45°50′45″N 15°52′07″E / 45.845957°N 15.868496°E Velebitaška jama, also known as Batinova jama or Jama na Jazbinjaku,[1] is the deepest pit cave and second deepest cave on the Medvednica massif behind Veternica, at 45 m, at one point the deepest.[2]: 30 It is located in an area with many pit caves, but is one of the largest among these,[3]: 26 with a complex horizontal and vertical morphology that brings the total length of the cave to 95 m.[2]: 31 It has been described as the "most significant" pit cave on its massif.[2]: 31 The cave is under special protection, and is closed to the public.[4]: 106
Description
editThe entrance to the cave is at 417 m above sea level, and its deepest point at 372 m above sea level.[3]: 26 The entrance is narrow, at only 1×1 m, widening after 4 m, dropping 12 m to a ledge and then 30 m to the bottom of the entrance chamber.[2]: 30 [3]: 33
The entrance chamber has branches and bones at the base.[3]: 34
From the base of the main chamber there are a number of narrow, difficult to pass vertical canals leading to a horizontal canal with a stream flowing southwest. But two crevice systems are found in the cave: one 20-200° followed by the stream angled gently to the northwest, and one 140-320° nearly vertical.[3]: 33
The canal with the stream very narrow and only 30–50 cm high, and has been explored to a total length of 51 m. Further exploration is not possible without alteration because the height lowers to 10 cm. The water from this canal likely flows into the Velebitaški kanal within Veternica.[2]: 31
History
editThe entrance was discovered in 1971, but although airflow was noted, the entrance was too small, with most of it plugged by rocks with a layer of soil above.[2]: 30
The cave was explored on 5 March 1973 when the layer of soil and stones was removed,[2]: 30 and continued on 11 March by the Speleološki klub "Željezničar", mapped by Marijan Čepelak,[3]: 4 and again but with a 3D point cloud by a team from the Faculty of Science at the University of Zagreb in 2019–2020.[3]: 9
In order to combat hypothermia, wooden planks were used during the exploration of the stream, marking the first use of that technique in Yugoslavia.[2]: 31
The Croatian Mountain Rescue Service once used the cave for rescue training, equipping it with many double anchors. Since then, it has been used to train new cavers,[5] as well as for recreational caving by cavers from Zagreb.[6][7]
Further exploration was carried out in September 2018 but the results remain unpublished.[8]
Climatology
editThe average temperature in the cave is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F), with a relative humidity of 95%. No measurable airflow has been detected.[3]: 34
The maximum radon concentration is about 4000 Bq/m3 and likely even higher in the summer, thanks to due to poor ventilation. This concentration is over the danger threshold for longer visits.[9][3]: 34
Geology
editVelebitaška jama formed in Upper Tortonian layers of organogenic and bioclastic limestone, sandstone, and lime and clay marlstone.[3]: 24, 33
It formed away from fault lines.[3]: 24
The cave is covered in places with speleothems[2]: 30 and layers of mud in the hydrologically active parts, but is not as decorated as some other nearby caves. There are both stalactites and stalagmites.[3]: 33
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Speleološki klub Željezničar (2016). "Velebitaška jama". Katastar speleoloških objekata Republike Hrvatske.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Čepelak, Marijan (1974). "Velebitaška jama na Medvednici" (PDF). Naše planine. Vol. 66, no. 1–2. pp. 29–31. ISSN 0354-0650.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Vidić, Pava (2020-05-25) [defended 2020-02-27]. Morfogeneza krškog reljefa na području Družanice i Drenovače (Zapadna Medvednica) (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
- ^ Javna ustanova Park prirode Medvednica (2023-08-31). "Sažeti pregled prirodnih speleoloških i antropogenih objekata područja obuhvata PU 5000". Plan upravljanja Parkom prirode Medvednica i pridruženim zaštićenim područjima te područjem ekološke mreže (PU 5000) 2024.-2033 (PDF). pp. 201–202.
- ^ Janton, Damir (2012-02-13). "Velebitaška jama – 22.01.2012". Speleološki klub Ozren Lukić.
- ^ Rakovac, Marko (2020-12-21). "Špiljari na Sv. brdu i u jami Duša na Crnopcu". Speleološki odsjek PDS Velebit.
- ^ Ivačić, Velimir (2021-05-10). "Špiljarenje u afteru". Speleološki klub Ozren Lukić.
- ^ SO Velebit (2018-09-13). "Fosilijada 2018". Speleološki odsjek PDS Velebit.
- ^ Sperrin, M.; Denman, A. R.; Phillips, P. S. (2000). "Estimating the dose from radon to recreational cave users in the Mendips". Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 49 (2): 235–240. ISSN 0265-931X.
Further reading
edit- Čepelak, Marijan (1974). "Velebitaška jama na Medvednici" (PDF). Naše planine. Vol. 66, no. 1–2. pp. 29–31. ISSN 0354-0650.
- Vidić, Pava (2020-05-25) [defended 2020-02-27]. Morfogeneza krškog reljefa na području Družanice i Drenovače (Zapadna Medvednica) (Thesis). Zagreb: Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.