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In large-scale facilities edit
One of the early large synchrotrons, now retired, is the Bevatron, constructed in 1950 at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The name of this proton accelerator comes from its power, in the range of 6.3 GeV (then called BeV for billion electron volts; the name predates the adoption of the SI prefix giga-). A number of transuranium elements, unseen in the natural world, were first created with this machine. This site is also the location of one of the first large bubble chambers used to examine the results of the atomic collisions produced here.
Another early large synchrotron is the Cosmotron built at Brookhaven National Laboratory which reached 3.3 GeV in 1953.[10]
My inserted paragraph:
Among the few synchrotrons around the world 16 are located in the United States. Many of them belong to national laboratories; few are located in universities. Among these universities, Cornell University is a pioneer in the field. [11] The Cornell University synchrotron ran in 2015 for the first time.[12] The facility is considered to be of great value for the university. The Cornell High-Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) [13] is utilized for X-ray optics. Unknown proteins are purified in laboratories. The proteins are then crystalized using crystallography techniques. [3] Successful crystals with the proper amount of precipitant, protein concentration, and PH are then picked and frozen in liquid nitrogen.[14] The protein crystals are transported to the facility. The CHESS facility has 12 operating end stations.[15] The crystals are then shoots the protein with X rays from a fixed angle. The protein’s shadow is then recorded by the source computer and used to create an overall 3D image from multiple images taken as the shooting angle changes in small incremental angles.[16]
Five main resources:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Laboratory_for_Accelerator- based_Sciences_and_Education
2. http://chemistry.cornell.edu/news/cornell-synchrotron-begins-two-month-x-ray-run-receives-mechanical-upgrades
3. http://www.chess.cornell.edu/areas/xraytech/xraytech.html
4. http://xray.chem.cornell.edu/facility/
5. https://www.classe.cornell.edu/Research/WebHome.html