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User:Unflavoured/Mecca Riots

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{{Multiple issues|disputed=September 2008|POV=September 2008}} The 1987 Mecca Massacre, also known as the 1987 Mecca Riot,[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] occurred on July 31, 1987. The riots started as demonstrations by Iranian pilgrims, but escalated to a violent confrontation between the Iranian pilgrims and Saudi guards, resulting in a deadly stampede. The total death toll was reported by Saudi officials to be 402 people: 275 Iranian pilgrims, 85 Saudi guards and 42 pilgrims from other countries.[11]

Background edit

thumb|200px|A scan of a photo taken of the riot. There is a long history of tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab had initiated the destruction of various religious burial sites in Hejaz, and King Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud continued with this initiative, destroying parts of the Shiite-revered burial site of Al-Baqi' in 1925. This caused outrage in Iran, with the Iranian government calling for the ouster of ibn Saud, and banning Iranians from performing the pilgrimage in 1927.[12] In 1943, an Iranian pilgrim was beheaded based on Saudi charges that he brought excrement inside the Great Mosque on his garment. Iran lodged a formal protest, and suspended pilgrimage until 1948.[13]

For years, Iranian pilgrims had tried to stage demonstrations called "Distancing Ourselves from Mushrikīn" (برائت از مشرکين) in the Muslim holy city of Mecca during the hajj.[14] These demonstrations had their origins in 1971, when Ruhollah Khomeini instructed his Shiite followers to distribute political messages when performing their pilgrimage.[15] Even though a few Iranians were arrested for this act, the Saudi officials were generally apathetic, as they did not view these political messages to be a threat to the Saudi royalty.[16] The practice of distributing political messages, which were mainly criticism of the United States and Israel, as well as pro-Western governments, continued up until the year 1981.

In 1981, this was escalated into openly chanting political slogans in the Masjid al-Haram and the Prophet's Mosque, two of the holiest sites in Islam, resulting in violent clashes with Saudi security and one death.[17] In the following years, both sides tried to calm the situation: Khomeini urged his followers to maintain peace and order, not to distribute printed political material, and not to criticize Muslim governments. In return, Saudi officials reversed their earlier position and allowed two separate demonstrations to take place: One in Mecca, and the other in Medina.[18]

By 1986, the situation was calm enough for Saudi officials to re-open the sealed al-Baqi' cemetery for Shiite pilgrims, and in response, Khomeini’s representative formally thanked the Saudi King for the gesture.[19] However, on that same year, Iranian radical Mehdi Hashemi was accused of smuggling explosives on an airplane headed for Saudi Arabia, renewing Saudi fears.[20] Further adding to the tensions were the demands made by Mohammad Mousavi Khoeiniha in 1987 to allow the Iranian pilgrims to hold their demonstrations within the Great Mosque itself, and without the presence of security guards.[21] Khoeiniha had been earlier appointed as the supervisor and personal representative of Ayatollah Khomeini for Hajj affairs, but had been earlier expelled from Saudi Arabia in 1982.[22] Even though Mehdi Karrubi, who was Khomeini’s official pilgrimage representative that year, tried to assure Saudi officials that the demonstrations would take place in the usual manner and in the agreed routes, it did little to quell the Saudi fears.[23]

Before the demonstrations started, Khomeini instructed the Iranian pilgrims to maintain peace and remain civil during the pilgrimage.[24]

Demonstrations edit

On Friday July 31, 1987, the demonstration by Iranian pilgrims against the "enemies of Islam" (including the U.S. and Israel), started amid heightened security. The march was uneventful until towards the end of the planned route, where the demonstrators found their way blocked by Saudi riot police and National Guardsmen. At this point, some of the Iranians began to call for the demonstrations to press ahead and continue to the Great Mosque. While this was happening, unidentified persons began harassing the Iranian pilgrims by throwing bricks and other objects at them from a nearby location. These factors exacerbated the situation, escalating it into a violent clash between the Iranian pilgrims and Saudi security, with the Saudis reportedly using truncheons and electric prods and the Iranians using knives and clubs.[25]

The Saudi security reportedly opened fire on the demonstrators, a charge which Saudi officials deny. The rioting, and the resulting stampede caused a reported 402 dead (275 Iranians, 85 Saudis including policemen, and 42 pilgrims from other countries) and 649 wounded (303 Iranians, 145 Saudis and 201 other nationals).[26]

The details of the riot are controversial. Iranian officials maintain that the Saudis had fired on the protesters without provocation, and that the demonstrations had been peaceful. Saudi officials insist that no shots were fired, and that all deaths were caused by the melee and stampede.[27]

Aftermath edit

When news of the riot and the casualties reached Iran the following day, mobs attacked the Kuwaiti and Saudi embassies in Tehran, the two countries that were allied with Iraq in its war against Iran.[4] The following day, over a million Iranians gathered in Tehran calling for the overthrow of the regime in Saudi Arabia, with Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called for Muslims to avenge the pilgrims' deaths by overthrowing the Saudi royal family.

The Saudi government blamed the riot on the Iranian pilgrims and claimed that the Iranian pilgrim riot had been part of a plot to destabilize their rule.

