User:Vegan416/sandbox/Animal stereotypes of Jews in Palestinian discourse
Animal stereotypes of Jews in Palestinian discourse edit
Bruneau, Emile; Kteily, Nour (2017-07-26). "The enemy as animal: Symmetric dehumanization during asymmetric warfare". PLOS ONE. 12 (7)
Kressel, Neil J. (2012). The Sons of Pigs and Apes: Muslim Antisemitism and the Conspiracy of Silence. Potomac Books
Normand, Linn (2016). Demonization in International Politics: A Barrier to Peace in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Springer
Black, Ian (2008-12-19). "Cartoon symbols of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". The Guardian
Oliver, Anne Marie; Steinberg, Paul F. (2006). The Road to Martyrs' Square: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press
הרט רחל, Rachel Hart (2014). "ביקורת פוליטית ואנטישמיות בקריקטורה הערבית: קריקטורות בעיתון פלסטין בשנת 1936, "המרד הערבי הגדול"" [Political criticism and anti-Semitism in Arab cartoons: cartoons in Falastin newspaper in 1936, "The Great Arab Revolt]. Kesher / קשר (in Hebrew) (46). Tel-Aviv University.
A lot of the secondary sources on which the article is based, especially those who make overview statements about the subject, use "Jews", "Israelis", "Israel" interchangeably. Therefore the article deals with "animal stereotypes" of both Jews and Israelis.
Here are some examples of these sources (the emphasis is mine):
Oliver, Anne Marie; Steinberg, Paul F. (2006). The Road to Martyrs' Square: A Journey into the World of the Suicide Bomber. Oxford University Press. pp. 101–102. During the Intifada, Israelis and Jews were commonly described in the media of nationalists and Islamists alike as animals—octopuses, dragons, monkeys, and so forth.
Gordon, Gregory (2018). "Freedom of Expression, Hate Speech, and Incitement to Terrorism and Genocide: Resonances and Tensions". In Bayefsky, A. F.; Blank, L.R. (eds.). Incitement to Terrorism. Brill. p. 20. The Palestinian Authority's outlets – and even children's shows and school curricula – have long called Jews snakes, monkeys, and pigs and called for the annihilation of Israel.
Black, Ian (2008-12-19). "Cartoon symbols of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". The Guardian. repulsive, hook-nosed Jews are portrayed as snakes or vampires;
The terms "animal stereotypes" or "dehumanization" are used to describe dehumanization of Jews as individuals or as a Jewish collective, e.g. the Jewish state or specific Jewish organizations or communities, as long as this is related to their Jewishness.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
https://www.jstor.org/stable/26581370
https://www.jstor.org/stable/i20140735
https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40081014
https://www.jstor.org/stable/i24268901
connection to antisemitism
genocide
Not humans
https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/The_Devil_That_Never_Dies/LRY1AQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT386
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5528981/
https://academic.oup.com/book/37362/chapter-abstract/331335701?redirectedFrom=fulltext
https://books.google.co.il/books?id=CPcFEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT535
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1745691620902133
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1745691620969657
https://books.google.co.il/books?id=P1rsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT238
Exploring attitudes and anecdotes from Palestinians living under military occupation sharply raises the question of how animal welfare and protection can be advanced when humans are suffering. "We are human beings" is perhaps the most common refrain from Palestinians facing humiliating treatment at the hands of a bored soldier at a checkpoint. And "animals" is the most frequent curse an angry Palestinian will hurl against the harsh behavior of Israeli soldiers and settlers. Johnson 2019, p. xvii. Johnson, Penny (2019). Companions in Conflict:Animals in Occupied Palestine. Melville House. ISBN 978-1-612-19743-2.
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834724? jpsr: kotek quote
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv21hrhpz.20 ihra
Animal similes by species edit
Monkeys and Pigs edit
Muhammad Abd Al-Ilah
https://palwatch.org/page/18579
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834644 jpsr
p. 122
Palestinian children have incorporated this language into their image of Jews. A girl on PA TV introduced herself as follows: "My name is Ala from Rafah. [I am] ten years old. Let the pigs and monkeys know and their leaders Sharon and Bush..."
