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Kingdom of Hawaii edit

The Kingdom of Hawaii lasted from 1795 until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalakaua.[1]

House of Kamehameha edit

Main article: House of Kamehameha
 
Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii

The House of Kamehameha (Hale O Kamehameha), or the Kamehameha dynasty, was the reigning Royal Family of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795 and ending with the deaths of Kamehameha V in 1872 and William Charles Lunalilo in 1874.[2]

The origins of the House of Kamehameha can be traced to half brothers, Kalaniʻōpuʻu and Keōua. Kalaniʻōpuʻu's father was Kalaninuiʻīamamao while Keōua's father was Kalanikeʻeaumoku, both sons of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku.[3] They shared a common mother, Kamakaʻīmoku. Both brothers served Alapaʻinui, the ruling King of Hawaii Island. Hawaiian genealogy notes that Keōua may not have been Kamehameha's biological father, and that Kahekili II might have been his biological father.[3][4] Regardless, Kamehameha I's descent from Keawe remains intact through his mother, Kekuʻiapoiwa II, a granddaughter of Keawe. Keōua acknowledged him as his son and this relationship is recognized by official genealogies.[3]

The traditional mele chant of Keaka, wife of Alapainui, indicates that Kamehameha I was born in the month of ikuwā (winter) around November.[5] It is also said that Kamehameha was born during the passing of Haley's comet. In Hawaiian culture a comet indicated an important birth.[6] Hawaiian prophecy said that this baby would one day unite the islands by defeating all current chiefs.[6] Alapai gave the young Kamehameha to his wife Keaka and her sister Hākau to care for after the ruler discovered the boy had lived.[7][8] Samuel Kamakau, wrote, "It was during the time of the warfare among the chiefs of [the island of] Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) that Kamehameha I was born". However, his general dating was challenged.[9] Abraham Fornander wrote, "when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old. His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter".[10] William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date as 1736.[11] He was first named Paiea but took the name Kamehameha, meaning "The very lonely one" or "The one set alone".[12][13]

Kamehameha's uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu raised him after Keōua's death. Kalaniʻōpuʻu ruled Hawaii as did his grandfather Keawe. He had advisors and priests. When word reached the ruler that chiefs were planning to murder the boy, he told Kamehameha:

 
The god Kū-ka-ili-moku was left to Kamehameha I by his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu

"My child, I have heard the secret complaints of the chiefs and their mutterings that they will take you and kill you, perhaps soon. While I am alive they are afraid, but when I die they will take you and kill you. I advise you to go back to Kohala." "I have left you the god; there is your wealth."[3]

After Kalaniʻōpuʻu's death, Kīwalaʻō took his father's place as first born and ruled the island while Kamehameha became the religious authority. Some chiefs supported Kamehameha and war soon broke out to overthrow Kīwalaʻō. After multiple battles the king was killed and envoys sent for the last two brothers to meet with Kamehameha. Keōua and Kaōleiokū arrived in separate canoes. Keōua came to shore first where a fight broke out and he and all aboard were killed. Before the same could happen to the second canoe, Kamehameha intervened. In 1793 Captain George Vancouver sailed from Britain and presented the Union Flag to Kamehameha, who was still in the process of uniting the islands into a single state; the Union Jack flew unofficially as the flag of Hawaii until 1816,[14] including during a brief spell of British rule after Kamehameha ceded Hawaii to Vancouver in 1794.

By 1795, Kamehameha had conquered all but one of the main islands. For his first royal residence, the new King built the first western-style structure in the Hawaiian Islands, known as the "Brick Palace".[15] The location became the seat of government for the Hawaiian Kingdom until 1845.[16][17] The king commissioned the structure to be built at Keawa'iki point in Lahaina, Maui.[18] Two ex-convicts from Australia's Botany Bay penal colony built the home.[19] It was begun in 1798 and was completed after 4 years in 1802.[20][21] The house was intended for Kaʻahumanu,[22] but she refused to live in the structure and resided instead in an adjacent, traditional Hawaiian-styled home.[18]

Kamehameha I had many wives but held two in the highest regard. Keōpūolani was the highest ranking aliʻi of her time[23] and mother to his sons, Liholiho and Kauikeaouli. Kaʻahumanu was his favorite. Kamehameha I died in 1819, succeeded by Liholiho.[24]

Kamehameha II edit

 
Kamehameha II in England with Queen and entourage

After Kamehameha I's death, Liholiho left Kailua for a week and returned to be crowned king. At the lavish ceremony attended by commoners and nobles he approached the circle of chiefs, as Kaʻahumanu, the central figure in the group and Dowager Queen, said, "Hear me O Divine one, for I make known to you the will of your father. Behold these chiefs and the men of your father, and these your guns, and this your land, but you and I shall share the realm together". Liholiho agreed officially, which began a unique system of dual-government consisting of a King and co-ruler similar to a regent.[25] Kamehameha II shared his rule with his stepmother, Kaʻahumanu. She defied Hawaiian kapu by dining with the young king, separating the sexes during meals, leading to the end of the Hawaiian religion. Kamehameha II died, along with his wife, Queen Kamāmalu in 1824 on a state visit to England, succumbing to measles. He was King for 5 years.[26]

The couple's remains were returned to Hawaii by Boki. Aboard the ship The Blond his wife Liliha and Kekūanāoʻa were baptized as Christians. Kaʻahumanu also converted and became a powerful Christian influence on Hawaiian society until her death in 1832.[27] Since the new king was only 12 years old, Kaʻahumanu was now senior ruler and named Boki as her Kuhina Nui.

