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Federal Republic of Jaznhujkel Janejdzkel Fedrale Republiek (Tejqarn) | |
|---|---|
| Motto: Larn Lifve tes Frijkes der tes Resjeqs! (in Tejqarn) Long Live the Fighters and the Peacemakers! | |
| Anthem: Farde tes Warent der Oiling (in Tejqarn)[a] | |
 Map of the archipelago of Janzhujkel | |
| Capital and largest city | Kerjgerl |
| Official languages | Tejqarn |
| Recognised national languages |
|
| Ethnic groups (2023) |
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| Religion (2023) |
|
| Demonym(s) | Jaznhujkelian |
| Government | Federal presidential republic |
• President of Jaznhujkel | Wlanst K. Lregjrek |
• Vice President of Jaznhujkel | Gabott Jeqreh |
| Legislature | National Congress |
| House of the National Body | |
| House of the People's Representatives | |
| Independence from the United States | |
• Treaty of Kerjgerl signed | 16 April 1949 |
• Declaration of Independence | 20 April 1949 |
• Constitution of Jaznhujkel established | 28 September 1949 |
| Area | |
• Total area | 9,249 km2 (3,571 sq mi) |
• Water (%) | 55.8 |
• Total land area | 4,080 km2 (1,580 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2023 estimate | 211,000 |
• Density | 51.7/km2 (133.9/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | Ɉ18,714,500 |
• Per capita | Ɉ86,290 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate |
• Total | Ɉ21,352,000 |
• Per capita | Ɉ92,215 |
| Gini (2023) |  28.6low |
| HDI (2023) |  0.807very high |
| Currency | Jaznhujkel jakl (Ɉ) (JKL) |
| Time zone | UTC−10 |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +693 |
| Internet TLD | .ja |
Jaznhujkel (Tejqarn: Janejdzkel),[b] officially the Federal Republic of Jaznhujkel (Tejqarn: Janejdzkel Fedrale Republiek),[c] is an island country in the Southern Pacific. It is located approximately 1,930 kilometres (1,200 miles) south of Rapa Iti, the nearest inhabited island and 3,930 kilometres (2,440 miles) southeast of New Zealand's North Island. With a total area of 9,249 square kilometres (3,571 sq mi), the country consists of an archipelago of 66 islands with several outlying islands and islets. It has a population of 211,000 people, most of whom live on the island of Plzjokr, where its capital and largest city, Kerjgerl is located at. Jaznhujkel is a federal republic and is comprised of six federal states and three autonomous territories: one federal district and two outlying territories.
Jaznhujkel has been inhabited by the Austronesians since at least 1,200 years ago (around 800 CE), whom came from present-day French Polynesia, when they first arrived at the island of Rabezrl in Western Jaznhujkel during the Austronesian expansion. They later brought sociocultural influences from Polynesia and Melanesia to the islands of Jaznhujkel. Those who settled were left unrecorded, which eventually led to the birth of a new civilization isolated from the rest of the Pacific.
European powers came to Jaznhujkel in the late 1700s, first by British explorers, led by James Cook during his second voyage. Several other European powers later settled and conquered the archipelago; first by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and then to Germany. During World War I, Jaznhujkel was captured by New Zealand and during World War II, it was annexed by Japan, turning it into an occupied territory until 1945, when they surrendered and handed the archipelago to the Allied powers. After its transfer, rebellious groups broke out revolting against their occupation. This led to the signing of the Treaty of Kerjgerl in 1949, which marks the independence and modernization of Jaznhujkel.
Jaznhujkel is considered as a middle power and a developed country, having the third-highest nominal GDP and third-highest PPP in Oceania. Its economy is mainly boasted by agriculture and tourism, backed by developing manufacture and forestry industries. It has a high life expectancy and ranks among one of the highest for quality of life. Jaznhujkel is a member of several international organizations, including the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, APEC, the Pacific Community, and the Pacific Islands Forum.