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https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870795 jpsr: dogs, pigs and monkeys in refs
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44289822 jpsr: dogs, pigs and monkeys in refs
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https://palwatch.org/page/14950
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https://palwatch.org/page/32517
https://palwatch.org/page/35032
https://www.memri.org/tv/young-boy-recites-song-hamas-tv-jews-are-barbaric-apes-most-evil-creatures
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https://www.thejc.com/news/commons-voice-for-blood-libel-man-yqylzqhw
https://palwatch.org/page/34635
https://unwatch.org/suad-assi-unrwa-english-teachers-calls-zionist-jews-apes-and-pigs/
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Darwin
فلسطين ١لمسلمة
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Dogs edit
The slogan spread from Palestine to neighboring countries. In Syria and Lebanon in 1948 some crowds also chanted the slogan "Palestine is our land and the Jews are our dogs" at the Jews living there, sometimes as a precursor to riots.[9][10][11][12][13]
In 2009 the chant was used in a pro-Palestinian demonstration in Montreal.[14][15] In 2020 the chant (in Arabic) was captured on video in a pro-Palestinian demonstration in Ontario. The organizers issued an apology later. [16][17]
https://books.google.co.il/books?id=pi6LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49
https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/Arabs_and_Jews_in_Ottoman_Palestine/E4uFDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=palestinians+calling+jews+dogs&pg=PT39
https://www.memri.org/tv/hamas-tv-friday-sermon-calls-annihilate-jews-who-are-compared-dogs
https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/westernumirror/article/download/15961/12388/39201&ved=2ahUKEwj27sDq1d6FAxXS2wIHHWhBAD8QFnoECA8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw2zmJTeR_KW26Xc7Pi7b5xL = Wiebe, M. (2008). Extermination and Euthanasia: Animal Symbolism in Nazi Germany. The Mirror - Undergraduate History Journal, 28(1), 21–38, Western University Ontario. Retrieved from https://ojs.lib.uwo.ca/index.php/westernumirror/article/view/15961
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another source that explicitly links the slogan "Palestine is our land and the Jews are our dogs" with the fact that dog is a particularly grave insult in Islam
Text
https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/Crown_of_Aleppo/Rkjl28v4ZdAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA7
Footnote
https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/Crown_of_Aleppo/Rkjl28v4ZdAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA142
---
---
https://palwatch.org/page/18223
https://palwatch.org/page/34818
https://palwatch.org/page/34813
and it was sometimes directed also against the Christians, i.e. "Palestine is our land and Christians and Jews are our dogs"
--- zionist/jewish dogs
--
https://edition.cnn.com/2010/US/06/12/new.jersey.terror.suspects/index.html
https://njjewishnews.timesofisrael.com/adl-pleased-as-terror-suspects-plead-guilty/
--
-
In 2015 UN Watch claimed that a Palestinian UNRWA worker wrote in this facebook account “Stab Zionist dogs“ under an image of a man holding a knife in the colors of the Palestinian flag.[18][19]
https://unwatch.org/hani-al-ramahi-unrwa-employee-says-to-stab-zionist-dogs/
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2015-015570_EN.html?redirect
https://press.un.org/en/2015/db151016.doc.htm
-
https://www.ecaj.org.au/anti-jewish-incidents-in-australia-continue-to-rise-in-2022/
https://www.ynetnews.com/article/b1wtsscxa
Rats and Mice edit
In some Muslim traditions when the ancient Jews were turned into pigs and apes some of them were also turned into rats and mice (and also lizards and termites).[20][21][22]
https://palwatch.org/page/14669
---https://palwatch.org/home/search?q=rat&x=0&y=0#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=rat&gsc.page=1
https://palwatch.org/home/search?q=mice&x=0&y=0#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=mice&gsc.page=1
Rats and mice were an antisemitic trope that was used by the Nazis[23], including in propaganda broadcasts aimed at the Arab world.[24]
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https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/edinburgh-nus-delegate-calls-zionists-sub-human-rats/
https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c843jg4kp9jo.amp
https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/hkcdmxw19
https://palwatch.org/page/34851
https://palwatch.org/page/14693
https://www.cartoonmovement.com/cartoon/sewer-rats
https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/middle-east-siren-call-jews-genocide-in-pictures/
https://twitter.com/habibi_uk/status/1725167256076730685
Snakes edit
Snakes is a known antisemitic trope.[25][26][27][28][29] It is also used in Palestinian propaganda against Israel.[30][31]
Snakes are a known antisemitic trope.[32] It appeared on the cover of several editions of The Protocols of the Elder of Zion.[33]
Snakes are used in Palestinian propaganda against Israel.[34][35][36]
snake/dragon coiled around the world derived from antisemitic literature with an Islamic slant (reorder)https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/The_Road_to_Martyrs_Square/6OUJCAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=martyr+square+snake&pg=PR101&printsec=frontcover
