Watermen's stairs were semipermanent structures that formed part of a complex transport network of public stairs, causeways and alleys in use from the 14th century to access the waters of the tidal River Thames in England. They were used by watermen, who taxied passengers across and along the river in London.

The Pelican Stairs next to the Prospect of Whitby pub in Wapping

Stairs were used at high tide, and causeways were used at low tide, built down to the littoral water level from street level, their location being memorised during a waterman's apprenticeship. Stairs were recognised by custom and practice as safe plying places to pick up and put down passengers and were a valuable aid to rescue if anyone was unfortunate enough to fall into the river, as they were often built adjacent to a public house.

History

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Thames Embankment, 1865

The embanking of the tidal Thames was a centuries-old process that lined the river with walls that were meant to stop high water overflowing onto adjacent lands. Alleyways leading down to the Thames became the only practical way to cross over the river via boat as Old London Bridge was frequently blocked. Wharves and later rudimentary docks began to be used to offload goods but most ships simply moored in lines in the middle of the river and their cargo was rowed to shore and carried up shoreline stairs. Some of the Thames original shoreline did remain free from the construction of houses or walls. The access to the river was via shore, gaps between houses used to launch boats. Samuel Pepys in his diaries of 1665 mentions making landfall at Dukes Shore for example before wading[citation needed] up the beach to Narrow Street. As late as the 1850s nearly all new bridges were built with stairs at both ends, and generally on both sides.

The Embankment[1] which artificially engineered the Thames' natural course in the 1860s left buildings that had been located on the gently sloping incline to the river some distance from the water's edge.

The growth of steamboats in the 1850s allowed boats to dock at specially constructed steamboat piers. Grab chains were built into the now steeply embanked high walls of the central Pool of the river Thames as an aide to rescue but access to the busiest central areas was geared towards mass transit by the 1890s.[citation needed] Later with the increased use of the Hackney carriage, London's stairs gradually fell into disuse or were simply built over and the abrupt collapse of traffic in the up river docks on the central tidal Thames in the 1960s effectively ended their use as transit points within London's transport network.

Cause célèbre

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Thames access (High Bridge Drawdock, Greenwich)

During the 1990s the continued existence of these sites as rights of way[2] had seemed untenable, despite their importance to London's transport history[3] and as future sites for archaeological investigation.[4] In the 1980s a local lobby group[5] initially based around the Isle of Dogs began to campaign for more local involvement, in the urban renewal of London's East End. Many local people who "worked the river"[6] began to raise awareness of the decaying state of and lack of river access to the Thames as many stairs and small Docks were bulldozed[7] during massive redevelopment. It became something of a cause célèbre amongst local people and amateur rowers across London who now felt that the regeneration of London's port districts specifically favoured businesses and property development over the preservation and fair use of river access for local communities and the public.

Meanwhile, the newly formed – the Pool of London Partnership – established in 1996 to help promote urban renewal of the areas north and south of the river[8] began to successfully lobby for the location of Greater London Authority (GLA) building to be in the Pool of London development area.

In 2002, The City of London recommended that river and foreshore access, the stairs and steps on the Thames, should be opened up where there is a "historical precedent and a practical need".[9]

Barely eleven Stairs are still in existence, tucked away on the quieter stretches of the river, semi derelict as they have not been in regular use since the 1930s. Many of the pubs to which they provided access from water level were destroyed by bombing during World War II. For centuries these locations dotted along the entire length of the river Thames shoreline were the final points of embarkation at which countless individuals began a forced or chosen new life overseas. It remains to be seen if these strange emotive architectural curiosities, milestones in London's long maritime history, that are located outside the now restored old Pool of London's borders, will be preserved for future generations.

Public stairs in use on the River Thames mid 1700s

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In 1746 the surveyor and cartographer John Rocque published a map of London that listed the following stairs on the Thames. (Some docks and wharves are also included.)

