Wikipedia

User:Waygugin/Three Story Pagoda, Hwaeomsa

< User:Waygugin
Waygugin/Three Story Pagoda, Hwaeomsa
National Treasure of South Korea 35
Korean name
Hangul
화엄사 삼층석탑
Hanja
Revised RomanizationHwaeomsa samcheungseoktap
McCune–ReischauerHwaŏmsa samch'ŭngsŏkt'ap
Four-Lion Three-Story Stone Pagoda
Hangul
화엄사 사사자삼층석탑
Hanja
Revised RomanizationHwaeomsa sasajasamcheungseoktap
McCune–ReischauerHwaŏmsa sasachasamch'ŭngsŏkt'ap


The Three-Story Pagoda or Four-Lion Three-Story Stone Pagoda is located at the South Korean Buddhist temple of Hwaeomsa, in Gurye County, Jeollanam-do. One of the great masterpieces of the non-typical style, it is registered as National Treasure 35 with the Cultural Heritage Administration. The provenience of the pagoda is uncertain. Sources written during the Joseon Dynasty such as the Hwaeomsa Chronicle credit the pagoda to the Silla monk Jajang, who lived during the Three Kingdoms period. Most modern scholars, however, consider this to claim to be spurious, as the sculptural style indicates a construction date sometime between the mid-8th to 9th century, during the Unified Silla period.

The pagoda is composed of a two-tier platform, a three story body and a finial. The upper section of the platform consists of the statue of a figure draped in Buddhist robes surrounded at the corners by lions. Opposite the pagoda stands a stone lantern dating to the same period, inside which is a kneeling figure who appears to be giving offerings. By tradition the later statue is said to be a depiction of the monk Yeongi, the founder of Hwaeomsa, while the former represents his mother.

Description edit

The three-story pagoda is located to the southwest of Gakhwangjeon Hall in a clearing called Hyodae (孝臺, Terrace of Filial Piety).[1] It is surrounded by camellia trees and can be reached by climbing a flight of 108 stone steps.[2] The use of the name Hyodae goes back to at least the late 11th century, where it appears in the poem A Stay at Hwaeomsa of Jirisan.

寂滅堂前多勝景, A fine view from the plateau of tranquility,

吉祥峰上絶纖埃, Not a speck of dust fetters Mount Gilsang,

彷徨盡日思前事, As I wander on this day, dwelling on the past,

薄暮悲風起孝臺. The day grows dark, while sad winds blow from Hyodae.

— Uicheon, [note 1][3]

Made from granite[4] and measuring 7.1 m (23 ft) in height,[1] the pagoda is composed of a two-tier platform, three-story body, and a finial.[5] Opposite the pagoda is a stone lantern, and between them, a rectangular altar stone. The three pieces are arranged in a near straight line, their relative position in the clearing and the sculptural techniques employed, suggest that they were constructed concurrently.[6][7]

Platform edit

 
A view of the three-story pagoda

The pagoda sits on a layer of square slab stones that rest directly on the ground. The lower tier of the platform is formed from wall and cover stones fit together onto a three layered base, with pillars carved into the four corners.[5][8]

The walls measure about 4.2 m (14 ft) across,[9] made up of panels sculpted with low relief images of apsaras arranged horizontally in sets of three on each side.[8] Those in the central panels are performing a ceremonial dance, while the remainder are playing musical instruments. From left to right these are: a lute (dangbipa) and reed mouth organ (saeng) on the east side; a bamboo transverse flute (hoengjeok) and harp (gonghu) on the north side; a pan flute (baeso) and wooden clapper (dongbal) on the west side; and a hourglass-shaped drum (yogo) and piri on the south side.[10]

The apsaras are seated on lotus pedestals and adorned with crowns and jeweled necklaces. Their celestial garments appear to flutter through the air,[11] as billowing sashes create the sensation of movement. The apsaras' lower garments are rendered like silk, but they are otherwise bare from the waist up, their navels clearly visible.[12]

On the upper tier of the platform there is a statue of a lion at each corner. Each one faces outward from the center and functions as a column, precluding the need for walls and creating a large open space under the pagoda body. There are two lions of both sexes-each statue positioned opposite a lion of the other sex on the opposite corner of the platform. Adorned with jeweled necklaces around the necks, the lions' hind legs are crouched while the front are extended and the feet open.[12] Each lion's mouth and head have been sculpted differently,[13] with Heo and Cheon et al. write that the lions are together pronouncing the phonemes of the mystical syllable aum. This can be seen by starting from the front and moving around the pagoda counterclockwise. The lion to the left is saying a, its mouth open wide and bearing its sharp teeth. The lion to the right, whose mouth is open less prominently, is saying u. The next lion's mouth is open just barely enough to say m, and the last one's mouth is tightly clenched, suggesting a contemplative silence.[14][13]