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https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/18547/
https://palwatch.org/page/16172
https://palwatch.org/page/29344
https://palwatch.org/page/14226
Other biological forms edit
Germs edit
Viruses edit
Cancer edit
Haniyeh
https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/hamas-pm-haniyeh-calls-israel-cancer
Msahal
In 2006 Hamas Political Bureau chief Khaled Mashal called Israel a "cancer that must be pulled out by its roots."[37]
https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/deir-yassin-remembered-protests-nj-fundraiser-israeli-emergency-response-agency
https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/democracy-it-just-works/
https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/Israel_and_Its_Arab_Minority_1948_2008/or7VDAAAQBAJ?pg=PA172
Animals in general edit
https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83-00415R001300010018-6.pdf
https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/pdf/3323.pdf/
https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/report-pa-still-inciting-hatred
Vampires edit
Vampires are a known antisemitic trope.[38][39] Some scholars say that this trope was copied from classic European antisemitism into some parts of the Arab world.[40][41][42][43] Israel and Zionism are sometimes depicted in Palestinian sources as vampires. [44][45] Vampires are a known antisemitic trope.[46][47] Some scholars think that this trope was copied from European antisemitism into some parts of the Arab world.[48] Israel and Zionism are sometimes depicted in Palestinian sources as vampires.[relevant?][49][50] For example: In 2002 the General Union of Palestinian Students in the University of Manchester circulated a pamphlet describing the Jews as vampires, based on a pro-Nazi fabrication of a speech attributed to Benjamin Franklin.[51][52][53][54] In 2003 a cartoon of Shaul Mofaz, who was then the Israeli defense minister, with vampire's fangs dripping blood appeared in Al-Hayat El-Jadida.[55] In 2018 the same paper published an article saying that Gaza’s “enemies and the robbers of the land and the homeland are vampires".[56] In 2015 Manal Tamimi, a Palestinian activist who was included at the time in the UN list of "human rights defenders", posted on her Twitter account: “Vampire zionist [sic] celebrating their Kebore day [probably Yom Kippur] by drinking Palestinian bloods".[57][58]
https://palwatch.org/page/16879
https://palwatch.org/page/8953
Octopus/Kraken edit
Octopuses are a known antisemitic trope.[59][60][61][62] It appeared on the cover of several editions of The Protocols of the Elder of Zion (including one Arab translation).[63][64]
https://palwatch.org/home/search?q=octopus&x=0&y=0#gsc.tab=0&gsc.q=octopus&gsc.page=1
"The Palestine Case: an intolerable regime", Jaffa: The Palestine New Press, 1936
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/0031322X.1975.9969256 octopus image on arab protocols - lib
https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/pp12_with_milsons_corrections.pdf octopus image on arab protocols
https://archive.org/details/alaksaisindanger0000shra/page/52/mode/2up?q=octopus
https://jcpa.org/al-aksa-is-in-danger-libel/al-aksa-libel-forms-of-the-libel/
https://palwatch.org/page/14701
https://palwatch.org/page/8953
https://palwatch.org/page/3930
Worms edit
https://palwatch.org/page/4061
https://koha.birzeit.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=191358
https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2880360
Wolves edit
https://palwatch.org/page/18127
Hyena
https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/july-december-2014.pdf p 8
Arthropods (Insects, Spiders, Scorpions etc.) edit
https://palwatch.org/page/18127 scorpion
https://palwatch.org/page/16162 scorpion
https://palwatch.org/page/2171 scorpion
https://palwatch.org/page/30084 mosquito
Spiders
https://palwatch.org/page/13866
https://palwatch.org/page/1105
https://irr.org.za/media/israel-palestine-on-inflammatory-comments-and-hate-speech-politicsweb
Leeches edit
Moles edit
Lice edit
Crocodiles edit
https://palwatch.org/page/34352
Locust edit
https://palwatch.org/page/15359
https://www.impact-se.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Al-Fateh_Report_2009_final.pdf Al-Fateh
https://www.kas.de/en/web/israel/single-title/-/content/veraenderte-formen-der-aufhetzung
https://jcpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/INCITEMENT_TO_TERROR_Full_study.pdf
https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/Jews_Israel_and_Peace_in_the_Palestinian/Y8doGwAACAAJ?hl=en
https://www.google.co.il/books/edition/Jews_Israel_and_Peace_in_the_Palestinian/BwTxHAAACAAJ?hl=en
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https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/myths-and-facts-quotes
References edit
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Arab mob filled the square in front of the Great Synagogue and spilled out into the side streets, chanting, "Falestin beladna, we al Yehud kalabna," or "Palestine is ours, and the Jews are our dogs". The Arab citizens then stormed the synagogue and, with the soldiers' help, ransacked and burned it. (Footnote 14 in p 142: Dogs are considered unclean in Islam so calling someone a dog is a particularly grave insult).
