NoelleW

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Citations

1. Dluhy, M., Revell, K., & Wong, S. (2002). Creating a Positive Future for a Minority Community: Transportation and Urban Renewal Politics in Miami. Journal of Urban Affairs, 24(1), 75-95. 2. Feldman, M., & Jolivet, V. (2014). Back to Little Havana: Controlling gentrification in the heart of Cuban Miami. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1266-1285 3. Florida, R. (2015, November 2nd). The Closest Look Yet at Gentrification and Displacement. City Labs Retrieved from https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/11/the-closest-look-yet-at-gentrification-and-displacement/413356/ 4. Fowler, M. (2014). Building social capital through place-based lawmaking: Case studies of two Afro-Caribbean communities in Miami - the West Grove and Little Haiti. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 45(2), 425-462. 5. Goyanes, R. (2016, January 31st). Big History of Little Haiti. The New Tropic. Retrieved from https://thenewtropic.com/history-little-haiti/ 6. Iannelli, J. (2017, January 6th). Study: Little Haiti Will Gentrify Faster Than Any South Florida Neighborhood in 2017. Miami New Times. Retrieved from http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/study-little-haiti-will-gentrify-faster-than-any-south-florida-neighborhood-in-2017-9041375 7. Nebhrajani, R. (2016, May 9th). The Early Bahamian History of Coconut Grove. The New Tropic. Retrieved from https://thenewtropic.com/bahamians-coconut-grove/ 8. Viegas, M.S. (2005). Community Development and the South Beach Success Story. Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy,12, 389-437. 9. Yudice, George. (2005). Miami: Images of a Latinopolis.(REPORT ON RACE, PART 3)(cultural and economic conditions). NACLA Report on the Americas, 39(3), 35-40. 10. “The History of Overtown.” (n.d.) Urban Philanthropies. Retrieved from http://urbanp.org/overtown/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification_in_miami

Gentrification in Miami

Gentrification takes place when low-income residents are priced out and displaced from their communities after re-development causes rents to rise. This tends to happen when real estate becomes scarce due to city growth, leading developers and investors to look for lower priced real estate. Gentrification impacts the poorest with the fewest resources. The ripple effects are a loss of historical and cultural home, a disruption of community, and the displacement of people into neighborhoods with higher crime and poorer schools (Florida, 2015). Furthermore, small-business owners are forced out when profits don’t meet increased rent costs.

The Miami history of gentrification is unique in that, while gentrification is typically seen as whites displacing non-whites, it was the Cuban diaspora that first brought gentrification to the shores of the city(Viegas, 2005). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_exile. Miami has since become a model of a thriving, intercultural city, due in great part to the entertainment industry’s promotion of it there-as. Latin celebrities are promoted for their ostentatious Miami lifestyle in the media, meanwhile little is publicized about the lives of most immigrants, whose are far from glamorous. Further, it is argued that immigrants from places other than Cuba, and specifically of non-Spanish speaking, African descendance, continue to experience more difficulty finding employment and are at greater risk of displacement from their communities by the immense growth and development the city has experienced(Yudice, 2005).

History

South Beach, as recent as the 1970s, was mostly deserted and uninhabited, aside from the elderly retirees who found cheap housing there. The art deco buildings, built in the 1920s and 1930s, were mostly deteriorated and the only existing commerce was the minimal needed to cater to retirees. The Mariel boatlift of 1980 brought significant change to Miami when it arrived, carrying with it 125, 000 Cuban immigrants; some of whom had been released by Castro from mental health hospitals and prisons, but many of whom were regular citizens fleeing political persecution. The mass influx of immigrants overwhelmed South Beach, which did not have the infrastructure to house them, and the city degenerated into slum and blight(Viegas, 2005). In 1981, the Miami Beach Community Development Corporation (MBCDC), seeing the potential of the city with its tropical climate, beautiful beaches and a stagnant body of workers residing nearby, devised a plan to revamp the city. Coupled with vision, a fierce marketing plan and the ability to rally the support of the community, government and business, Miami was redeveloped into one of the great world cities(Viegas, 2005).