Both sides took additional measures to bolster their position on the issue. Saudi Arabia severed ties with Iran and reduced the number of permitted Iranian pilgrims to 45,000, down from 150,000. Iran boycotted the Hajj for three years, from 1988 to 1990.[28]

In 1991, Iran and Saudi Arabia renewed diplomatic relations after coming to an agreement to allow Iranian pilgrims to perform the Hajj once more. The total number of pilgrims was set at 115,000, and the demonstration was allowed to be held, but only in one specific location granted by the Saudis. Under this agreement, Iranian pilgrims continued their annual demonstration in the 1990s and 2000s with few or no incidents. They limited their rally to within the confines of their compound in Mecca.[29]

See also edit

References & notes edit

  1. ^ Behind Mecca Riot: An Iran Trying to Bolster Its Power and Intimidate U.S., The New York Times
  2. ^ "...in the Mecca riots of 1987 (402 dead)..." The Seattle Times
  3. ^ "Pilgrims killed in Mecca riots"The Straits Times, 2 August 1987
  4. ^ "Experts say the Mecca riots are..." Chicago Tribune, August 09, 1987
  5. ^ "Iran Says Saudis Used Guns at Mecca Riots; Saudis Accused of Withholding 90 Bodies" The Washington Post, August 17, 1987
  6. ^ "The Mecca riots were..." The Iran-Iraq War: chaos in a vacuum
  7. ^ "Aftermath of Mecca Riots"
  8. ^ "Mecca riot, believed begun by Iranian pilgrims, reviewed." ABC Evening News for Monday, Aug 03, 1987
  9. ^ "The Mecca Riots" Middle East contemporary survey, Volume 11
  10. ^ "The 1987 Mecca Riots" Saudi Arabia: government, society, and the Gulf crisis
  11. ^ "According to official Saudi figures, 402 people died in the clash, including 275 Iranian pilgrims, 85 Saudi police, and 42 pilgrims from other countries." Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East, page 190
  12. ^ "...the Iranian government refused to recognize Ibn Sa‘ud’s rule... ...in 1927, with a decision by Iran to forbid the pilgrimage to its nationals..." Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East, page 164/165
  13. ^ "In 1943, a Saudi religious judge ordered an Iranian pilgrim beheaded for allegedly defiling the Great Mosque with excrement supposedly carried into the mosque in his pilgrim’s garment..." Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East, page 165
  14. ^ [1]
  15. ^ "In 1971, several Iranians were arrested in Mecca for distributing a message to Muslim pilgrims from one Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini" Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East, page 182
  16. ^ "After 1971, hardly a year passed during which some Iranians did not distribute a similar message from Khomeini to Muslim pilgrims. The effort usually met with Saudi apathy, for the Saudis did not regard this preaching as directed against themselves." Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East, page 182
  17. ^ "large demonstrations, resulting in violent clashes with Saudi police, first took place in 1981, when Iranian pilgrims began to chant political slogans in the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina and the Great Mosque in Mecca. Saudi security forces acted against the Iranians in both mosques, and a subsequent clash in the Prophet’s Mosque resulted in the death of an Iranian pilgrim" Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East, page 183
  18. ^ "Khomeini’s pilgrimage representative was permitted to organize two pilgrims’ rallies, the first in Medina and the second in Mecca, in areas removed from the holy mosques in each city. A number of understandings restricted the form and content of these demonstrations. Iran’s pilgrims were not to import or display printed matter and posters of a political nature, and their slogans were to be directed only against the U.S., the Soviet Union, and Israel. Other Muslim governments and the host government were not to be criticized." Religious Radicalism and Politics in the Middle East, page 186
  19. ^ "In 1986, in a concession to Iran’s pilgrims, Saudi authorities allowed them access to the cemetery itself, and Khomeini’s representative to the pilgrimage formally thanked Saudi King Fahd for permitting the return of Shi‘ite pilgrims to the venerated site." Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East
  20. ^ "Hashemi has been accused of sending explosives into Saudi Arabia on a charter airplane full of pilgrims to the Moslem shrines at Mecca" Orlando Sentinel
  21. ^ "All we ask is that the Saudi government not oppose this, nor send its guards to the Great Mosque. Let us see what happens. We will try it for one year" Middle East contemporary survey, Volume 11, page 172
  22. ^ "Prominence in the 1980s" PBS.
  23. ^ [2]
  24. ^ [3]
  25. ^ "Apparently, some within the crowd of Iranian pilgrims chose this moment to echo Khoiniha’s provocative demand, and called upon the marchers to continue to the Great Mosque. At the same time (or perhaps even earlier), unidentified persons in an adjacent parking garage began to pelt the Iranian demonstrators with bricks, pieces of concrete, and iron bars." Religious radicalism and politics in the Middle East, page 189.
  26. ^ K. McLachlan, Iran and the Continuing Crisis in the Persian Gulf. GeoJournal, Vol.28, Issue 3, Nov. 1992, p.359; also, "400 Die as Iranian Marchers Battle Saudi Police in Mecca; Embassies Smashed in Tehran," New York Times, 8/2/87
  27. ^ "...Bandar said had been shown in full on Saudi television and made available to other governments, shows that "not one bullet was fired" by Saudi security forces... ...Iran contends that Saudi security forces fired without provocation on Iranian pilgrims demonstrating peacefully against the United States, the Soviet Union and Israel." Los Angelos Times, August 07, 1987: Saudis Report Broad Support for Mecca Policy : Envoy Says Heads of 40 Nations Hail Tough Stand Against Iranian Rioters
  28. ^ "The Three-Year Boycott" Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East
  29. ^ "An Understanding Renewed?" Arab Awakening and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East
  1. ^ "Iranian Official Urge 'Uprooting' of Saudi Royalty", The New York Times, August 3, 1987
  2. ^ "Gulf Tensions Rise", The New York Times, August 2, 1987

External links edit

Massacre of Iranian pilgrims Category:History of Iran Category:Mecca Category:Riots and civil disorder in Saudi Arabia Mecca Massacre, 1987 Category:Hajj Category:Protests in Saudi Arabia Category:Massacres committed by countries

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