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- ^ Guttman, Nathan (2015-10-20). "Are Palestinian UN Workers Glorifying Violence Against Israelis on Social Media?". The Forward. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
- ^ "UNRWA workers hail terror attacks on social media, NGO says". Times of Israel. 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Bland, Archie (2015-11-18). "Rats: the history of an incendiary cartoon trope". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
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- ^ Black, Ian (2008-12-19). "Cartoon symbols of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
repulsive, hook-nosed Jews are portrayed as snakes or vampires;
- ^ Gordon, Gregory (2018). "Freedom of Expression, Hate Speech, and Incitement to Terrorism and Genocide: Resonances and Tensions". In Bayefsky, A. F.; Blank, L.R. (eds.). Incitement to Terrorism. Brill. p. 20. ISBN 978-90-04-35982-6.
The Palestinian Authority's outlets – and even children's shows and school curricula – have long called Jews snakes, monkeys, and pigs and called for the annihilation of Israel.
- ^ Harkabi, Yehoshafat (1974). Arab Attitudes to Israel. John Wiley & Sons. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-470-35203-8.
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- ^ Keane, David (2008). "Cartoon Violence and Freedom of Expression". Human Rights Quarterly. 30 (4): 845–875. 'The category zoomorphism is described as a "very common theme throughout the world" with two of the predominant anti-Semitic zoomorphic motifs being "the blood-thirsty vampire and the octopus".'
- ^ Weinstock, Jeffrey (2001). “Circumcising Dracula: The Vampire as Anti-Semitic Trope”. Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 12: 95.
- ^ Dan, Peter (2009). "How Vampires Became Jewish". Studia Hebraica (9–10): 417–429. ISSN 1582-8158.
The dynamic of this new connection is similar to the previous vampire – Jew one: the negative feelings associated with Nazism are projected onto Israel and by extension, the Jews.
- ^ Kotek, Joël (2009). Cartoons and Extremism: Israel and the Jews in Arab and Western Media. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 61: "The Arab cartoonists revive the antisemyth [sic] of the Jew as a vampire in a heightened form. [..] This image, legacy of another age, is central to contemporary Arab-Muslim cartoons." p. 62 shows a cartoon of a vampire by Palestinian cartoonist Omayya Joha that appeared on 9 March 2003 in the Palestinian Authority newspaper Al-Hayat AL-Jadida.
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Many Arab cartoons praise suicide bombing or call for murder. To dehumanize Jews, Arab cartoonists often depict them as malevolent creatures: spiders, vampires, or octopuses. The collective image of the Jews thus projected lays the groundwork for a possible genocide.
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Jihadism has distinct resemblance to the features of fascism: [..] a virulent anti-Semitism which views Jews through vampire blood myths
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Mutual dehumanization is common between Palestinians and Israelis – the former call the latter pigs, dogs, infidels, and bloodsucking vampires, while the latter refer to the former as savage animals, primitives, and uncivilized or repugnant critters.
- ^ Black, Ian (2008-12-19). "Cartoon symbols of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
repulsive, hook-nosed Jews are portrayed as snakes or vampires;
- ^ Keane, David (2008). "Cartoon Violence and Freedom of Expression". Human Rights Quarterly. 30 (4): 845–875. 'The category zoomorphism is described as a "very common theme throughout the world" with two of the predominant anti-Semitic zoomorphic motifs being "the blood-thirsty vampire and the octopus".'
- ^ Dan, Peter (2009). "How Vampires Became Jewish". Studia Hebraica (9–10): 417–429. ISSN 1582-8158.
- ^ Dean, Mitchell (2007). Governing Societies. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). p. 151. ISBN 978-0-335-22967-3.
- ^ Gerteiny, Alfred G. (2007). The Terrorist Conjunction: The United States, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, and al-Qa'ida. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-275-99644-4.
Mutual dehumanization is common between Palestinians and Israelis – the former call the latter pigs, dogs, infidels, and bloodsucking vampires, while the latter refer to the former as savage animals, primitives, and uncivilized or repugnant critters.
- ^ Black, Ian (2008-12-19). "Cartoon symbols of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-04-25.
repulsive, hook-nosed Jews are portrayed as snakes or vampires;
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- ^ MacShane, Denis (2008). Globalising Hatred: The New Antisemitism. Hachette UK. p. 48.
- ^ Kotek, Joël (2009). Cartoons and Extremism: Israel and the Jews in Arab and Western Media. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-85303-752-1. (The cartoon by Omayya Joha appeared on 9 March 2003).
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