Boki left Hawaii on a trip to find sandalwood to cover a debt and was lost at sea. His wife, Liliha took the governorship of Maui and unsuccessfully attempted to whip up a revolt against Kaʻahumanu, who upon Boki's departure, had installed Kīnaʻu as a co-governor.[27]

Kamehameha III edit

Kauikeaouli was the second son of Kamehameha I and was born in Keauhou Bay on the island of Hawai'i.[28] Kauikeaouli's birthdate is not explicitly known but many historians place his birth on March 17, 1814. This means Kauikeaouli was born 16 years after his brother Liholiho (Kemehameha II).[28]

  1. ^ Siler, Julia Flynn (January 2012). Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 220–. ISBN 978-0-8021-2001-4.
  2. ^ Homans, Margaret; Munich, Adrienne (2 October 1997). Remaking Queen Victoria. Cambridge University Press. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-0-521-57485-3.
  3. ^ a b c d Kanahele, George H.; Kanahele, George S. (1986). Pauahi: The Kamehameha Legacy. Kamehameha Schools Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-87336-005-0.
  4. ^ Dibble, Sheldon (1843). History of the Sandwich Islands. [With a map.]. Press of the Mission Seminary. pp. 54–.
  5. ^ Hawaiian Historical Society (1936). Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society. The Hawaiian Historical Society. p. 15.
  6. ^ a b Morrison, Susan Keyes (2003-08-31). Kamehameha: The Warrior King of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2700-7.
  7. ^ I-H3, Halawa Interchange to Halekou Interchange, Honolulu: Environmental Impact Statement. 1973. p. 483.
  8. ^ Taylor, Albert Pierce (1922). under hawaiian skies. p. 79.
  9. ^ Kamakau 1992, p. 66.
  10. ^ Fornander, Abraham (1880). Stokes, John F. G. (ed.). An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I. Vol. 2. London: Trübner & Company. p. 136.
  11. ^ Alexander, William De Witt (1891). A brief history of the Hawaiian people. American Book Co. p. 324.
  12. ^ Noles, Jim (2009). Pocketful of History: Four Hundred Years of America-One State Quarter at a Time. Perseus Books Group. pp. 296–. ISBN 978-0-7867-3197-8.
  13. ^ Goldberg, Jake; Hart, Joyce (2007). Hawai'i. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-7614-2349-2.
  14. ^ "Flag of Hawaii | United States state flag". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  15. ^ Planet, Lonely; Benson, Sara; Balfour, Amy C.; Karlin, Adam; Skolnick, Adam; Stiles, Paul; Ver Berkmoes, Ryan (1 August 2013). Lonely Planet Hawaii. Lonely Planet Publications. pp. 732–. ISBN 978-1-74321-788-7.
  16. ^ Bendure, Glenda; Friary, Ned (2008). Lonely Planet Maui. Lonely Planet. pp. 244–. ISBN 978-1-74104-714-1.
  17. ^ Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (5 November 2013). The Americas: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp. 315–. ISBN 978-1-134-25930-4.
  18. ^ a b Lahaina Watershed Flood Control Project: Environmental Impact Statement. 2004. p. 214.
  19. ^ Budnick, Rich (1 January 2005). Hawaii's Forgotten History: 1900–1999: The Good...The Bad...The Embarrassing. Aloha Press. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-944081-04-4.
  20. ^ Foster, Jeanette (17 July 2012). Frommer's Maui 2013. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-1-118-33145-3.
  21. ^ Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1 January 1997). Feathered Gods and Fishhooks: An Introduction to Hawaiian Archaeology and Prehistory. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 318–. ISBN 978-0-8248-1938-5.
  22. ^ Thompson, David; Griffith, Lesa M.; Conrow, Joan (14 July 2006). Pauline Frommer's Hawaii. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 284–. ISBN 978-0-470-06984-4.
  23. ^ Wong, Helen; Rayson, Ann (1987). Hawaii's Royal History. Bess Press. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-0-935848-48-9.
  24. ^ Ariyoshi, Rita (2009). Hawaii. National Geographic Books. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-1-4262-0388-6.
  25. ^ Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1 January 1938). The Hawaiian Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-0-87022-431-7.
  26. ^ Ariyoshi, Rita (2009). Hawaii. National Geographic Books. pp. 29–35. ISBN 978-1-4262-0388-6.
  27. ^ a b Garrett, John (1 January 1982). To Live Among the Stars: Christian Origins in Oceania. editorips@usp.ac.fj. pp. 52–. ISBN 978-2-8254-0692-2.
  28. ^ a b Kam, Ralph Thomas; Duarte-Smith, Ashlie (2018-11). "Determining the Birth Date of Kauikeaouli, Kamehameha III". Hawaiian Journal of History. 52: 1–25. doi:10.1353/hjh.2018.0000. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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