Etymology edit
The English name "Jaznhujkel" is a translation from the modern Tejqarn Janejdzkel, the native language of Jaznhujkel. The literal meaning is ambiguous, but concensus among modern historians links to "flourishing islands", from the Tejqarn word zanjed, meaning "abundant" and zekel, meaning "isle". The name has roots on the ancient Tejqarn term Yanekul, meaning "the isles of hope", which was used by early Austronesian settlers. This name alludes to the abundance of gold and copper found throughout the archipelago.
After discovering the archipelago on his second voyage, James Cook named and marked Jaznhujkel as "The Isolated Lands" on his map, due to its remote location on the Southern Pacific. During its colonization by Spain, Jaznhujkel was named Tierras aisladas, which was shortened into Tiesladas, meaning "isolated lands".
After its independence, the country was renamed to its native name Janejdzkel (Jaznhujkel) and officially Janejdzkel Fedrale Republiek (Federal Republic of Jaznhujkel) in Modern Tejqarn.
History edit
Early history edit
Jaznhujkel was first discovered and settled by Austronesians around 800 CE who came from neighboring islands in present-day French Polynesia. They carried the Lapita culture from Polynesia and Melanesia, which highly influenced the culture of modern-day Jaznhujkel. According to archaeological records, these settlers were unable to leave the islands due to natural phenomena and its remote location, hence forming a set of custom and traditions distinct from elsewhere in Polynesia, known as the Ryetkelian culture.
According to the Kuzuklanic Scripts, after its early settlement, Jaznhujkel was formed into a maritime empire ruled by Rayajaka'a I as the monarch. The kingdom was named the Plokersti Empire, which existed for approximately 300 years until a self-proclaimed state rebelled against the empire's rule and formed a new self-governing empire around the year 1120, named the Kleradaber Empire, ruled by Geijadlpala.
Since then, many kingdoms and states have been established on the islands, with the last being the Ryetkeli Empire. The Ryetkeli Empire was considered the precursor for the establishment of present-day Jaznhujkel, as it unified all of the islands in the country under one governance. It was also the longest existing and is considered the most successful empire of Jaznhujkel. The empire lasted until the Great Ryetkelian War broke out between the Ryetkelians and Tahitians from the Kingdom of Tahiti. The war started when Pomare I of Tahiti attempted to capture the islands in 1795. Tahitian forces successfully sacked the capital of Jaznhujkel in present-day Kerjgerl during the conflict. This turned Jaznhujkel into a protectorate of Tahiti for 9 years, until Spain annexed them and turned it into their colony.
European settlement and colonization edit
The first European power which came to Jaznhujkel was Great Britain in 1774, led by James Cook during his second voyage, though he may have passed one of the islands unknowingly during his first voyage to Tahiti in 1769. Cook commanded HMS Resolution while his colleague Tobias Furneaux commanded its companion ship, HMS Adventure. On September 1773, after departing from Tahiti, Cook and his crew sighted a piece of land they thought were Terra Australis, a hypothetical continent purported to be in the Southern Hemisphere. They would later realize that it was instead Jaznhujkel. They arrived and anchored their ships at Klyrted Bay, located on the island of Bagroz in northwestern Jaznhujkel. Cook and his crew considered this as a profound discovery, as the islands weren't marked on any maps yet at that time. Cook then drew a map of the Pacific, which includes the newly discovered Jaznhujkel Islands. He later named it "The Isolated Islands", due to its remote location in the Southern Pacific. He later broadcast this discovery to the British Admiralty when he and his crew returned to Great Britain in 1775.
After publishing his new map, the existence of the Jaznhujkel became widespread, which attracted a series of expeditions to Jaznhujkel among European explorers. The first of many were the Spaniards, who had attempted to colonize Tahiti in 1774. They attempted two expeditions: first in 1801, when they traded paper and porcelain brought from China for gold and silver around the western islands of Jaznhujkel. They also appointed missionairies, with the goal of spreading Christianity and converting the native population. The second expedition occurred in late 1803, when they further traded with locals, while initiating their attempt on colonizing and seizing control over the archipelago. In 1804, they colonized parts of the archipelago by building outposts around the main island of Plzjokr. This in effect turned Jaznhujkel into a colony of Spain and as part of New Spain.