The lions are seated on round pedestals and support capitals on their heads. The pedestals are sculpted with layered lotus petals on the hemispherical lower section while the inverted upper section is single petaled. The capitals are single pieces also sculpted with lotus petals. Atop the capital is the capstone, which has a steep downward slant and is about twice as thick at the center as the edges.[12] The bottom side has been defaced in several places. One inscription in particular, near the lotus petals, was written in ink in 1729. It is unknown whether this was merely graffiti or a record of repairs made to the pagoda in that year.[15]

At the center of the platform is the statue of a figure standing on a lotus pedestal—seemingly receiving the protection of the four lions surrounding it.[12] The statue's robes resemble those of a monk. They are draped over both shoulders while the bottoms of the sleeves fold over and overlap each other as they descend downwards towards the statue's right side. The instep of the statue's feet is just barely visible protruding outwards.[16] A lotus bud is held tightly against the chest in the right hand, while the left braces it from underneath. The head is bald and the lips have been colored red. There is a short gap separating the top of the head from the ceiling where a circular lotus pattern can be seen, almost like a celestial canopy.[12]

Body and finial edit

The body of the pagoda has three floors. Each consists of a separate roof and body stone, together resting on two-tier platforms carved into the floor below. The walls of the first floor are decorated with intricate relief imagery. A door frame with lock and handle is guarded on each side by a pair of Buddhist deities,[17] which according to So Jaegu, symbolizes that the interior is a sacred place where relics have been enshrined.[5] There are two Benevolent Kings on the west side (the front), Heavenly Kings on the north and south sides, and two Bodhisattvas on the east side,[17] possibly Sikhin and Sakra.[18] The second and third floors are much shorter, devoid of imagery with pillars carved into the corners. Five eave corbels are cut into the undersides of the three roof stones, whose eaves curl upwards at the corners.[17]

The finial has three parts. At the peak, a spherical decoration representing a sacred jewel[note 2] is perched atop an inverted half-sphere,[note 3] resting on the square base of the finial, or dew basin.[note 4] This style is similar to that found on Hwaeomsa's East and West Pagodas.[17]

Stone lantern edit

The stone lantern is octagonal in shape and constructed in the non-typical style. Its light box sits on a platform with a roof stone over top[19] and a lotus-bud shaped finial.[7] There are four rectangular windows in the lightbox, while the top of the roof stone and the underside of the platform are decorated in lotus imagery.[19] The total height is 2.8 m (9.2 ft) high.[20]

Instead of the more conventional stone shaft, the light box is supported by a statue. It is positioned on a lotus pedestal, atop a square base and faces the pagoda. The statue depicts a figure kneeling on the right leg, the right hand laid over top with its fingers spread open evenly. A cup is held in the left hand, possibly an offering of tea, resting on the raised left knee.[19] However, Shin proposes that the cup has in fact been damaged, as an early 20th–century photo from the Record of Ancient Sites and Monuments in Korea shows that a spherical object once protruded from the cup, possibly representing a precious jewel.[21] The figure's robes are draped over both shoulders. The head is bald and droops down slightly, not quite touching the ceiling above.[19] The face has a rounded countenance, long, half-open eyes, a small nose, and a delicately crafted mouth.[7]

The statue is protected from above by a conical cover stone on which the upper portion of the lantern rests. There is a faint but large lotus flower design on the underside above the statue's head. The cover stone is supported by three octagonal pillars on the sides and back. They are inserted into octagonal groves in the underside of the cover stone and rounded ones in the pedestal.[19] Bak et al. and Seonjong Jeong argue that the pillars were not part of the original design and may have been installed later to add stability. They write that originally the light box may have sat on the head of the statue directly, like the stone lantern and pagoda at the former site of Geumgjang hermitage on Mount Kŭmgangsan.[19][7]

Provenience edit

 
A late Joseon Dynasty portrait of Jajang, (1804)

