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Location of Turkey

Turkey has a well developed transport infrastructure. The Turkey rail network is extensive, especially in the north, and it includes a high-speed rail network that joins the major cities of Turkey from Istanbul through northern cities such as Ankara and Sivas. Turkey has 2,507 people and 12.46 km2 per kilometer of rail track, giving Turkey the world's 24th largest rail network.[1]

Rail transport edit

There are 8,699 km of railways in Turkey

 
TCDD's premier high-speed rail service, Yüksek Hızlı Tren, waiting to depart Ankara.
 
A TCDD Taşımacılık HT65000 high-speed trainset awaiting departure at Ankara Tren Garı to Istanbul Pendik on a YHT service
Main article: Rail transport in Turkey
See also: List of railway companies and List of town tramway systems in Turkey
Main articles: Rail transport in Turkey and History of rail transport in Turkey

The TCDD - Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways) possess 10,984 km of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge, of which 2,336 km are electrified (2005).[2]

There are daily regular passenger trains all through the network.[3] TCDD has started an investment program of building 5.000 km high-speed lines until 2023. As of October 2019, three high speed train routes are running: Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul, Ankara-Konya and İstanbul-Eskişehir-Konya.

The freight transportation is mainly organized as block trains for domestic routes, since TCDD discourages under 200 to loads by surcharges.

Urban rail edit

After almost 30 years without any trams, Turkey is experiencing a revival in trams. Established in 1992, the tram system of Istanbul earned the best large-scale tram management award in 2005. Another award-winning tram network belongs to Eskişehir (EsTram) where a modern tram system opened in 2004. Several other cities are planning or constructing tram lines, with modern low-floow trams.

By 2014, there have been 12 cities in Turkey using railroads for transportation.

Railway links with adjacent countries edit

Road transport edit

 
Steel bridge which carries the ancient road to Neonteichos crossing Otoyol 33 near Yanıkköy neighbourhood of Menemen in İzmir, Turkey
 
Bayraklı-1 Tunnel in İzmir, Turkey
 
The Osman Gazi Bridge

There are 352,046 km of roadways in Turkey

Road transport is responsible for much air pollution in Turkey and almost a fifth of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions, mainly via diesel.

There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey. The first is the historical and free road network called State roads (Devlet Yolları) that are completely under the responsibility of the General Directorate of Highways except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of ring roads of Ankara, Istanbul or İzmir. Even if they mostly possess dual carriageways and interchanges, they also have some traffic lights and intersections.

The second type of roads are controlled-access highways that are officially named Otoyol. But it isn't uncommon that people in Turkey call them Otoban (referring to Autobahn) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of Turks in Germany. They also depend on the General Directorate of Highways except those that are financed with a BOT model.

The third type of roads are provincial roads (Il Yolları) are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other , the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports.

  • Motorways: Motorway 2.225 km (2019)
  • Dual carriageways: 17.550 km [6]
  • State Highways 31.021 km (2019)
  • Provincial Roads 34.153 (2019)
  • Motorway Projects‐Vision 5250 km (in 2023)

As of 2010, there are 155 tunnels (total length 99.5 km) and 6447 bridges (total length 296.3 km) on the network.[7][8]

Cycling edit

 
Finish position at the 55th Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey in 2019
See also: Category:Cycling in Turkey

In 2019 a new regulation on cycle paths was issued.[9]

Car ownership edit

According to the figures released by Turkey's statistics authority (TurkStat) the total number of motor vehicles in Turkey reached 15.023 million as of November 2010.[10] The provinces with the highest rates of car ownership were:

Total number of passenger cars was 6,472,156 at the end of 2007. Total number of motor vehicles (excluding tractors and construction vehicles) was 11,695,611 at the end of 2007.[11][12][13] The number of passenger cars had increased to 9,800,000 by 2010.[14]

Air transport edit

Airlines edit

See also: List of airlines of Turkey, Aviation in Turkey, and Turkish Airlines
 
A Turkish Airlines Boeing 777-300ER with the FC Barcelona colours in 2012
 
Turkish Airlines also sponsored Bundesliga club Borussia Dortmund

In 1983, the Turkish airline market was liberalized. While before, only public companies were allowed to serve the country's airports, with the enactment of the 1983 Civil Aviation Law, private companies were admitted. As the regulation failed at setting up a competitive environment, the quasi-monopoly of Turkey's national flag carrier Turkish Airlines was further reinforced. It was only in 2003, that major barriers for market entry were erased, leading to a more competitive market, though Turkish Airlines continued to benefit from state support.[15]

With 61.8 million passengers in 2015, Turkish Airlines today is one of the major airlines of the world, particularly by its number of international passengers. Operating scheduled services to 280 destinations in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas as of February 2015, Turkish Airlines is the fourth-largest carrier in the world by number of destinations,[16] and the one that serves the most countries.[17]

Airports edit

Main article: List of airports in Turkey
 
Istanbul airport, Turkey's busiest airport
 
Istanbul airport inside.
 
