testing sigVictoriaGrayson 19:23, 11 February 2018 (UTC)
Paul the Apostle, who writes before the Gospels, never mentions Mary in his letters deemed authentic. In Jewish legend ‘Miriam’s Well’ was the rock that gave birth to the flow of water after Moses struck it with his staff.[1] Paul equated Jesus with that rock (1 Cor. 10.1-4). However Jesus became equated with the water that flowed from it and thus the rock became his mother. Thus ‘Mary’s well’ would have been Jesus’ mother in Paul’s conceptual scheme. Note that in legend, ‘Miriam’s Well’ not only traveled with the Jews, but finally settled in the Sea of Galilee, where it could ‘effect magical cures for those who were able to get to it’.[2] Philo of Alexandria equated that rock with the celestial being named Wisdom, which was then considered the feminine dimension of God.[3]
Hatha yoga is a branch of yoga. The word haṭha literally means force and thus alludes to a system of physical techniques.[4]: 770 [5]: 527
Hatha yoga continued the trend of interiorisation and corporealisation of tantric ritual which began in the tantra tradition itself.[6]
However "[w]hile being kind and compassionate, none of the brahmās are world-creators."[7]
According to Harvey, "[a]fter a long period, the three lowest form heavens appear, and a Streaming Radiance god dies and is reborn there as a Great Brahmā."[8] Then "other Streaming Radiance gods die and happen to be reborn, due to their karma, as his ministers and retinue."[9] The retinue erroneously believes Mahabrahma created them.[9] When one of these ministers "eventually dies and is reborn as a human, he develops the power to remember his previous life, and consequently teaches that Great Brahmā is the eternal creator of all beings."[7]
David Gordon White traces tantra directly to the Vedas. Vedic ritual invokes female deities such as Rākā, Sinīvālī, and Kuhū as well as the wives of the gods. When fashioning the fire pot for the agnicayana, "the mantras that are intoned at this time all invoke female deities: Aditi, the wives of the gods, the divine women, the Protectresses, Females with Uncut Wings (achinnapātrāḥ), and other female figures."
False association with the Nath edit
According to British indologist James Mallinson, some scholars have been falsely associating hatha yoga with the Nath, Matsyendranath and Gorakshanath. In actuality hatha yoga is associated with the Dashanami Sampradaya and the mythical figure of Dattatreya.[10]
Allegations of plagiarism edit
In July 2015, Richard Fox Young of Princeton Theological Seminary[note 1][note 2][web 1][note 3] and Andrew J.Nicholson who authored Unifying Hinduism, alleged Malhotra plagiarized Unifying Hinduism in Indra's Net.[web 3] Nicholson further said that Malhotra not only had plagiarised his book, but also " twists the words and arguments of respectable scholars to suit his own ends."[web 3][note 4] Permanent Black, the publisher of Nicholson's Unifying Hinduism, stated that they would welcome HarperCollins "willingness to rectify future editions" of Indra's Net.[web 3]
In response to Nicholson, Malhotra stated "I used your work with explicit references 30 times in Indra’s Net, hence there was no ill-intention,"[web 5] and cited a list of these references.[web 6] He announced that he will be eliminating all references to Nicholson and further explained:[web 5][note 5]
I am going to actually remove many of the references to your work simply because you have borrowed from Indian sources and called them your own original ideas [...] Right now, it is western Indologists like you who get to define ‘critical editions’ of our texts and become the primary source and adhikari. This must end and I have been fighting this for 25 years [...] we ought to examine where you got your materials from, and to what extent you failed to acknowledge Indian sources, both written and oral, with the same weight with which you expect me to do so.[web 5]
Malhotra removed all references of Nicholson in chapter 8 of Indra's Net, replacing them with references to the original Indian sources.[13]
Malhotra also funded Buddhist projects such as Columbia University's project to translate the entire Tibetan Buddhist Tengyur.[14]
Tibetan Buddhist tengyur edit
The Treasury of the Buddhist Sciences is series of books which hopes to eventually encompass the the entire Tibetan Tengyur. It is published by the American Institute of Buddhist Studies at Columbia University, under the supervision of Robert Thurman. According to Thurman, the project stalled for years until Malhotra provided funding:
Finally, in the year 2000, the founder of the Infinity Foundation in Princeton, New Jersey, Mr. Rajiv Malhotra, saw the relevance of the Treasury of the Buddhist Sciences to the recovery and presentation to the world of ancient India's classic Buddhist heritage, and the Foundation awarded the Institute, in affiliation with the Columbia University Center for Buddhist Studies, a publication grant to start the actual printing. In 2001, the Infinity Foundation joined with Tibet House US in another grant to engage the scholarly, administrative, editorial, and design services of Dr. Thomas Yarnall, to advance and complete the project.