The provenience of the pagoda is unclear but by tradition its origins have been linked to the monks Yeongi and Jajang (590–658). According to the Hwaeomsa Chronicle (1636), Hwaeomsa was established by Yeongi in the fifth year of King Jinheung's reign (544 CE).[14] Yeongi is reported to be a Buddhist missionary who came to Mount Jirisan after traveling with his mother from India.[22] Then, in 642, Hwaeomsa was repaired and expanded by Jajang, who also erected a pagoda to commemorate the filial piety of Yeongi for his mother,[14] inside which he enshrined relics brought back from China. In a slightly different account, The Record of Bongseong (1797),[note 5] states that the pagoda was erected as a monument to Jajang.[23]

Admittedly, it can only be assumed that either of these sources are referring to the three-story pagoda since neither Joseon-era book directly list it by any of its modern names.[23] Moreover, this association with Jajang is tenuous since it is doubtful that during the Three Kingdoms period one of the great monks of Silla would ever have carried out renovations to a temple in what was then the kingdom of Baekje.[24] Scholars are in agreement that, given the sculptural style of the pagoda, it could not have been constructed during the lifetime of Jajang. Most estimates place the date of construction sometime during the mid-8th century.[25][26][27][5][28][29][7][30]

This coincides with the prevalent theory that Hwaeomsa was in fact founded in the 8th century, during the reign of King Gyeongdeok (r. 742–765) of Unified Silla.[23] The historical Yeongi may in actuality have been a Korean monk from the monastery of Hwangnyongsa, in Gyeongju, who directed the hand-copying of the Flower Garland Sutra at Hwaeomsa from 754 to 755.[23] According to the postface on one of the extant scrolls (only two of the original eight have survived), the work was carried out "to repay the love of his parents and to pray for all living beings in the dharma realm to attain the path of the Buddha."[31]

Kim Juseong speculates that it was Yeongi's affiliation to Hwangnyongsa, a temple that Jajang founded after his return from Tang China, that inspired the association between Jajang and Hwaeomsa, with later writers confusing records between the two temples. He goes on to say that Yeongi's leadership of the scripture copying also makes it a strong possibility that it was he himself who erected the three-story pagoda,[32] a view echoed by Kim Sanghyeon.[33] However, Heo suggests that passages from the Hwaeomsa Chronicle describing a "Seven Story Memorial"[note 6] in fact refer to the three-story pagoda; and since a memorial hall named after Yeongi once stood nearby, the pagoda may be where the remains of Yeongi were interred.[34]

Some studies of the pagoda have pushed its date of construction forward even further. Song's analysis of the pagoda's apsara relief panels, concludes it must have been built sometime between the mid-8th and early 9th century.[35] And after comparing the three-story pagoda's many similarities with stone pagodas of the 9th century,[note 7] Lee hypothesizes a date of construction sometime in the first half of the 9th century.[36]

Symbolism edit

The statue inside the stone lantern has commonly been thought to represent Yeongi, who is worshiping an image of his mother in the pagoda.[37] The earliest recorded description of their identities comes from Nam Hyoon (1454–92), a scholar who visited the temple in the 15th century, during the Joseon Dynasty.

Hwangdunsa was founded under its old name of Hwaeom by the venerable Yeongi. There are large woods on both sides of the temple, while towards the rear stands its main hall, and past that, a pagoda. Brilliant and utterly spotless, the pagoda is surrounded by tea plants, large bamboo trees, pomegranate and persimmon trees. A large clearing traversed by a long stream can be seen below it. The pagoda stands in the middle of a field, held aloft at the four corners by pillars and the statue of a woman in the center, the pagoda resting on her forehead. A priest said to me, 'This is the mother of Yeongi, she was said to be a nun.' Out in front of the pagoda was a small stone lantern, also held aloft by four pillars and as might be expected, between them was the statue of a man. He too was holding up the lantern with his forehead, looking up at the woman in the pagoda. This was Yeongi. Of ancient Silla descent, Yeongi is known as the founder of this sect, after following his mother into the priesthood and coming to this mountain, where he built a temple and commanded a thousand followers.[38]

Similar descriptions of the figures' identities are found in the Revised and Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea (1531) and in A Journal on Mountain Life (1686), indicating that by mid-Joseon the symbolic interpretation of the pagoda and stone lantern was undisputed.[39]