Turkish airlines Cargo

Since the 2000s, the country has seen an extraordinary development in civil aviation with a growth ten times faster than the world average. While Turkey's airports only handled 34 million passengers in 2003, the number rose to 105 million in 2010, 52 percent of which were on international flights.[5] In 2012, Turkish airports handled 130 million passengers, making it the sixth-largest aviation market in Europe.[6]

In 2015, Istanbul's Atatürk Airport handled 61.8 million passengers making it the world's 11th busiest airport.[7] The aging airport will however be replaced by the larger "Istanbul New Airport", which is currently under construction. With the world's largest airport terminal, initially serving 90 million passengers the new airport will massively expand the passenger capacity, with two more terminals being planned totalling to 150 million passengers per year.[8] By 2025, the new airport is projected to be the world’s largest airport serving 260 million passengers annually.

Total number of Airports in Turkey: 117 (2007)

Airports - with paved runways
total: 88
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m:″ 33
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 4 (2010) (Link:[18])

Airports - with unpaved runways
total: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 4 (2010) (Link:[18])

Heliports 20 (2010)

Busiest airports edit

This is a list of the top ten busiest airports in Turkey in 2020.[19]

Rank Airport Location Code
(IATA/ICAO)		 2020
1 Istanbul Airport Istanbul IST/LTFM 64,106,014
2 Sabiha Gökçen International Airport Istanbul SAW/LTFJ 31,386,038
3 Antalya Airport Antalya AYT/LTAI 25,872,451
4 Esenboğa International Airport Ankara ESB/LTAC 15,817,158
5 Adnan Menderes Airport İzmir ADB/LTBJ 12,824,310
6 Adana Şakirpaşa Airport Adana ADA/LTAF 5,610,176
7 Trabzon Airport Trabzon TZX/LTCG 4,148,929
8 Dalaman Airport Muğla / Dalaman DLM/LTBS 3,718,768
9 Milas-Bodrum Airport Muğla / Bodrum BJV/LTFE 3,501,530
10 Oğuzeli Airport Gaziantep / Oğuzeli GZT/LTAJ 2,629,569
TOTAL 169,614,941

Water transport edit

There are 1,200 km of waterways in Turkey

Straits edit

 
The Turkish Straits

The Turkish Straits (Turkish: Türk Boğazları) are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey. The straits create a series of international passages that connect the Aegean and Mediterranean seas to the Black Sea. They consist of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus. The straits are on opposite ends of the Sea of Marmara. The straits and the Sea of Marmara are part of the sovereign sea territory of Turkey and subject to the regime of internal waters.Located in the western part of the landmass of Eurasia, the Turkish Straits are conventionally considered the boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia, as well as the dividing line between European Turkey and Asian Turkey.

Container ports edit

Turkey has four major container ports, Haydarpasa, Ambarlı, Filyos, Izmir and Mersin. Except Ambarli, the other three ports are operated by a large governmental agency namely TCDD (Turkish State Railways). Although the Mediterranean trade is one of the fastest growing container sectors, Turkish ports have not seen any spillover effects from this. One could argue that Turkish ports have certain level of centrality but not sufficient enough to reach the hub port status. There are some positive trends in the market as well. Turkey’s volatile economy appears to be increasing. The low ocean freight rates are helping the carriers compete more effectively against the road haulage alternative, i.e., Turkey to northern Europe. Carriers are also launching new services and upgrading the existing ones.

Cruise ports edit

Many international cruise ships dock at Turkish ports, especially Istanbul on the Marmara coast, Kusadasi, Marmaris, Bodrum and Izmir on the Aegean coast, Antalya on the Mediterranean coast, with fewer docking at Sinop and Trabzon on the Black Sea coast. Turkey is becoming a popular destination for international cruise ships with its developing cruise tourism and new cruise port. The number of cruise ship passengers that have visited the country has amounted over to 3 million. Lots of cruise ships docking at the Turkish ports increase every year.