In 1844, France arrived on Society Islands, an archipelago administered by the Kingdom of Tahiti. The French tried to take control over the islands, which sparked a conflict between French troops and local Tahitians, named the Franco-Tahitian War. The war lasted from 1844 until 1847, when France successfully defeated Tahiti; Tahiti became a French colony in 1847 following the Jarnac Convention. France was also keen to capture Jaznhujkel as they were close to Tahiti. They succeeded on capturing the archipelago in early 1847. Spain had not known about the ongoing invasion, but would later intervene when a crew of Spanish sailors landed there in late 1847. In subsquent action, Queen Isabella II of Spain ordered their troops to be deployed on the islands and declared war on France. The conflict lasted for three months and resulted in Spanish victory, which turned Jaznhujkel as a colony of Spain again.
Jaznhujkel remained a part of Spain until 1898, when they lost the Spanish–American War to the United States. Jaznhujkel was then sold to the German Empire as part of the 1899 German-Spanish Treaty. Jaznhujkel became the southernmost part and a de facto exclave of German New Guinea. In 1911, an estimated 10,000 Jaznhujkelians protested against Germany after an alleged corruption scandal involving Albert Hahl, the German New Guinean governor at that time. This resulted in an attempt to withdraw German rule from Jaznhujkel. After a series of protests waging across the territory, Jaznhujkel was given autonomy.
World War I & II edit
On August and September 1914, Australia launched attacks and invaded parts of the German-occupied Pacific Islands, including Jaznhujkel, acting as a prelude to their takeover of German New Guinea. These attacks were led by the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force. Though German garrisons had surrendered, they still possessed the islands of Jaznhujkel. On the following month, Germany launched multiple surprise attacks at Australian base camps and troops that were present on the islands, with the intention to deprive and force them to withdraw from the islands.
On 3 November 1914, Australia sought help from their allies, including New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and France to recapture the islands from Germany. It was later named "Operation Krustuklt". The siege occured with naval warfares that killed nearly 1,000 troops from both sides. By January 1915, nearly all parts of Jaznhujkel had been captured by Allied forces, with only the Gretyz Islands still in possession of German forces. The Battle of Gretyz occurred on 12 January in San Krotel Island and San Rogoba Island of the Gretyz Islands, which concluded in a decisive Allied victory. This marked the defeat of Germany in the Pacific during World War I.
After World War I ended, Jaznhujkel was affected by economic recessions and political instability due to mounting costs of reparations and financial reforms caused by the aftermath of World War I. This was further severed by the Great Depression which led to rapid inflation and price increases in the territory. In 1939 however, Jaznhujkel received steady economic reforms mainly from Allied funds, which accelerated their economy and turned them into one of the richest territories in the Pacific at the time.
On 4 March 1942, Japan invaded the Jaznhujkel from Allied forces, which resulted in the Battle of Reklpz that lasted for 2 weeks. The battle was mainly led by the Australian Army, which also involved Jaznhujkel and other Allied countries. On 18 March, the battle ended with Japanese victory, due to the overwhelming dominance of Japanese forces and strength on the islands. This also prompted the Ryetkeli Operation: a series of land, naval, and air counter-attacks against the Japanese across the Jaznhujkel archipelago.
On 30 March 1942, the Allies planned a military campaign to overthrow Japan. On April 1942, Great Britain and the United States deployed four naval ships and six military aircrafts accompanied with troops on Brijazan Island with the intention of spying on Japanese forces and ambushing them. Australian forces started attacking Japanese troops, knocking them back. However, the Japanese charged with a counter-attack and Australian forces ended up trapped and were forced to surrender.
At the end of 1942, Allied forces launched air attacks on Japanese forces on the islands of Brijazan, San Krotel, San Rogoba, and several small islands of the Inner Jaznhujkelian Islands, which effectively devastated them. Several more air raids and land attacks were launched on the following months, until the final attack on 12 February 1943, when Australian and American forces fully got rid of Japanese forces from Jaznhujkel. During the final two years of World War II, Japanese forces tried to recapture the islands multiple times, with little to no success. From 1943 until 1945, Jaznhujkel was a de jure protectorate of Australia under British control.
