- Vera Bogdanovskaia (1868–1897), one of the first female Russian chemists
- Gerty Cori (1896–1957) Jewish Czech-American biochemist who was the first American to win a Nobel Prize in science
- Margot Dorenfeldt (1895–1986) First woman to graduate from Norwegian Institute of Technology (1919)
- Ida Freund (1863–1914), first woman to be a university chemistry lecturer in the United Kingdom
- Ellen Gleditsch (1879–1968), Norwegian radiochemist; Norway's second female professor
- Louise Hammarström (1849–1917), Swedish mineral chemist, first formally educated female Swedish chemist
- Edith Humphrey (1875–1978), Inorganic chemist, probably the first British woman to gain a doctorate in chemistry
- Julia Lermontova (1846–1919), Russian chemist, first Russian female doctorate in chemistry
- Laura Linton (1853–1915), American chemist, teacher, and physician
- Rachel Lloyd (1839–1900), First American female to earn a doctorate in chemistry, first regularly admitted female member of the American Chemical Society, studied sugar beets
- Muriel Wheldale Onslow (1880–1932), British biochemist
- Marie Pasteur (1826–1910), French chemist and bacteriologist
- Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American chemist
- Agnes Pockels (1862–1935), German chemist
- Anna Sundström (1785–1871), Swedish chemist
- Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915), First woman to get her doctorate in chemistry in Germany
- Ellen Swallow Richards (1842–1911), American industrial and environmental chemist
- Anna Volkova (1800–1876), Russian chemist
- Nadezhda Olimpievna Ziber-Shumova (died 1914), Russian chemist
- Fanny Rysan Mulford Hitchcock (1851–1936), one of thirteen (American) women to graduate with a degree in chemistry in the 1800s, and the first to graduate with a doctorate in philosophy of chemistry. Her areas of focus were in entomology, fish osteology, and plant pathology.[6]
20th century edit
- Elly Agallidis (1914–2006), Greek physical chemist
- Nancy Allbritton, American analytical and biochemist
- Valerie Ashby, American chemist
- Barbara Askins (born 1939), American chemist
- Alice Ball (1892–1916), American chemist
- Carolyn Bertozzi (born 1966), American biochemist
- Cynthia Burrows, American physical organic chemist
- Asima Chatterjee (1917–2006), Indian organic chemist
- Astrid Cleve (1875–1968), Swedish chemist
- Mildred Cohn (1913–2009), American chemist
- Janine Cossy (born 1950), French organic chemist
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934), Polish-French physicist and chemist (discoverer of polonium and radium, pioneer in radiology); Nobel laureate in physics 1903, and in chemistry 1911
- Jillian Lee Dempsey (born 1983), American chemist
- Vy M. Dong, American organic chemist
- Abigail Doyle (born 1980), American organic chemist
- Odile Eisenstein (born 1949), French, theoretical chemist
- Gertrude B. Elion (1918–1999), American biochemist (Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988 for drug development)
- Margaret Faul, Irish/American organic chemist
- Mary Peters Fieser (1909–1997), American organic chemist
- Marye Anne Fox (1947–2021), American physical organic chemist
- Rosalind Franklin (1920–1957), British physical chemist and crystallographer
- Helen Murray Free (1923–2021), American chemist
- Gunda I. Georg, German-trained medicinal chemist, professor of medicinal chemistry in the US
- Ellen Gleditsch (1879–1968), Norwegian radiochemist
- Paula T. Hammond[7](1963-), American chemical engineer, MIT professor
- Anna J. Harrison (1912–1998), American organic chemist
- Remziye Hisar (1902–1992), Turkish chemist, first woman chemist of Turkey
- Darleane C. Hoffman (born 1926), American Nuclear chemist
- Icie Hoobler (1892–1984), American biochemist
- Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994), British crystallographer, Nobel prize in chemistry 1964
- Donna M. Huryn, American organic chemist
- Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915), German chemist
- Allene Rosalind Jeanes (1906–1995), American organic chemist
- Malika Jeffries-EL, American organic chemist
- Irène Joliot-Curie (1897–1956), French chemist and nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935
