Cognitive diet for dogs
editA Cognitive diet for dogs is a formulated feed plan to improve the mental processes of perception, memory and judgement of the brain in dogs. [1] Cognitive diets are used to improve or maintain cognitive health in growth. As aging continues, cognitive dysfunction may develop in older dogs, impairing learning and memory. Oxidative damage and beta amyloid protein deposition are the primary causes of cognitive degeneration.[2][3] As a result, many cognitive diets focus on anti-oxidative ingredients such as vitamin C, vitamin E[3]. Other nutrients have also shown positive impact in cognitive health such as branched chain amino acids[4] and omega-3 fatty acids.[5]
Nutrients
editAntioxidants
editThe primary antioxidants used in common canine diets involve vitamin C and vitamin E. The canine brain uses approximately 20% of body's oxygen, thereby increasing the susceptibility of oxidative stress and damage.[6] The impact of the reactive oxygen species(ROS) mechanism creates cognitive damage over time. Mitochondria play an important role in producing and releasing ROS[6]. The release of ROS also increases with age[7]. It has been shown that dogs fed with antioxidants that combat these mechanisms have improved cognitive health. Carnitine, Lipoic acid and Vitamin E maintains mitochondrial homeostasis, prolonging the adverse effects of ROS and cognitive degeneration.[6][7]
Omega-3 fatty acids
editBranched-chain amino acids
editReferences
edit- ^ "the definition of cognitive". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
- ^ Cotman, Carl W; Head, Elizabeth; Muggenburg, Bruce A; Zicker, S; Milgram, Norton W (2002-09-01). "Brain aging in the canine: a diet enriched in antioxidants reduces cognitive dysfunction". Neurobiology of Aging. Brain Aging: Identifying the Brakes and Accelerators. 23 (5): 809–818. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00073-8.
- ^ a b "New Log In - Off-campus Log In - University of Guelph Library". journals1.scholarsportal.info.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
- ^ Fretwell, Laura K.; McCune, Sandra; Fone, Janel V.; Yates, Debby J. (2006-07-01). "The Effect of Supplementation with Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Cognitive Function in Active Dogs". The Journal of Nutrition. 136 (7): 2069S–2071S. ISSN 0022-3166. PMID 16772501.
- ^ Bosch, G.; Beerda, B.; Hendriks, W. H.; Poel, A. F. B. van der; Verstegen, M. W. A. (2007-12-01). "Impact of nutrition on canine behaviour: current status and possible mechanisms". Nutrition Research Reviews. 20 (2): 180–194. doi:10.1017/S095442240781331X. ISSN 1475-2700.
- ^ a b c "New Log In - Off-campus Log In - University of Guelph Library". journals1.scholarsportal.info.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
- ^ a b Head, E.; Nukala, V. N.; Fenoglio, K. A.; Muggenburg, B. A.; Cotman, C. W.; Sullivan, P. G. (2009-11-01). "Effects of age, dietary, and behavioral enrichment on brain mitochondria in a canine model of human aging". Experimental Neurology. 220 (1): 171–176. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.08.014. PMC 2761532. PMID 19703441.