Independence edit
Following Japanese surrender on 2 September 1945, Japan handed Jaznhujkel to the Allied powers as an overseas territory of the United States. The then President of the United States Harry S. Truman appointed Ablir Kazon as the governor of Jaznhujkel from 1945 until 1947, when a series of protesters revolted against Jaznhujkel's planned inclusion to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Initially, President Truman wanted to include Jaznhujkel into the Trust Territories following the ratification of UN Security Council Resolution 21, which sought to administer the islands in a United Nations Trusteeship System. This plan never came into effect in Jaznhujkel.
Since the 1947 protests, Jaznhujkel had no official government and were only administered by the United States as a de facto puppet state. The highest de facto governing body during that time was the People's Delegation Council, comprised of 12 representatives, each from a municipality in Jaznhujkel. On 1 January 1949, Jaznhujkel proposed a referendum to declare independence from the United States.
On 16 April 1949, a treaty was signed by Jaznhujkelian representatives from the People's Delegation Council and U.S. president Harry Truman named the Treaty of Kerjgerl, which promises Jaznhujkel full independence and sovereignty, with a condition that the country must ratify the Mutual Defense and Cooperation Treaty Between the United States and Jazhujkel, which states that both countries will defend each other in case of a foreign attack. The treaty was effective for 30 years, from its ratification in 1949 until its expiry in 1979.
On 20 April 1949, Jaznhujkel declared independence from the United States. The Constitution of Jaznhujkel was written by Antonin Kerjgerl and Mittar Pesart, two of the representatives from the People's Delegation Council who also became the first president and vice president of Jaznhujkel, respectively. On 28 September, the constitution was signed and promulgated across the country.
Post-independence edit
After gaining independence in 1949, Jaznhujkel was formed into a federal republic with Antonin Kerjgerl and Mittar Pesart appointed as the first president and vice president of Jaznhujkel, in which they would form their governing cabinet as the 1st Kerjgerl Cabinet. After Kerjgerl's death in 1970, a new cabinet was sworn in with Kerjgerl's son, Antonin Kerjgerl Jr. serving as president. His presidency saw protests on the soaring prices of gas and everyday needs which led to his resignation in 1977.
In 1980, Jaznhujkel was hit by an economic recession which plummeted the country's economy by 30 percent. The loses came from the country's main economic income, including the agricultural and fishery sectors. During that time, Jaznhujkel had to rely on the importation of goods from other countries, mainly in Oceania, such as Tonga, Samoa, Australia, and New Zealand. In 1985, Jaznhujkel formally joined the United Nations. On the same year, they also joined the Pacific Islands Forum and Pacific Community. From the 1990s onward, the country has experienced economic and population growth, and transitioned into a predominantly industrial nation, with efforts currently underway to develop a sustainable energy source.
Geography edit
Jaznhujkel is comprised of an archipelago made of 66 main islands, with several smaller islands and islets outside of it. Out of the 66 main islands, only 15 are permanently inhabited. The country has a land area of 4,080 square kilometres (1,580 sq mi) and a total area of 9,249 square kilometres (3,571 sq mi). Jaznhujkel has an exclusive economic zone of around 836,000 square kilometres (323,000 sq mi), which ranks 34th largest in the world and 9th largest in Oceania.
Jaznhujkel's terrain is mostly flat, forested, and is arable for agriculture. Mountain ranges are present in the northeastern islands, with the highest point being Mount Berulj on the island of Galzon, which rises at 1,863 metres (6,112 ft) tall. The country also has many rivers and bodies of water, with the longest being Hareike River; it flows 255 kilometres (158 mi) through the island of Plzjokr. Many national parks and nature reserves have been established on the Jaznhujkel archipelago, with several of them preserving endangered flora and fauna endemic to the country.
