Indigenous American beliefs are both spiritual and material practices that originate throughout the Americas, where they were once widespread before European colonization. While perhaps being defined as indigenous religions, many who practice them do not consider their beliefs to be religious, but more so as a way of life. It can likewise often be distinguished from western religion, in that ultimate authority is usually not found beyond nature and human reason, but is found within it.[1]
Not every Indigenous person or member of an Indigenous community practices traditional beliefs. This can happen due to religious conversion; either forced or willing to a western religion or likewise different belief, the loss of traditional knowledge when it's not passed down to the next generation, or other factors. In some Indigenous communities, traditional belief was not completely replaced; instead adopting western religion into their own belief system and merging both or more, usually due to compatibility between beliefs or incomplete religious assimilation.
Indigenous peoples and their traditional beliefs edit
Indigenous peoples of the American Arctic edit
Aleut (Unangax̂) belief edit
Aleut belief has been profoundly suppressed ever since colonization, and it could be that little of it remains. Aleut belief is believed to have incorporated the idea of two-spirited people or third and fourth gender people, known as ayagigux̂ and tayagigux̂ respectively. The Aleut also widely practiced tattoo art and piercing. These had various spiritual and material purposes.
Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit edit
Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, or traditional knowledge, is the practical and epistemological knowledge and beliefs of the Inuit. One practice done by Inuit women is that of kakiniit, or facial tattoos. Traditional Inuit belief holds that all things have souls of equal measure, and so respect must be given to the living things around you, lest they or their spirit seek retribution. An Inuit spiritual leader is known as an angakkuq.
Yup'ik Yuuyaraq edit
The Yuuyaraq or way of life of the Yup'ik people, is a fundamental view and understanding of the world to those who believe in it. Masks are sometimes made for ceremonies, and then are traditionally destroyed. The spiritual leader of the Yup'ik is called an angalkuq, among other names.
Indigenous peoples of the American Subarctic edit
Cree (néhinaw/néhiyaw/nihithaw) belief edit
Cree traditional belief is deeply spiritual, including the use of dreams, visions, and spirits to understand the world and one's own existence; and likewise, the belief that everything has a spirit. In Cree tradition, honor is found in death, just as it is in life. This is displayed in two ceremonies; the wake and the round dance. In these, laugher is just as accepted as crying.[2]
Innu belief edit
In traditional Innu belief, animals are divided into kingdoms, or tipentamun, and each kingdom is ruled by an animal master, or utshimau. Named spirits are also abundant, and many are still relevant in daily life, being used as explanations of happenings, or to assist in cautionary advice.[3]
Ojibwe (Anishinaabe(-g)) belief edit
In Ojibwe belief, the sweat lodge is a structure used for ceremonies that have to do with the four directions. Each year, there is a social and a spiritual gathering (powwow), known as niimi'idimaa and jiingotamog. During these, female dancers wear what's known as a jingle dress. The dreamcatcher is derived from a traditional Ojibwe charm known as a "spider web charm", which is meant to spiritually protect infants.
Slavey (Dene) edit
Indigenous peoples of the Northeast edit
Ho-Chunk (Hocąk/Hoocągra) edit
Mi'kmaq edit
Mohawk (Kanienʼkehá꞉ka) edit
Seneca (Onödowáʼga꞉) edit
Indigenous peoples of the Southeast edit
Alabama (Albaamaha) edit
Cherokee (Tsalagi/Aniyvwiyaʔi/Anigiduwagi) belief edit
In traditional Cherokee belief, both the corporeal and spiritual world are united as one. Some examples of traditional dances include the tsu'nigadu'li, in which masks are used, and the stomp dance, which is practiced by numerous indigenous people groups. A Cherokee spiritual leader is called a didanawisgi.
Natchez (Na·šceh) edit
Yuchi (Tsoyaha) belief edit
In Yuchi belief, the Green Corn Ceremony is held, a practice shared by multiple other nearby peoples. Similarly, the stomp dance is practiced. Black drink is also used in purification ceremonies.[4]
Indigenous peoples of the North American Plains edit
Blackfoot (Niitsitapi/Siksikaitsitapi) edit
Comanche (Nʉmʉnʉʉ) edit
Iowa (Báxoje) edit
Pawnee (Chaticks si Chaticks) edit
Indigenous peoples of the Southwest edit
Apache (Indé) edit
Hopi edit
edit
Tiwa edit
Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin edit
Northern Paiute (Numu/Numa) edit
Shoshone (Newe) edit
Ute (Núuchi-u) edit
Washo (Waashiw/Wašišiw) edit
Indigenous peoples of the North American Plateau edit
Klickitat (Qwû'lh-hwai-pûm/χwálχwaypam) edit
Nez Perce (nimíipuu) edit
Walla Walla (Walawalałáma/Walúulapam) edit
Yakama (Mamachatpam) edit
Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast edit
Chinook edit
Haida (X̱aayda/X̱aadas/X̱aad/X̱aat) edit
Hupa (Natinixwe/Natinook-wa) edit
Tlingit (Lingít) edit
Indigenous peoples of California edit
Miwok edit
Mojave ('Aha Makhav) edit
Pomo edit
Yuki (Ukomno'om/Huchnom/Ukohtontilka/Ukosontilka) edit
Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica edit
Achi edit
Mixe (Ayüükjä'äy) edit
Mixtec (Ñuù savi/Nayívi savi/Ñuù davi/Nayivi davi) edit
Nahuas edit
Indigenous peoples of Circum-Caribbean edit
Arawak edit
Bokota edit
Kalinago edit
Taíno edit
Indigenous peoples of the Andes edit
Awá (Kwaiker/Awa-Kwaiker) edit
Barí edit
Uru (Qhas Qut suñi) edit
Yagua (nijyąąmíy) edit
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon edit
Bará edit
Guaraní edit
Waujá edit
Zo'é edit
Indigenous peoples of the Southern Cone edit
Mapuche edit
Puelche (Gününa künä) edit
Selk'nam (Onawo/Ona) edit
Tehuelche (Aónikenk) edit
See also edit
Footnotes edit
- ^ "Native American religions | History, Beliefs, Tribes, Culture, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-05-28.
- ^ "Traditional Cree Philosophy: Death, Bereavement and Healing". web.archive.org. 2006-01-17. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ "The World of Animal Masters and Other Spirits". web.archive.org. 2008-09-18. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
- ^ Jackson, Jason Baird (1 April 2003). "Yuchi Ceremonial Life: Performance, Meaning, and Tradition in a Contemporary American Indian Community". University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved 23 March 2024.