Surrey Shore River Thames London Shore
Vaux Hall
Gunhouse
White Hart
Lambeth
Stangate
Upstream
Parliament
Westminster Bridge
Westminster Bridge
Kings Arms
Morris's Causeway
Old Barge House
Bull
Marygold
Paris Garden
Faulcon
Mason
Goat
New Thames Street
Horseshoe Alley
Bank End
St. Mary Overies
Cock Alley
Pepper Alley
Manchester
Privy Garden
Whitehall
Hungerford
Black Lyon
York Buildings
Salisbury
Savoy
Somerset
Strand Bridge
Surrey
Arundel
Essex
Temple
White Fryers
Dorset
Blackfryers
Puddle Dock
Paul's Wharf
Trig
Queen Hith Little
Queen Hith
Three Crane
Dowgate
Steel Yard
Alhallows
Cole Harbour
Old Swan
London Bridge
Tooly
Battle Bridge
Pickle Herring
Still
Horsleydown Old
George
Horsleydown New
Savory Mill
East Lane
Three Mariners
Fountain
Cherry Garden
West Lane
Redriff
Kings
Princes
Elephant
Church
Hannover
Ruffels Mill
King and Queen
Globe
Shepherd and Dog
Greenland
Dog and Duck
George
Downstream
Billingsgate
Bear Key
Custom House
Tower
Iron Gate
St. Catherine's
Ald. Parsons's
Hermitage
Union
Wapping Old
Wapping New
Execution Dock
Wapping Dock
King Edwards
New Crane
King James's
Pelican
Shadwell Dock
Coal
Bell Wharf
Great Stone
Trinity
Stone
Hall
Queen
Godwell
Kidney
Shipping
Limehouse Hole
Surrey Shore River Thames London Shore

Public stairs in use on the River Thames mid 1800s

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A century later "Cross's New Plan Of London"[10] published in 1850 showed the following stairs. (Some docks and piers are also included.)

Surrey Shore River Thames London Shore
Beaufort
Battersea Bridge
Upstream
Feather
O. Magpie
Ranelagh
Vauxhall Bridge
Vauxhall Bridge
Vauxhall Bridge
Vauxhall
Gunners
White Hart
Horse Ferry
Lambeth
Stangate
Millbank
[Penitentiary]
Horse Ferry
Westminster Bridge
Westminster Bridge
Westminster Bridge
Westminster Bridge
Kings Arms
Whitehall
Hungerford
York Buildings
Salisbury
Waterloo Bridge
Waterloo Bridge
Waterloo Bridge
Waterloo Bridge
Waterloo Bridge
Old Bargehouse
Bull
Surrey
Arundel
Essex
Temple
Watermans
Blackfriars Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Blackfriars Bridge
Paris Garden
Falcon
Masons
Goat
[Emerson Street]
Puddle Dock
Castle
[Queen Hithe]
Southwark Bridge
St. Mary Ov[erie]s
St. Saviours Dock
Steel Yard
Allhallows
[Swan]
London Bridge
Tooley
Battle Bridge
Pickle Herring
Still
Horslydown Old
George
Horslydown New
Mill
East Lane
3 Mariners
Fountain
Cherry Garden
West Lane
Rotherhithe
King
Princes
Elephant
Church
Hanover
Russels Mill
Kings Mill
Bull Head Dock
King and Queen
Globe
Lavender Dock Pier
The Pageants
Commercial Dock Pier
Greenland
Dog and Duck
George
Kings
Billingsgate
Garden Pier
Greenwich Pier
Hospital
[Pelton Road] Pier
Downstream
Billingsgate
Custom House
Tower
Iron Gate
St. Catharine
Alderman Parsons
Hermitage
Browns Quay
Union
Wapping Old
Gun Dock
Wapping New
Execution Dock
Wapping Dock
Frying Pan
New Crane
King James's
Shadwell Dock
Cole
Stone
Ratcliff Cross
Kidney
Duke
Limehouse Hole
Mill Wall
Chalkstone
Willow Bridge
Blackwall
Surrey Shore River Thames London Shore

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Hungerford Pier, Thames Embankment, 1869". Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
  2. ^ "Thames Regional Rowing Council: Access to the River Thames". Archived from the original on 18 March 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
  3. ^ "First Settlers Monument". www.tower-bridge.org.uk.
  4. ^ "English Heritage". www.english-heritage.org.uk.
  5. ^ Mason, John (12 May 2004). "Obituary: Ted Johns". The Guardian.
  6. ^ "Tower bridge community". Archived from the original on 30 October 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
  7. ^ "Photo". www.tower-bridge.org.uk. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  8. ^ "Pool of London: Media". www.pooloflondon.co.uk.
  9. ^ "City of London Unitary Development Plan 2002: Riverside Appraisal of the Thames Policy Area in the City of London" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
  10. ^ Cross, Joseph (1850). "Cross's New Plan Of London 1850". MAPCO. Joseph Cross. Retrieved 5 May 2023.

Sources

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