Kim Juseong argues that Yeongi himself constructed the pagoda as a symbolic expression of his own filial piety. During the reign of King Gyeongdeok, an emphasis on filial piety was used to consolidate royal authority; as such, the renunciation of the secular life by Buddhist monks was seen by Confucian scholars as a highly suspect departure from that ideal. The Uisang sect of the Flower Garland school reconciled this dilemma with its doctrine "The Twin Beauty of Filial Piety and Virtue".[note 8] Yeongi, as a follower of the Uisang sect, built the pagoda as a manifestation of this doctrine, a continuation of the scripture copying which he lead at Hwaeomsa.[40] Hwang et al. explains this act of filial duty as "a representation of the state of non-duality between the mundane world and the transmundane," that is, between those people of the secular world and those who have cut their ties from it.[41]

This association with Yeongi has been challenged by some scholars. Jeong Byeonsam has suggested that the two figures are a representation of the transfer of the dharma from master to disciple.[42] Jeong Seonjong has written that there are no other Korean examples of a pagoda ever being erected to represent an historical person. Furthermore, subsequent sculptures built in the style of Hwaeomsa three-story pagoda depict Vairocana, such as the three-story pagoda at the site of Geungjang hermitage on Mount Kŭmgangsan, and the four-lion pagoda at the site of Binsinsa in Jecheon.[25] Shin Yongchul hypothesizes that the pagoda and lantern are a visualization of the Gandavyuha Sutra, the last chapter of the Flower Garland Sutra. Namely, that figure in the stone lantern represents Sudhana while the one in the pagoda is one of the 53 masters sought out by him.[43]

  • According to one study, the drapery technique, the voluminous chest, and the face suggest that the statue represents a Buddhist nun.[44]

Influence edit

The three-story pagoda of Hwaeomsa and Dabotap Pagoda of Bulguksa are two of the great masterpieces of the non-typical style of stone pagoda.[45][5][46][47] It was designated National Treasure 35 by the Cultural Heritage Administration in 1962.[48]

Extensive use of lion iconography has been made in Buddhist art as surface decorations or as structural pieces, the upright posture of a lion considered to be an auspicious sign of the Buddha.[46] The earliest example in a Korean pagoda occurs in the 7th-century stone pagoda, where a a lion statue can be seen at each of the four corners of the pagoda's platform.[46] However, the three-story pagoda of Hwaeomsa was the first to make use of lion sculptures in the pagoda structure itself, becoming the prototype for subsequent pieces built in later dynasties.[46] Examples include: the pagoda in front of Hwaeomsa's Wontongjeon Hall; the pagoda at Geungjang hermitage on Mount Kŭmgangsan; the four-lion pagoda at the site of Binsinsa in Jecheon; the three-story pagoda of Gwaeseok-ri in Hongcheon; the pagoda at the site of Jurisa in Haman; and the monument to Zen Master Hwasan at Seonamsa.[13]

The only other extant pagoda-lantern arrangement is the four-lion pagoda and stone lantern at Geungjang hermitage, which also uses a statue instead of a shaft in the lantern.[25] Later examples of a two-sculpture arrangement from the Goryeo period include the octagonal nine-story pagoda of Woljeongsa, on Mount Odaesan, and the three-story pagoda at the site of Sinboksa, in Gangneung. Instead of stone lanterns, each have a statue of a Bodhisattva in a kneeling posture.[5][25]

Hwang et al. write that the pagoda had an innovative effect on the design of subsequent Korean pagodas as this was the first time that human statues had been used in either a pagoda or stone lantern.[45] Jeong writes that it had also hitherto been uncommon for Silla pagodas to have such extensive relief imagery, the apsaras and various Buddhist deities appearing to have born a heavy influence on subsequent pagodas built in the Goryeo Dynasty.[46]