- Madeleine M. Joullié (born 1927), Brazilian, American organic chemist
- Isabella Karle (1921–2017), American crystallographer
- Joyce Jacobson Kaufman (1929–2016), American chemist, Pharmacologist
- Judith Klinman (born 1941), American biochemist
- Teresa Kowalska (1946-2023), Polish chemist, co-founder of Acta Chromatographia
- Marisa Kozlowski, American organic chemist
- Stephanie Kwolek (1923–2014), American chemist, inventor of Kevlar
- Kathleen Lonsdale (1903–1971), British crystallographer
- Yvonne Connolly Martin (born 1936), American physical biochemist working on cheminformatics and computer-aided drug design in the US
- Marie Marynard Daly (1921–2001), First African American woman to earn her PhD in the United States
- Cynthia A. Maryanoff (born 1949), American organic/medicinal chemist
- Maud Menten (1879–1960), Canadian biochemist
- Helen Vaughn Michel (born 1932), American nuclear chemist
- Alexandra Navrotsky (born 1943), American geochemist
- Dorothy Virginia Nightingale (1902–2000), American organic chemist
- Yolanda Ortiz (chemist) (1924–2019), Argentine chemist, environmentalist
- Kathlyn Parker, American organic chemist
- Emma Parmee, British-born medicinal/organic chemist
- Mary Engle Pennington (1872–1952), American food chemist
- Eva Philbin (1914–2005), Irish chemist
- Iphigenia Photaki (1921–1983), Greek organic chemist
- Darshan Ranganathan (1941–2001), Indian organic chemist
- Mildred Rebstock (1919–2011), American Pharmaceutical chemist
- Sibyl Martha Rock (1909–1981), American pioneer in mass spectrometry and computing
- Elizabeth Rona (1890–1981), Hungarian (naturalized American) nuclear chemist and polonium expert
- Mary Swartz Rose (1874–1941), Nutrition chemist
- Melanie Sanford (born 1975), American organic chemist
- Maxine L. Savitz, American Chemist
- Patsy Sherman (1930–2008), American chemist, co-inventor of Scotchgard
- Odette L. Shotwell (1922–1998), organic chemist
- Jean'ne Shreeve (born 1933), American organic chemist
- Dorothy Martin Simon (1919–2016), American physical chemist
- Susan Solomon (born 1956), Atmospheric chemist
- JoAnne Stubbe (born 1946), American biochemist
- Ida Noddack Tacke (1896–1978), German chemist and physicist
- Tsippy Tamiri (1952-2017), Israeli chemist
- Giuliana Tesoro (1921–2002), Polymer chemist
- Margaret Thatcher (1925–2013), British chemist and Prime Minister
- Jean Thomas, British biochemist (chromatin)
- Martha J. B. Thomas (1926–2006), Analytical chemist and chemical engineer
- Ann E. Weber, American organic/medicinal chemist
- Karen Wetterhahn (1948–1997), American metal toxicologist
- Ruth R. Wexler (born 1955), American organic and medicinal chemist, discoverer of two marketed drugs
- M. Christina White (born 1970), American organometallic chemist
- Charlotte Williams, English inorganic chemist
- Angela K. Wilson, American computational, theoretical, and physical chemist
- Rosalyn Sussman Yalow (1921–2011), American biochemist
- Jenara Vicenta Arnal Yarza (1902–1960), Spanish chemist
- Jean Youatt (born 1925), Australian chemist, biochemist, and microbiologist
- Ada Yonath (born 1939), Israeli crystallographer, Nobel prize in chemistry 2009
- Glaci Zancan (1935–2007), Brazilian biochemist, president of the Brazilian Society for the Progress of the Science (SBPC) from 1999 to 2003
21st century edit
- Rommie Amaro, American chemist focusing on development of computational methods in biophysics for applications to drug discovery.
- Emily Balskus, American organic and biological chemist, and microbiologist. Recipient of the 2020 Alan T. Waterman Award for her work on understanding the chemistry of metabolic processes. Professor at Harvard University.
- Sherry Chemler, American Organic Chemist. Professor University at Buffalo.[8][9] ACS Cope Scholar Award recipient (2017).[10]
- Sheila Hobbs DeWitt, American chemist.[11][12][13] Chair, President, CEO, Cofounder of DeuteRx[14][15] which has developed PXL065 a Deuterated drug. Awarded Women to Watch (2013).[16] She is a pioneer of Combinatorial Chemistry.[17]
- Clare Grey, British chemist pioneering the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study battery technology.[18] Awarded the Körber European Science Prize in 2021.[19] Professor at the University of Cambridge.
