Dmzepeda21

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Hello, Dmzepeda21, and welcome to Wikipedia! My name is Ian and I work with the Wiki Education Foundation; I help support students who are editing as part of a class assignment.

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If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact me on my talk page. Ian (Wiki Ed) (talk) 21:03, 27 February 2016 (UTC)

Outline

What is Cholera? -- Sigman, M., & Luchette, F. A. (2012). Cholera: something old, something new. Surgical infections, 13(4), 216-222. Symptoms Diagnosis -The need for a better prevention Dick, M. H., Guillerm, M., Moussy, F., & Chaignat, C. L. (2012). Review of two decades of cholera diagnostics–how far have we really come?. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 6(10), e1845.

Treatment -Use of Antimicrobial Drugs Leibovici-Weissman, Y. A., Neuberger, A., Bitterman, R., Sinclair, D., Salam, M. A., & Paul, M. (2014). Antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 6.

Prevalence Rate -Developing Countries Kebede, S., Duales, S., Yokouide, A., & Alemu, W. (2010). Trends of major disease outbreaks in the African region, 2003-2007. East Afr J Public Health,7(1), 20-29. -Displaced Populations Lam, E., McCarthy, A., & Brennan, M. (2015). Vaccine-preventable diseases in humanitarian emergencies among refugee and internally-displaced populations. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 11(11), 2627-2636.

Evolution of Cholera Virulent Strains El O1 Strain

Goel, A. K., & Jiang, S. C. (2010). Genetic determinants of virulence, antibiogram and altered biotype among the Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from different cholera outbreaks in India. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 10(6), 814-818.

Kumar, P., Jain, M., Goel, A. K., Bhadauria, S., Sharma, S. K., Kamboj, D. V., ... & Nair, G. B. (2009). A large cholera outbreak due to a new cholera toxin variant of the Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor biotype in Orissa, Eastern India.Journal of medical microbiology, 58(2), 234-238.

Goel, A. K., Jain, M., Kumar, P., Sarguna, P., Bai, M., Ghosh, N., & Gopalan, N. (2011). Molecular characterization reveals involvement of altered El Tor biotype Vibrio cholerae O1 strains in cholera outbreak at Hyderabad, India.The Journal of Microbiology, 49(2), 280-284.

Dmzepeda21 (talk) 01:47, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

Antibiotic Resistance and Genetic Determinants

V. Cholerae O1 strain has two biotypes, classical and El Tor, the latter of which has evolved increased adaptability to survive in the intestinal epithelium of its human host. Recently, hybrid strains of the classical and El Tor biotypes have been discovered during outbreaks in parts of East Asia. These hybrid strains are more toxigenic then their ancestors, classical and El Tor. One of the two hybrid strains has two types of CTX prophages that have classical rstR and classical ctxB genes that are known to be more toxigenic. The other hybrid strain contains El Tor rstR and classical ctxB genes. The striking characteristic of these strains is that they are shown to be resistant to common antibiotics used to alleviate the symptoms and spread of cholera. By understanding these new resistant strains, scientists can understand the continued mass outbreaks in various countries, especially those in East Asia.