References edit

Notes
  1. ^ Yujejirisanhwaemsa (留題智異山華嚴寺)
    적멸당 앞에는 빼어난 경치도 많은데,
    길상봉 위에는 한 점 티끌도 끊겼네,
    온 종일 서성이며 지난 일들 생각하니,
    날은 저문는데 효대에 슬픈 바람 이누나.
  2. ^ Boju (寶珠)
  3. ^ Bokbal (覆鉢)
  4. ^ Noban (露盤)
  5. ^ Bongseongji (鳳城誌)
  6. ^ Chilcheungbudo (七層浮屠)
  7. ^ This includes: the base of the platform's lower tier, the use of apsara imagery, the increased simplification of the lion sculptures, the roundness of the capstone, the sculptural style and arrangement of the deities on the body stone, as well as the proportions of the body stones themselves. He concedes that some areas of mid-8th century design are present.
  8. ^ Hyoseonssangmi (孝善雙美)
Citations
  1. ^ a b Cheon et al. 2005, p.38
  2. ^ Choi 1994, p.58
  3. ^ Shin 2006, pp.86–87
  4. ^ Cheon et al. 2005, p.42
  5. ^ a b c d e f Jeon, Kim and So 2000, pp.100–104
  6. ^ Jeong 2002, pp.35–37
  7. ^ a b c d e Bak et al. 2001, pp.182–183
  8. ^ a b Lee 2010, p.66
  9. ^ Cheon 2005 et al., p.49
  10. ^ Song 2002, pp.108–121
  11. ^ Cheon 2005 et al., p.43
  12. ^ a b c d e Cheon 2005 et al., p.45
  13. ^ a b c Cheon et al. 2005, p.41
  14. ^ a b c Heo 2007, pp.219–224
  15. ^ Cheon et al. 2005, p.39
  16. ^ Cultural Relics of Gurye-gun 1994, p.125
  17. ^ a b c d Cheon et al. pp.45–46
  18. ^ Lee 2010, p.77
  19. ^ a b c d e f Jeong 2002, pp.36–38
  20. ^ Bak et al. 2001, p.179
  21. ^ Shin 2006, p.106
  22. ^ Kim 2002, pp.93–100
  23. ^ a b c d Shin 2006, pp.84–86
  24. ^ Jeon, Kim and So 2000, p.50
  25. ^ a b c d Jeong 2002, pp.37–39
  26. ^ Hwang et al. 1976, pp.27–28
  27. ^ Kim 1995, p.305
  28. ^ Choi 1994, p.60
  29. ^ Cheon et al. 2005, p.39
  30. ^ Cultural Relics of Gurye-gun 1994, p. 126
  31. ^ de Bary and Lee 1997, pp.107–108
  32. ^ Kim 1995, pp.204–305
  33. ^ Kim 2002, pp.307–308
  34. ^ Heo 2007, p.221
  35. ^ Song 2002, pp.122–125
  36. ^ Lee 2010, pp.62–64
  37. ^ Bak et al. 2001, p.182
  38. ^ "黃芚寺의 옛 이름은 華嚴으로 名僧 緣起가 창건하였다. 절의 양쪽에는 모두 대숲이고, 절의 뒤에 金堂이 있고, 금당 뒤에 塔殿이 있다. 탑전은 가장 밝고 깨끗한데, 茶花, 큰 대나무, 석류, 감나무 등이 그 곁을 빙 둘러쌌다. 아래로 큰 들이 보이며 긴 내가 그 아래을 가로질러 곰소 이루었다. 뜰 가운데 석탑이 있고, 탑의 네 모서리에는 네 기둥이 있어서 탑을 받히고 있는데, 또 부인이 그 가운데 서서 이마로 떠받드는 모습이 있다. 스님이 말하기를, '이는 연기의 어머니로 비구니가 된 자다'라고 했다. 그 앞에 작은 탑이 있는데, 탑의 네 모서리에는 역시 네 기둥이 탑을 받히고 있는고 역시 남자가 그 가운데 서서 이마로 받들며 탑을 받치고 있는 부인 모습을 우르러 향하고 있는데, 이는 연기다.연기는 옛 신라 사람으로 그 엄머니를 따라 이 산에 들어와 절을 창건하고 제자 천 명을 거느리고 話道 精盡하니, 禪林에서는 祖師라고 부렸다." Kim 2002, pp.104–105
  39. ^ Shin 2006, pp.86–87
  40. ^ Kim 2002, p.312
  41. ^ "...그야말로 世間과 出世間이 둘이 不二의 경지를 나타내는 듯하다." Hwang et al. 1976, pp.93–94
  42. ^ Jeon, Kim and So 2000, pp.27–29
  43. ^ Shin 2006, pp.117–118
  44. ^ Cultural Relics of Gurye-gun 1994, pp.125–126
  45. ^ a b Hwang et al. 1976, p.96
  46. ^ a b c d e Jeong 1989, pp.96–97
  47. ^ Survey Report of Hwaeomsa 1986, p.150
  48. ^ Survey Report on Gakhwangjeon Hall 2009, p.302
Bibliography
  • (in Korean) Bak Gyeongsik, Gang Hyeon, Jeong Myeongho, Kim Bonggeon, Lee Eunhui, Lee Nanyeong, Lee Sikgu, and Ryu Mari (2001). 石燈調査報告書 Ⅱ:異形式 篇 (Survey Report on Stone Lanterns Ⅱ: Non-typical Style). Daejeon: National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • (in Korean) Bak Haksu, Bak Seungwon, Chae Haejeong, Gwon Ganmi, Heo Hyeonguk, Jeong Myeonghui, and Yu Hyeseon (2010). 華嚴寺의 佛敎美術 (Buddhist Art of Hwaeomsa Temple). Seoul: National Museum of Korea. ISBN 978-89-8164-082-894650. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • (in Korean) Cheon Deukyeom, Nam Sijin, Seong Chungyeong, and Sim Yusin (2005). 전라남도의석탑Ⅰ(Stone Stupa of Jeollanam-do). Daejeon: National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. ISBN 89-8124-573-1 93910. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • (in Korean) Choi, Wansu (1994). 명찰순례 2 (A Pilgrimage to Famous Temples 2). Seoul: Daewonsa. ISBN 89-369-0772-7.