Paralleling the Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana, the Buddha, in Anguttara Nikaya iv 45, links the three fires of the Śrauta system to idealized behavior.[15]
According to plaintiff attorney Monika Arora, she merely asked the publisher to delete errors in the book.[16] Arora says the publisher withdrew the book because they were afraid of facts being presented in court.[17]
- Ānantarika-karma: Words of My Perfect Teacher
- Pure Land
- Nussbaum
- nondualism
- Aryan migration
- Hinduism
- First bhumi
- sonia gandhi
- Reincarnation
- timeline
- IVC
- Tara
- Signal cross
- ADvaitaVedanta
- Upanishads
The goal and philosophy of the Vajrayāna remains Mahāyānist, but its means are seen as far more powerful, so as to lead to Buddhahood in just one lifetime.[18] The practice of using mantras, or sacred words of power, was adopted from Hinduism, where they were originally used in the Vedas.[19] Tibetan Buddhism preserves the Vajrayana teachings of eighth century India.[20] In the Tibetan tradition, practices can include sexual yoga, though only for some very advanced practitioners.[21]
Sharma et. al's studies of R1a1, dispute "the origin of Indian higher most castes from Central Asian and Eurasian regions, supporting their origin within the Indian subcontinent."[22] . Paralleling developments in Hinduism, the Buddha taught an internalization of the three-fire Śrauta system.[23] Buddhism originated in India, from where it spread through much of Asia. It declined in India during the middle ages, but left deep traces in Indian culture and religiosity.
- Sharma, Swarkar; et al. (2009), "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system" (PDF), Journal of Human Genetics, 54: 47–55, doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2, PMID 19158816
{{citation}}: line feed character in|title=at position 47 (help)
Anutpada is one of the important features of the Prajñāpāramitā Sutras and Madhyamaka.[note 6][note 7]
| traditional Sanskrit texts | Old European Indology / Colonialism | Modern post-colonial studies | Pollock |
|---|---|---|---|
| "pre-orientalist orientalism" / "pre-colonial orientalism" | orientalism | post-colonialism | post-orientalism |
| Oppressive hegemonic power structures | Inherits oppressive structures from Sanskrit | Incorrectly blames Europeans for oppressing Indians | Correctly assigns oppression to Sanskrit as a moral responsibility |
I already quoted Lubin above. And Lubin's whole point is that substitution is allowed in the Grhyasutra, and not allowed in the Srauta Sutras:
It is probably not possible to say how ancient this prescription is, but the fact that it has been accepted as belonging to the Grhyasutra proper and not relegated at least to the Paribhasa or Parisista-Sutra suggests that it may be a relatively early "vegetarian" option prefiguring the substitution by certain Maharasthrian Madhvas of animal forms shaped from dough (pistapasu) or pots of ghee (ajyapasu) for the animal victims in srauta rituals in recent centuries (a practice going back at least 6oo years) and the Kerala innovation of using rice folded into banana leaves for the same purpose. Such a radical substitution is not condoned in srauta ritual texts, even later ones such as the Trikandamandana of Bhaskara Misra (eleventh or twelfth centuries), with its long chapter on substitutions (pratinidhi), which does however condone the replacement of certain missing parts of the animal by ladles of ghee
In Samyutta Nikaya 111, Majjhima Nikaya 92 and Vinaya i 246 of the Pali Canon, the Buddha praises the Agnihotra as the foremost sacrifice and the Gayatri mantra as the foremost meter:
aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham. Sacrifices have the agnihotra as foremost; of meter the foremost is the Sāvitrī.[24]
- And page 86 of Homa Variations is not by Michael Witzel, nor about actual history. Its about a discourse of the Buddha criticizing animal sacrifice:
"The Buddha also criticizes the Brahmins for their decadence and failure to live in conformity with the Brahmanic legacy (dhamma) of the ancient Brahmins. In one of his discourses he tells an assembly of Brahmins that the ancient Brahmins lived in self-restraint and were ascetics. They had no cattle, no gold, and no wealth. They had study as their grain and wealth, guarded the holy life as their treasure, and praised morality, austerity and nonviolence. They performed sacrifices consisting of rice, barley and oil, but they did not kill the cows. However, eventually things have changed. The Brahmins saw the wealth and prosperity of the king, his cows and women, and they coveted his riches. They composed hymns and induced the king to sacrifice his wealth. The king consented, sponsored sacrifices, and bestowed wealth on the Brahmins. Once they received wealth, the Brahmins became overcome by greed and craved for more. This time, they induced the king to sacrifice his cows. The king complied and had thousands of cows killed in sacrifices. When the cows were slaughtered, the gods and forefathers protested against their slaughter as being against the Law (adhamma). The Buddha concludes his discourse by stating that the slaughter of innocent animals is unlawful and that those who perform bloody sacrifices deviate from the true Dhamma."
