Cheesecake is my favorite <3 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Shannon.tai (talk • contribs) 21:52, 23 September 2015 (UTC)
The Effect of Climate Change on the Emergence of Tick-Borne Diseases like Babesiosis: edit
In the past, it was noticed that the emergence of tick-borne diseases coincided with climate change, but it is questionable whether or not climate change is a cause of the emergence. There seemed to be a tredn where as temperature and moisture stress increased, tick infections increased as well. After much data collection, a correlation was found between climate change and the incidence of tick-borne diseases. However, the correlation is not strong enough to outright claim that climate change is a major factor of the increasing prevalence of tick-borne diseases [4].
Influence of the Environment
High environmental temperature, humidity and rainful have been correlated with fostering a more accomodating environment for the ticks carrying Babesia. This may explain why B. bigemina infection in cattle in hilly region of Meghalaya has increased. It has also been noted that the life span and number of generations of B. microplus are affected by the climate [7].
Adaptations to Increase Transmission of Babesia: edit
Babesia show host specificity, allowing many different subspecies of Babesia to emerge, each infecting a different kind of vertebrae organism. Interestingly, while the different sub species, such as B. bovis and B. bigemina prefer to infect cattle in tropical environments, they are capable of infecting other animals, such as the white-tailed deer. Therefore, while the organism has the capacity to display host specificity, and thus increase transmission effectiveness, it can also infect a variety of hosts, allowing for adaptation to occur and evolution to lead to more genetically diverse species [6].
Babesia persist long term in the host's system. This allows the parasite to exploit all of the resources offered by the host, allowing it to increase in number, and eventually increase transmission. Too lethal of an infection would result in the death of the host resulting in the parasite being unable to spread, which would ultimately be seen as a loss from an evolutionary standpoint. Different species of Babesia are able to withstand the stress of the host's immune system. Infection typically stimulates the innate, and not humoral, immune system. This results in control of the infection, but not clearance, allowing the organism to persist [6].
Articles on Tick Borne Disease Babesiosis: edit
1. Kjemtrup, A. M., and P. A. Conrad. "Human babesiosis: an emerging tick-borne disease." International journal for parasitology 30.12 (2000): 1323-1337. http://hy2ju6vj2n.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=google&auinit=AM&aulast=Kjemtrup&atitle=Human+babesiosis:+an+emerging+tick-borne+disease&id=doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00137-5&title=International+journal+for+parasitology&volume=30&issue=12&date=2000&spage=1323&issn=0020-7519
2. Randolph, Sarah E. "Evidence that climate change has caused ‘emergence’of tick-borne diseases in Europe?." International Journal of Medical Microbiology Supplements 293 (2004): 5-15. http://hy2ju6vj2n.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=google&auinit=SE&aulast=Randolph&atitle=Evidence+that+climate+change+has+caused+%E2%80%98emergence%E2%80%99of+tick-borne+diseases+in+Europe%3F&id=doi:10.1016/S1433-1128(04)80004-4&title=International+journal+of+medical+microbiology&volume=293&date=2004&spage=5
3. Krause, Peter J., et al. "Disease-specific diagnosis of coinfecting tickborne zoonoses: babesiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and Lyme disease." Clinical Infectious Diseases 34.9 (2002): 1184-1191. http://hy2ju6vj2n.scholar.serialssolutions.com/?sid=google&auinit=PJ&aulast=Krause&atitle=Disease-specific+diagnosis+of+coinfecting+tickborne+zoonoses:+babesiosis,+human+granulocytic+ehrlichiosis,+and+Lyme+disease&id=pmid:11941544
4. Spielman, Andrew. "The Emergence of Lyme Disease and Human Babesiosis in a Changing Environmenta." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 740.1 (1994): 146-156. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb19865.x/epdf
5. Wormser, Gary P., et al. "The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America." Clinical Infectious Diseases 43.9 (2006): 1089-1134. http://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c3489998-1b43-4c11-96bd-9e6412ddd49c%40sessionmgr112&crlhashurl=login.aspx%253fdirect%253dtrue%2526profile%253dehost%2526scope%253dsite%2526authtype%253dcrawler%2526jrnl%253d10584838%2526AN%253d22652783&hid=117&vid=0
6. Chauvin, A., Moreau, E., Bonnet, S., Plantard, O., & Malandrin, L. (2009). Babesia and its hosts: adaptation to long-lasting interactions as a way to achieve efficient transmission. Veterinary research, 40(2), 1-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2695028/
7. Laha, Ramgopal, M. Das, and A. Sen. "Morphology, epidemiology, and phylogeny of Babesia: An overview." Tropical Parasitology 5.2 (2015): 94.
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