Encryption in Cryptography edit
In the context of cryptography, encryption serves as a mechanism to ensure confidentiality.[1] Since data may be visible on the Internet, sensitive information such as passwords and personal communication may be exposed to potential interceptors.[1] To protect this information, encryption algorithms convert plaintext into ciphertext to transform the original data to a non-readable format accessible only to authorized parties who can decrypt the data back to a readable format.[2]
The process of encrypting and decrypting messages involves keys. The two main types of keys in cryptographic systems are symmetric-key and public-key (also known as asymmetric-key).[2]
Types edit
Symmetric-key edit
In symmetric-key schemes,[3] the encryption and decryption keys are the same. Communicating parties must have the same key in order to achieve secure communication. The German Enigma Machine utilized a new symmetric-key each day for encoding and decoding messages.
Public-key edit
In public-key encryption schemes, the encryption key is published for anyone to use and encrypt messages. However, only the receiving party has access to the decryption key that enables messages to be read.[4] Public-key encryption was first described in a secret document in 1973;[5] beforehand, all encryption schemes were symmetric-key (also called private-key).[6]: 478 Although published subsequently, the work of Diffie and Hellman was published in a journal with a large readership, and the value of the methodology was explicitly described.[7] The method became known as the Diffie Hellman key exchange.
RSA is another notable public-key cryptosystem. Created in 1977, it is still used today for applications involving digital signatures.[8] Using number theory, the RSA algorithm selects two prime numbers, which help generate both the encryption and decryption keys.[8]
A publicly available public-key encryption application called Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) was written in 1991 by Phil Zimmermann, and distributed free of charge with source code. PGP was purchased by Symantec in 2010 and is regularly updated.[9]
- ^ a b Kessler, Gary (November 17, 2006). "An Overview of Cryptography". Princeton University.
- ^ a b Agrawal, Monika (May 5, 2012). "A Comparative Survey on Symmetric Key Encryption Techniques". International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering. 4: 877–882.
- ^ "Symmetric-key encryption software".
- ^ Bellare, Mihir. "Public-Key Encryption in a Multi-user Setting: Security Proofs and Improvements." Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. Page 1.
- ^ "Public-Key Encryption - how GCHQ got there first!". gchq.gov.uk. Archived from the original on May 19, 2010.
- ^ Goldreich, Oded. Foundations of Cryptography: Volume 2, Basic Applications. Vol. 2. Cambridge university press, 2004.
- ^ Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin (1976), New directions in cryptography, vol. 22, IEEE transactions on Information Theory, pp. 644–654
- ^ a b Wahid, Mohammed Nazeh Abdul; Ali, Abdulrahman; Esparham, Babak; Marwan, Mohamed (2018-08-10). "A Comparison of Cryptographic Algorithms: DES, 3DES, AES, RSA and Blowfish for Guessing Attacks Prevention". Journal of Computer Science Applications and Information Technology. 3 (2).
- ^ Kirk, Jeremy (April 29, 2010). "Symantec buys encryption specialist PGP for $300M". Computerworld.