  • Theodore de Bary and Peter H. Lee (1997). Sources of Korean Tradition Volume 1: From Early Times Through the Sixteenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10567-3.
  • (in Korean) Jeon Byeongsam, Kim Bongnyeol, and So Jaegu (2000). 화엄사 (Hwaeomsa). Seoul: Daewonsa. ISBN 89-369-0241-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • (in Korean) Heo, Gyun (2007). 사찰 100미 100선 - 하 (Korean Temple Motifs). Seoul: 불교신문사 (Bulgyo Sinmunsa). ISBN 979-89-7199-227-1.
  • (in Korean) Hwang Suyeong, Jang Chungsik, Jeong Byeongjo, Lee Minyong, Lee Giyeong (1976). Hwaeomsa (화엄사). Seoul: 일직사. ISBN 8931200935.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • (in Korean) Jeong, Seonjong (2002). "華嚴寺의 石造文化財 (The Stone Cultural Treasures of Hwaeomsa)". 불교문화연구 (Studies in Buddhist Culture). 9: 35–56. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • (in Korean) Jeong, Yeongho (1989). 석탑 (Stone Pagodas). Seoul: Daewonsa. ISBN 89-369-0047-1.
  • (in Korean) Kim Hyeongnae (2000). "求禮 華嚴寺의 孝臺空間에 관한 考察 (A Study of Hyodae at Hwaeomsa, Gurye County)". 博物館誌 (Musuem Review). 9: 39–53. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • (in Korean) Kim, Juseong (1995). "화엄사 4사자석탑 건립 배경 (The Background to the Construction of the 4-Lion Stone Pagoda)". 한국상고사학보 (Journal of the Korean Ancient Historical Society). 18: 303–312. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • (in Korean) Kim, Sanghyeon (2002). "화엄사의 창건 시기와 그 배경 (The Establishment of Hwaeomsa and its Background)". 동국사학 (Dongguksahak). 37: 89–109. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • (in Korean) Lee, Soon Young (2010). "華嚴寺 四獅子三層石塔의 건립시기에 關한 考察 (A Study on the Building Time of the Three-Story Stone Pagoda with Four Lion Statues in the Hwaeomsa Buddhist Temple)". 文化史學 (Journal of Korean Cultural History). 34: 63–85. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • (in Korean) Shin, Yongchul (2006). "華嚴寺 四獅子石塔의 造營과 象徵:塔으로 구현된 光明의 法身 (Construction and Symbolism of Four-lions Stone Stupa in Hwaeom-sa Temple: Buddha's Enlightenment Embodied in a Stupa)". 美術史學硏究 (Studies in Art History). 250·251: 83–118. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • (in Korean) Song, Bang-song (2002). "華嚴寺 三層石塔의 奏樂像 (Musical Instruments of the Unified Silla Kingdom Embossed in a Stone Pagoda of Hwaŏm Temple)". 韓國學報 (Journal of Korean Studies). 28 (109): 102–126. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • (in Korean) 求禮 華嚴寺 實測調査 報告書 (Survey Report of Hwaeomsa, Gurye). Seoul: Bureau of Cultural Property, Ministry of Culture and Information. 1986.
  • (in Korean) 求禮郡의 文化遺蹟 (Cultural Relics of Gurye-gun in Chon-nam Province). Mokpo National University Museum and Gurye County, Jeollanam-do. 1994.
  • (in Korean) 華嚴寺 覺皇殿: 實測調査報告書 (Survey Report on Gakhwangjeon Hall of Hwaeomsa) (PDF). Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. 2009.
Further Reading

External links edit

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Waygugin/Three_Story_Pagoda,_Hwaeomsa&oldid=944721950"