Marinas and Harbours edit

 
A late evening view of Kuşadası Marina.

Marinas refer to Turkey's ports of call for international and local yachtsmen equipped with modern services routinely expected in recreational boating industry, and they are presently found either in or near Istanbul or İzmir, the two largest port cities of the country whose economies are focused on tourism in the Aegean Sea or the Mediterranean Sea, with a particular concentration in southwest Anatolia. The country's increasing popularity in nautical tourism is advantaged by its coastline and a past noted for the seafaring literature, some of whose references are part of everyday culture, as is the case for the Blue Cruise, and the search for the Golden Fleece. It is noteworthy to recall that, apart from the larger installations listed below, there are also numerous points of stop and supply which offer the advantages inherent to smaller enterprises, sometimes in a family environment, at the same time as putting the geography of the Turkish coasts to good use. Since recent years [when?], these installations offer the modern infrastructure and facilities that are considered as requirements with increasing rapidity and sophistication, catering a whole range of services. Sizable investments by non-Turkish investors have been made in some of the marina installations below and prominent Turkish private sector groups view marinas as an attractive investment that also enhances their prestige, and thus have built or acquired one to include in their overall portfolio.

 
Ocean Pearl - 09 - Göcek, Fethiye, Turkey
 
Marmaris harbor (aerial view), Muğla Province, southwest Turkey,

Harbours

Merchant marine edit

  • total: 563 ships (1,000 GT or over) totaling 4,035,899 GT/4,576,841 tonnes deadweight (DWT)
  • ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 343, chemical tanker 41, combination bulk 2, container 56, liquified gas 20, livestock carrier 1, multi-functional large load carrier 8, passenger 8, petroleum tanker 25, refrigerated cargo 32, roll-on/roll-off 16, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 5 (1999 est.)

note: many Dutch-owned ships are also operating under the ship registry of Turkey Antilles (1998 est.)

Inland waters & shipping edit

Pipelines edit

pipeline transport:

Pipelines edit

  • Crude oil and petroleum products 2,280 km (1,420 mi)
  • Natural gas 13,500 km (8,390 mi)

(2006 est.)

The distribution network for natural gas is the most dense in Europe and of very high quality, with a total length of 12,200 kilometres of transmission pipelines and 136,400 kilometres of distribution pipelines.[20] A technical investigation has concluded that the existing Dutch high-pressure gas infrastructure could feasibly be converted for transport of hydrogen in the future.[21]

Municipal transport edit

 
Bosphorus fast ferry SH-Durusu in the port of Kadıköy, Istanbul
 
Bosphorus a typical car ferry in Istanbul, Turkey

There are numerous private bus companies providing connections between cities in Turkey. For local trips to villages there are dolmuşes, small vans that seat about twenty passengers. As of 2010, number of road vehicles is around 15 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows.[22]


Ferry edit

There are many routes serving the Marmara Region around Istanbul and some routes go further a field to Bursa, Izmir and Canakkale. Daily car and passenger ferries run between Turkey's Mediterranean coast mostly from the port of Tasucu near Silifke to Girne on the northern coast of Cyprus.



Bus edit

 
Mercedes-Benz CapaCity C1 of Istanbul Metrobus fleet
 

Most Turkish towns and cities have well developed municipal bus services. Typically, a city possesses its own local bus service, however, in some cases they have private competitors operating on certain lines upon the agreement with local authorities.



Tram edit

 
 
Trams in Izmir
 
Historic tram on İstiklal Avenue in Istanbul

The first tram line in Istanbul was constructed by Konstantin Karapano Efendi, and started operating on 31 July 1871 between the districts of Azapkapi and Ortaköy. In 1869, the tram company "Dersaated Tramvay Şirketi" was established. 430 horses were used to draw the 45 carriages, including 15 summer-type and some double-deckers, on meter gauge track. In 1912, the horse-drawn tram had to cease to operate for one year because the Ministry of Defence sent all the horses to the front during the Balkan War. The tram network was electrified by overhead contact wire on 2 February 1914. The tram began to run on the Anatolian part of Istanbul on 8 June 1928 between Üsküdar and Kisikli. By the 1950s, the length of the tram lines reached 130 km. Trams were in service on the European part until 12 August 1961 and on the Anatolian part until 14 November 1966.[23] Istanbul is the only city in European Turkey with operating trams. In Anatolia, there are operating trams in Adana, Antalya, Bursa, Eskişehir, Gaziantep, and Kayseri. Izmir formerly had trams and new lines are currently being planned.