Little Havana

The Cuban immigration experience in Miami is unique compared to most and gentrification in Little Havana is comparably so. The Cuban-American settlement in Miami garnered political and monetary power and used that power to keep Little Havana gentrified – for the Cubans. Cuban-Americans with clout strategically planned the gentrification of Little Havana to attract Young Urban Cuban Americans (YUCAs) and other Cubans who had relocated to the suburbs. They did this in the same way most cities are gentrified, by cleaning up the neighborhood, rebuilding cultural monuments and parks, and encouraging artists to engage in business there, with the promise of consumers to buy their wares(Feldman, 2014). Little Havana has, in fact, become one of the big tourist attractions of Miami, offering the opportunity to sample Cuban culture not offered elsewhere. West Coconut Grove Bahamians were some of the first settlers in Coconut Grove, before it was annexed by the city of Miami. They began settling in the 1800s, many of them immigrating from Key West in pursuit of jobs, and have maintained their heritage and culture there since that time. The original Bahamian settlement grew to incorporate African American settlers in the 1920s. At that time, the area was segregated to exclude it from nearby Coral Gables. These settlers constructed the first black church, cemetery and library, still standing today(Nebhrajani, 2016). The community has remained cohesive through continued efforts to exclude it from the rest of Coconut Grove and Coral Gables, including the West Grove trolley garage. The community has been able to combat city zoning and redevelopment that would adversely impact their community through historic district (HD) and neighborhood conservation district (NCD) classifications. The Miami 21 Zoning Code denotes the West Grove “of special and substantial interest due to unique Caribbean and Bahamian character and heritage”. Nevertheless, city politicians and developers find ways to circumvent these regulations to achieve their goals. Community Benefits Agreements are a useful means for the community to engage directly with developers seeking to build in the neighborhood, thereby expediting gentrification(Fowler, 2014).

Little Haiti

Haitians began arriving in Miami in the 1960s, culminating in a peak of 25,000 political refugees in 1980, the same year of the Mariel boatlift. Many Haitians were sent back, not receiving the same solicitude of Cuban immigrants. Using the Cuban-Haitian immigration disparity to unite Haitians, Viter Juste, a Pulitzer Prize winning photographer for the Miami Herald, coined the phrase “Little Haiti”(Goyanes, 2016). Haitians are finding themselves displaced from Little Haiti due to nearby gentrification in places like Wynwood and the Miami Design District. Haitian communities are some of the poorest in Miami Dade County, and wealthy residents relocating to other areas has not helped their plight. The Creole language keeps them further secluded from the outside world and information that could be of benefit. The social cohesion of language and culture in the community makes the effects of gentrification even more harrowing(Fowler, 2014). Meanwhile, new studies predict Little Haiti will gentrify more rapidly than any other southern Florida city(Iannelli, 2017) Community leaders aim to target this problem by encouraging and assisting in home-ownership for the locals(Fowler, 2014).

Overtown

Overtown was established as the central African-American neighborhood in segregated Miami during the Jim Crow era. Originally labeled, “Colored Town”, it soon grew to incorporate immigrants from as far as Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago. These immigrants came together to establish some of the first African-American owned business in South Florida(“The History of Overtown”, n.d.). By the 1960s, it was a thriving musical culture that became known as “The Harlem of the South”, catering to the likes of BB King and Aretha Franklin. The construction of I-95 in the 1960s has been blamed as the biggest culprit for the demise of Overtown. The highway tore the community into 4 quadrants that make it difficult for community developers to contrive ways to unify it again. From 1960 to 1970 the population decreased by 50%, due to residents leaving after their homes and businesses had been demolished(Dluhy, 2002). Today, Overtown’s cityscape is one of deterioration and blight, a sharp contrast from the cultural southern Mecca it once was. Efforts to restore it include renovations of the Lyric Theater and the Miami Greenway River Action Plan of 2001(Dluhy, 2002).

References

1. Dluhy, M., Revell, K., & Wong, S. (2002). Creating a Positive Future for a Minority Community: Transportation and Urban Renewal Politics in Miami. Journal of Urban Affairs, 24(1), 75-95. 2. Feldman, M., & Jolivet, V. (2014). Back to Little Havana: Controlling gentrification in the heart of Cuban Miami. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1266-1285 3. Florida, R. (2015, November 2nd). The Closest Look Yet at Gentrification and Displacement. City Labs Retrieved from https://www.citylab.com/equity/2015/11/the-closest-look-yet-at-gentrification-and-displacement/413356/ 4. Fowler, M. (2014). Building social capital through place-based lawmaking: Case studies of two Afro-Caribbean communities in Miami - the West Grove and Little Haiti. University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 45(2), 425-462. 5. Goyanes, R. (2016, January 31st). Big History of Little Haiti. The New Tropic. Retrieved from https://thenewtropic.com/history-little-haiti/ 6. Iannelli, J. (2017, January 6th). Study: Little Haiti Will Gentrify Faster Than Any South Florida Neighborhood in 2017. Miami New Times. Retrieved from http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/study-little-haiti-will-gentrify-faster-than-any-south-florida-neighborhood-in-2017-9041375 7. Nebhrajani, R. (2016, May 9th). The Early Bahamian History of Coconut Grove. The New Tropic. Retrieved from https://thenewtropic.com/bahamians-coconut-grove/ 8. Viegas, M.S. (2005). Community Development and the South Beach Success Story. Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy,12, 389-437. 9. Yudice, George. (2005). Miami: Images of a Latinopolis.(REPORT ON RACE, PART 3)(cultural and economic conditions). NACLA Report on the Americas, 39(3), 35-40. 10. “The History of Overtown.” (n.d.) Urban Philanthropies. Retrieved from http://urbanp.org/overtown/

NoelleW (talk) 02:36, 15 December 2017 (UTC)

Draft:Gentrification in Miami concern

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Your draft article, Draft:Gentrification in Miami

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