The Vedas were part of the curriculum at ancient universities such as Nalanda.[25][26]
The caste system in India is a system of social stratification[27] which has pre-modern origins and was transformed by the British Raj.[28][29][30][31] Caste identities have been reinforced by the Constitution of India which entitles a form of affirmative action called reservation.[32]
Use in German anti-Semitism edit
German indologists arbitrarily identified "layers" in the Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita with the objective of fueling European anti-Semitism via the Indo-Aryan migration theory.[33] This required equating Brahmins with Jews, resulting in anti-Brahmanism.[34]
Racial theorists paved the way for the idea that the Aryans were a white race who brought civilization and Sanskrit to India. This paved the way for the German Aryan identity. 25-6 Fair traits in northern Germany and Scandinavaian countries were viwed as proof that the German were pure blooded Aryans.32-33
References edit
- ^ Joan Taylor, Jewish Women Philosophers of First-Century Alexandria: Philo’s ‘Therapeutae’ Reconsidered (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). pgs. 322-40.
- ^ Joan Taylor, Jewish Women Philosophers of First-Century Alexandria: Philo’s ‘Therapeutae’ Reconsidered (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). pgs. 335-36.
- ^ Joan Taylor, Jewish Women Philosophers of First-Century Alexandria: Philo’s ‘Therapeutae’ Reconsidered (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). pgs. 335-36.
- ^ Mallinson, James (2011). Hatha Yoga Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol. 3 (pp. 770-781). Leiden: Brill.
- ^ Birch, Jason (2011). The Meaning of haṭha in Early Haṭhayoga Journal of the American Oriental Society 131.4.
- ^ Mallinson, James. 2007. The Khecarīvidyā of Adinathā. London: Routledge. pg.26-27.
- ^ a b Harvey 2013, p. 37.
- ^ Harvey 2013, p. 36.
- ^ a b Harvey 2013, p. 36-7.
- ^ James Mallinson (2014). The Yogīs’ Latest Trick. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 24, pp 165-180. doi:10.1017/S1356186313000734.
- ^ Nicholson 2010, p. 14.
- ^ Nicholson 2010, p. 65,78.
- ^ "Changes to Chapter 8 - Indra's Net". Indra's Net. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
- ^ Thurman, Robert (2004). The Universal Vehicle Discourse Literature : Mahāyānasūtrālaṁkāra. New York: Columbia University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-9753734-0-4.
- ^ Shults 2014, p. 121-129. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFShults2014 (help)
- ^ Supreme Court Lawyer Monika Arora Explains Lawsuit Against Wendy’s Book July 19, 2016.
- ^ Supreme Court Lawyer Monika Arora Explains Lawsuit Against Wendy’s Book July 19, 2016.
- ^ Harvey 2013, p. 189.
- ^ Harvey 2013, p. 180.
- ^ White, David Gordon (ed.) (2000). Tantra in Practice. Princeton University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-691-05779-6.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ Keown & Prebish 2004, p. 781.
- ^ http://www.nature.com/jhg/journal/v54/n1/pdf/jhg20082a.pdf
- ^ Shults, Brett (May 2014). "On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies. 6: 121–9.
- ^ Shults, Brett (May 2014). "On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts". Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies. 6: 119.
- ^ Frazier, Jessica, ed. (2011). The Continuum companion to Hindu studies. London: Continuum. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8264-9966-0.
- ^ Walton, Linda (2015). "Educational institutions" in The Cambridge World History Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 122. ISBN 978-0-521-19074-9.
- ^ *Berreman, Gerald D. (1972), "Race, Caste, and Other Invidious Distinctions in Social Stratification" (PDF), Race, 13, University of California, Berkeley: 389, doi:10.1177/030639687201300401
- ^ de Zwart (2000)
- ^ Bayly, Caste, Society and Politics (2001), pp. 25–27, 392
- ^ St. John, Making of the Raj (2012), p. 103
- ^ Sathaye (2015), p. 214
- ^ Kirk, Jason. "Chapter 2 India." In: An Introduction to South Asian Politics, edited by DeVotta, Neil. New York: Routledge, 2016. pp. 14.
- ^ Vishwa, Adluri. Bagchee Joydeep (2014). The Nay Science: A History of German Indology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 289–426.
- ^ Vishwa, Adluri. Bagchee Joydeep (2014). The Nay Science: A History of German Indology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 289–426.
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