Trolleybus edit

 

Trolleybuses have operated in both the Asian and European parts of Turkey, in four cities: Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir and Malatya. The last of these is a new system constructed in 2013–15, while the other three systems had all closed by the early 1990s. Turkey's first trolleybus line began operating in 1947 in the capital, Ankara. On 1 June 1947, 10 Brill trolleybuses, joined in 1948 by 10 FBW vehicles, started running between the Ulus and Bakanliklar districts.[citation needed] In 1952, 13 more trolleybuses were bought from MAN. The system closed in 1986.[24] In the financial and cultural capital, Istanbul, the first trolleybuses were introduced in the early 1960s. The first line was the Topkapi-Eminönü line and was constructed by the Italian Ansaldo San Giorgia company. The total length of trolleybus line was 45 km, and there were 100 buses in operation at the system's peak. However, due to frequent power losses it was decided to close the system, and the last trolleybus ran in 1984.[25][26] The Izmir system closed in 1992, leaving the country with no trolleybus systems for the next two decades.

The new system in Malatya opened in March 2015[27] and serves a single route that is around 21.5 km (13.4 mi) in length and connects Maşti Otogar (the city's bus station) with İnönü University (İnönü Üniversitesi).[28] Another new system is planned to be built in Sanliurfa, and an order for 10 bi-articulated trolleybuses was placed in spring or summer 2017 with manufacturer Bozankaya, for use on a planned 7 km (4.3 mi) route.[29]


Rapid transit edit

Main article: Istanbul Metro
 


The first metro line was opened in Istanbul in 1995. Part of the second line was opened in 2015. This is part of the country's rail transport infrastructure. There are no official plans to build metro in other cities due to the lack of funds, but there is an ongoing debate whether they should be built, especially in Ankara.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Compare List of countries by rail transport network size.
  2. ^ TCDD Statistics - PDF file
  3. ^ Uysal, Onur. "Traveling by Train in Turkey", Rail Turkey, 05 Mar 2014
  4. ^ Railway Gazette International - January 2008 p51
  5. ^ http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/home/detail/?id=233
  6. ^ "Yol Ağı Bilgileri". Kgm.gov.tr. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  7. ^ [1][dead link]
  8. ^ [2][dead link]
  9. ^ "BİSİKLET YOLLARI YÖNETMELİĞİ". www.resmigazete.gov.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 26 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ "NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES -Number of registered motor vehicles in Turkey exceeds 15 million in November 2010. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ [3]
  13. ^ http://www.tuik.gov.tr/metaveri/52_m9.doc. Retrieved 1 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
  14. ^ [4][dead link]
  15. ^ Erik den Hartigh; Hatice Küçükönal (2012). "The Turkish aviation system and the strategy of Turkish Airlines". In R. Curran; et al. (eds.). Air Transport and Operations: Proceedings of the Third International Air Transport and Operations Symposium 2012. Amsterdam: IOS Press. pp. 231–245. ISBN 978-1-61499-118-2.
  16. ^ "Turkish Airlines again expands its network" (Press release). Turkish Airlines. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  17. ^ Gunnar Garfors (5 March 2013). "These Airlines Fly to Most Countries". Archived from the original on 25 July 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  18. ^ a b "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  19. ^ "Statistiche Dicembre 2017". assaeroporti.com. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
  20. ^ Quick facts and figures about the Dutch energy industry – Holland Trade and Invest
  21. ^ Hydrogen – the key to the energy transition – Delft University of Technology
  22. ^ "::Türkiye Ýstatistik Kurumu Web sayfalarýna Hoţ Geldiniz". Tuik.gov.tr. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  23. ^ "İETT - Sayfa Bulunamadı". iett.gov.tr. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  24. ^ Murray, Alan (2000). World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia, pp. 116–117. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. ISBN 0-904235-18-1.
  25. ^ Troleybüs (history). (in Turkish) IETT. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  26. ^ Last tramcar in Istanbul. IETT. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
  27. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 321 (May–June 2015), p. 90.
  28. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 328 (July–August 2016), p. 124.
  29. ^ Trolleybus Magazine No. 335 (September–October 2017), p. 195.
 
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