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References Bem, S. L. (1985, January). Androgyny and gender schema theory: A conceptual and empirical integration. In Nebraska symposium on motivation (Vol. 32, pp. 179-226). University of Nebraska Press Lincoln. Burn, S. M., O'Neil, A. K., & Nederend, S. (1996). Childhood tomboyism and adult androgyny. Sex Roles, 34(5-6), 419-428. Crosby, F., Jose, P., & Wong-McCarthy, W. (1981). Gender, androgyny, and conversational assertiveness. In Gender and nonverbal behavior (pp. 151-169). Springer New York. Giles, H., & Marsh, P. (1979). Perceived masculinity, androgyny and accented speech. Language Sciences, 1(2), 301-315. Gooren, L. (2006). The biology of human psychosexual differentiation. Hormones and Behavior, 50(4), 589-601. Heilbrun Jr, A. B., & Schwartz, H. L. (1982). Sex-gender differences in level of androgyny. Sex Roles, 8(2), 201-214. Korabik, K. (1990). Androgyny and leadership style. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(4-5), 283-292. Mimick-Chalmers, C. (1986). A study of college women: Androgyny and perceptions of a feminist therapist. Sex roles, 14(5-6), 281-286. Nowak, K. L., & Rauh, C. (2005). The influence of the avatar on online perceptions of anthropomorphism, androgyny, credibility, homophily, and attraction. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 11(1), 153-178. Render, M. (2006). Misogyny, Androgyny, and Sexual Harassment: Sex Discrimination in a Gender-Deconstructed World. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender, 29, 99-150. Thompson, I. (1999). Women and Feminism in Technical Communication A Qualitative Content Analysis of Journal Articles Published in 1989 through 1997. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 13(2), 154-178.

Starter Article

Outline

I. Objectification of Men in the Media a. Product Display b. Drive for Muscularity c. Body Evaluation

II. Comparison of Genders a. Gazes vs. remarks b. ISOS c. Less common in men

III. Body Image a. Eating disorders b. Body Surveillance c. Body Dissatisfaction

Objectification of Men in the Media

Women are commonly subjects of objectification. However, the objectification of men is becoming more prominent, especially in the media. This objectification has been found in 37% of advertisements featuring men's body parts to showcase a product. These advertisements are a form of sexual objectification, as well. Similar to the issues of sexual objectification in women, it is common for said objectification to lead men to body shaming, eating disorders, and a drive for perfection. Men in the media, especially, are pressured to take part in steroid use in order to meet the standard of beauty set by body evaluation.

Comparison of Genders

The concept of body evaluation is also more common in criticizing women. However, body evaluation revolves more towards nonverbal ques for men. It is more common in women because sexual, sometimes offensive verbal remarks are directed towards women. Men, on the other hand, experience more body evaluation through gazing, and other nonverbal ques. Men tend to experience this from other men whereas women experience it from both sexes. The Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (ISOS) is a scale that shows sexual objectification of respondents, both men and women. It is learned that while experiencing sexual objectification it creates the need to constantly maintain and critique one’s physical appearance. This leads to other things like eating disorders, body shaming, and anxiety. The ISOS scale can be related to objectification theory and sexism.

Body Image

Eating disorders are almost exclusively considered a female problem, but exist in males as well. In fact, 25-40% of people with eating disorders are males. (N.A.M.E.D, 2016) The stigma that it is something that is typically only a women’s problem prevents men from seeking treatment for their disorders. Body surveillance is something that happens when a person’s physical or sexual attractiveness becomes more important than anything else. This happens to men too. In the media some men are noted for their bodies and appearances where they disrobe that other things about them become unimportant. Body dissatisfaction is real thing for men. In 1997 males spent over $4 billion in gym/health club memberships and exercise equipment. (Silva, 2006)

References

Davidson, M. M., Gervais, S. J., Cavinez, G. L., & Cole, B. P. (2013). A psychometric examination of the interpersonal sexual objectification scale among college men. Journal Of Counseling Psychology, 60(2), 239-250. Denchik, A. (2005). Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Interpersonal Sexual Objectification Scale (Unpublished master's thesis). Ohio State University. N.A.M.E.D, Ten Facts About Males With Eating Disorders. (n.d.). Retrieved March 09, 2016, from http://namedinc.org/?page_id=287 Silva, M. (2006, April). Body Image Dissatisfaction: A Growing Concern Among Men. Retrieved March 09, 2016, from https://community.msoe.edu/community/campus-life/student-resources/blog/2013/08/21/body-image-dissatisfaction-a-growing-concern-among-men Wiseman, M.C., & Moradi, B. (2010). Body Image and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Sexual minority men: a test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(2), 154-166. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rylee Wznick (talk • contribs) 17:06, 10 March 2016 (UTC)