- Paula T. Hammond, American chemical engineer focusing on macromolecular design and synthesis of materials for drug delivery systems, particularly in relation to cancer, immunology, and immunotherapy. Professor at MIT.[7][20]
- Jeanne Hardy, American biophysicist and chemical biologist. Known for her work in the design of allosteric binding sites and control elements into human proteases.[21] Professor at the University of Massachusetts.
- Geraldine Harriman, American Organic Chemist. Developed Firsocostat. Chief Scientific Officer and co-founder of HotSpot.[22] [23]
- Rachel Haurwitz, American biochemist and structural biologist. Her work regards CRISPR based technologies, she is a cofounder of Caribou Biosciences, a genome editing and cell therapy development company.[24]
- Katja Loos, German polymer chemist working on the design, synthesis, and characterisation of novel and sustainable polymeric materials and macromolecules. Chair of the board of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials.[25] Professor at the University of Groningen.
- Rachel Mamlok-Naaman, Israeli chemist, specialized in chemistry education
- Lisa Marcaurelle, American synthetic chemist in industry
- Catherine J. Murphy, American chemist
- Sarah O'Connor, American plant synthetic biologist working in England
- Gillian Reid, British inorganic chemist. President elect (2020-present) and present (2022-present) of the Royal Society of Chemistry. Professor at the University of Southampton.
- Sarah E Reisman, American organic chemist
- Magdalena Titirici, materials chemist focusing on sustainable materials for energy applications. Professor at Imperial College London.
- Seble Wagaw, American process chemist and pharma exec
- Marcey Lynn Waters, American chemical biologist and supramolecular chemist
- Jenny Y Yang, American chemist and clean energy researcher at UCI
- Wendy Young, American medicinal chemist and pharmaceutical executive. Chair of ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (2017).
- Jaqueline Kiplinger, American chemist working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Nobel Prize Awarded Women". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
- ^ "2020 Nobel Prizes Honor Three Women in Science". AIP Publishing LLC. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
- ^ "Two women share chemistry Nobel in historic win for 'genetic scissors'". BBC News. 2020-10-07. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
- ^ "Ada Yonath". Wolf Foundation. 2018-12-11. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ "Bonnie L. Bassler". Wolf Foundation. 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ Creese, Mary (1998). Ladies in the Laboratory? American and British Women in Science, 1800-1900: A Survey of their Research (1st ed.). Lanham, MD & London: The Scarecrow Press. p. 256. ISBN 0810832879.
- ^ a b "The Hammond Lab – Engineering Multifunctional Polymeric Materials". Retrieved 2021-01-06.
- ^ "Sherry R. Chemler, Ph.D." arts-sciences.buffalo.edu. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Stereoselective and Regioselective Synthesis of Heterocycles via Copper-Catalyzed Additions of Amine Derivatives and Alcohols to Alkenes". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award Recipients". acs.org. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Deuterium switcheroo breathes life into old drugs". Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN). Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Deuterating Chiral Centers Stabilizes Thalidomide Analogs". Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN). Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Start-Up Hurdles". Chemical & Engineering News (C&EN). Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Poxel Expands Metabolic Pipeline Through Strategic Acquisition Agreement with DeuteRx for DRX-065, a Novel Clinical Stage Drug Candidate for NASH, and Other Programs". businesswire. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Management Team DeuteRx". www.deuterx.com. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "2013 Women to Watch: Sheila DeWitt". Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ Czarnik, Anthony W.; DeWitt, Sheila Hobbs, eds. (December 18, 1997). A Practical Guide to Combinatorial Chemistry (ACS Professional Reference Book) 1st Edition. American Chemical Society. ISBN 978-0841234857. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Professor Dame Clare Grey FRS | Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry". www.ch.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
- ^ "Clare Grey: New Batteries for more Climate Protection". Körber-Stiftung. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
- ^ "Paula Hammond | Koch Institute". ki.mit.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
- ^ "Jeanne Hardy | Department of Chemistry | UMass Amherst". www.umass.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
- ^ "HotSpot Therapeutics Completes $45 Million Series A Financing to Advance New Approach to Allosteric Drug Discovery". prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Atlas-backed startup raises $100M for protein 'hotspots'". bizjournals.com. Retrieved 2024-03-02.
- ^ "Rachel Haurwitz, Ph.D." Biocom California. Retrieved 2024-02-27.
- ^ "K.U. (Katja) Loos, Prof". University of Groningen. 2022-06-25. Retrieved 2024-02-27.