Climate edit
The climate of Jaznhujkel is mainly temperate. According to the Köppen climate classification, Jaznhujkel has a tropical monsoon climate around the northern parts of the country and an oceanic climate on the rest of the archipelago, while the northeastern islands have a subpolar oceanic climate due to its mountainous terrain.
Jaznhujkel has a low precipitation year-round, with summers having mostly dry weathers. Snowfall occurs occasionally around the islands, mainly in the north and south. Rainy seasons also occur around the islands, typically after the end of December, especially the Habezjt Islands and Gretyz Islands, which experiences more rain than most of the other islands due to its tropical and humid climate. The Southern Islands experiences more extreme weathers, being able to reach temperatures below −5 °C (23 °F) during winters.
The average monthly temperature of the islands range from around 6 °C (43 °F) to 23 °C (73 °F). The coldest temperature ever recorded was −17 °C (1 °F) on the southernmost town of Tiwezrl on Mrektj Island, while the hottest temperature ever recorded was 41 °C (106 °F) on Rateqjabl City located on Klarjakl Island.
Biodiversity edit
Jaznhujkel is divided into 3 ecoregions, each with its own unique flora and fauna distribution: the Inner Archipelagic moist forests, the Southern subpolar forests, and the Northeastern forested mountains. The Inner Archipelagic forests consists of the Inner Jaznhujkelian Islands, including the Habezjt and Gretyz Islands. The Southern subpolar forests include the Southern island chain and the Northeastern forested mountains include the Northeastern Islands.
Jaznhujkel is known for its wildlife abundance, home to thousands of plant and animal species. There are at least 900 species of animal across the archipelago, with 455 known species of birds, 310 species of reptiles, 126 species of amphibians, and 64 fish species. There are also around 400 plant species across the country. Many of those species are endemic only to Jaznhujkel due to its geographic isolation. The red-eyed tree frog, specifically the Jaznhujkel variant, is native only to the rainforests of Jaznhujkel, which is also the national animal of the country.
Animals that inhabit the archipelago include the cutthorat trout, Polynesian starling, Pacific kingfisher, Polynesian ground dove, tokay gecko, Australian pelican, orca, and several species of seabirds, spiders, and frogs. In addition, some penguins inhabit the southern islands of the country, with the chinstrap penguin being most widespread. Plants and fungi that grow on the country include palm trees, Cynometra ramiflora, Thespesia populnea, Coprinellus micaceus, Ramariopsis kunzei.
Environmental issues edit
Since the late 20th century, Jaznhujkel has been impacted by pollution and deforestation due to global industrialization. In the 1950s, forests covered around 70% of the entire land area. Since then, forest coverage across the country has decreased by 30% due to its conversion into many urban planning. During the rapid industrialization in the country, several lumber industries logged many of the country's forests, which caused several environmental issues, such as soil erosion, higher volumes of flooding during rainy seasons, and habitat destruction, which contributes to biodiversity loss.
Water pollution is also a major issue in Jaznhujkel, as the country produces large amounts of industrial and household waste. Due to this, many water sources in the country are contaminated and is inconsumable. Many cases of illegal fishing in protected marine areas occur across the country. Up to 20% of corals in atolls and reefs suffer from coral bleaching. Jaznhujkel is also effected by sea level rise, which is caused by climate change; due to this, parts of islands and atolls are worried to be submerged underwater in the upcoming decades.
Many efforts have been made to handle the current environmental problems, some of which include reforestation programs, wildlife conservation, and mangrove plantings. As of 2022, around 60,000 trees have been planted across the forests in the country, with efforts from multiple environmental groups and a governmental program led by the Ministry of Environment and Health. There are also 15 registered national parks and nature reserves used for protecting conservation areas. Over 500 endangered species of wildlife are protected on many of those reserves. Jaznhujkel is a member of several environmental intergovernmental organizations, such as Alliance of Small Island States and Pacific Regional Environment Programme, as well as some environmental agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement.
Government and politics edit
Jaznhujkel is a federal presidential republic. The fundamental and basis principal of the country is protected under its constitution. The country's government is divided between the federal and each state's regional government. The federal government is separated into three branches: the legislature, comprised of the House of the National Body (upper chamber) and the House of the People's Representatives (lower chamber), which together makes up the Congress; the executive, comprised of the president and vice president; and the judiciary, comprised of the Supreme Court and other federal courts.
The House of the National Body has 64 seats, with each state having ten seats. Two seats are for the federal district (the Kergjerl Federal District), and one additionally for each of the outlying territories. The National Body is elected directly through proportional representation every four years. The House of the People's Representatives has 85 members, each one representing an electoral district and are elected every two years directly using the PR system, similar to the National Body.
The president is the head of state and government, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Jaznhujkel Armed Forces. The president is responsible on enforcing and implementing the laws created by the Congress, create and dissolve government cabinets, and appoint cabinet members with the approval of the National Body, among many things. The president and vice president is elected every five years directly using the two-round system. The current president is Wlanst K. Lregjrek, which was elected on 4 October 2021.
Administrative divisions edit
Jaznhujkel is a federal state made up of six states, one federal district, and two outlying territories. The federal district and two of the territories have a devolved power, which grants them a higher degree of autonomy from the rest of the country. Jaznhujkel is divided into 36 districts (terkjep) and are divided further into 77 municipalities (gertumj).
| Administrative division | Capital | Type | Land area (km2) |
Population (June 2022) |
Population density
(km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ejertuz | Silpzazs | State | 1,827 | 38,750 | 21.2 |
| Gretyz | San Lartyz | State | 156 | 9,410 | 60.3 |
| Habezjt | Kartzburl | State | 129 | 7,580 | 58.7 |
| Ijarez Islands | Ijarez | Territory | 44 | 580 | 13.1 |
| Kerjgerl | Kerjgerl | Federal district | 58 | 34,445 | 593.8 |
| Ralejzisk | Rateqjabl | State | 1,343 | 45,560 | 33.9 |
| Tarejzwaql | Klamarej | State | 322 | 9,440 | 29.3 |
| Yuzakriulit Islands | Yuzarejtuk | Territory | 26 | 285 | 10.9 |
| Zarekelizuj | Karjeziluj | State | 175 | 7,350 | 42.0 |
| Total | – | – | 4,080 | 153,400 | 37.5 |
Law and crime edit
Jaznhujkel uses the civil law system. The Supreme Court of Jaznhujkel is the highest court of the country, which contains 15 justices. The chief justice along with 14 other justices, exercises and overturn laws with the power of judicial review. They are elected by the Congress every five years. There are one federal court for every district[d] of the country; there is also a court for both of the territories, namely the district and territorial court respectively.
There are many specialized courts in the country, which handle cases for specific issues. The Jaznhujkel Court of Appeal is the appellate court and the second highest court of the country.
Crimes are uncommon in Jaznhujkel, with petty crime being the most prevalent. Shoplifting and pickpocketing are the most common types of crime committed in the country. According to the Jaznhujkel Crime Statistics Bureau, there are 51 criminal acts reported on the first half of 2022 on the country, with an estimated criminal act rate of 1.97 crimes per week.[e] As of 2022, Jaznhujkel has a crime rate of 33.4 per 100,000 people, a 24 percent decrease from a decade earlier. Criminal activity in the country has been decreasing over a period of decades, due to efforts made by the government on developing many social policies on education and welfare.
Rehabilitation programs are enforced for those convicted of petty crime, which is the reason of Jaznhujkel's relatively low prison population. Imprisonment is imposed only to criminals that have been trialed and found guilty to major crimes, such as homicide or drug trafficking. Prison education programs are also enforced on all prisons across the country. As of June 2022, there are 122 prisoners in Jaznhujkel, with the incarceration rate of around 79.5 per 100,000 people, which places Jaznhujkel as the second lowest country with incarceration rate in Oceania, just behind the Marshall Islands.
Capital punishment was practiced in Jaznhujkel for decades from its independence up until it was abolished in 2022. Since then, the worst punishment a convict can receive is life imprisonment.