German |
Russian |
Bulgarian[1]
|
a |
а (but at the end of a word, following i, я is used: Bavaria → Бавария)
|
aa |
а (Aachen → Ахен)
|
ae |
transcribed like ä when it stands for that letter; otherwise, transcribed like a + e |
depending on pronunciation
|
ai |
ай (Mainz → Майнц)
|
ay |
ай
|
ä |
е after consonants, э after vowels and at the beginning of a word |
е
|
äu |
ой (historically also ей: Bäumler → Беймлер) |
ой
|
b |
б
|
c |
as к (Calw → Кальв) or ц (Celle → Целле) depending on pronunciation |
as к or ц depending on pronunciation
|
ch |
х (or, in loanwords, ш, ч, к etc. based on pronunciation) (Chiemsee → Кимзе, historically also Химзе or Химское озеро) |
к at the start of the word (Chiemsee → Кимзе); х after vowels (Achim → Ахим)
|
chh |
хг (traditionally), or хх (modern variant)[2][3] (Hochhuth → Хоххут; Eichhorn → Айххорн) |
хх if ch and h belong to different morphemes (Hochheim → Хоххайм)
|
chs |
кс, when pronounced as x, otherwise transcribed like ch + s
|
ck |
к, or between vowels (and always, according to the rules for transcribing geographic names)[4] кк (Boris Becker → Борис Беккер) |
к
|
d |
д
|
e |
е after consonants, э after vowels and at the beginning of a word (Erfurt → Эрфурт) |
е
|
ee |
like e (Spree → Шпре)
|
ei |
ай
|
eu |
ой (Neumünster → Ноймюнстер) (historical;y also ей: Neumann → Нейман) |
ой
|
ey |
ай
|
f |
ф
|
g |
г (in loanwords, before e, i, y, sometimes ж or дж based on pronunciation) |
г
|
gk |
гк (Woldegk → Вольдегк) |
?
|
h |
х, when pronounced: Herne → Херне; Dietharz → Дитхарц; omitted when silent: Ehenfeld → Ээнфельд, Lahr → Лар (historically also transcribed with г) |
х at the start of a word or morpheme; otherwise not transcribed
|
i |
и at the beginning of a word or after consonants, й after vowels
|
ie |
и when e indicates a long i, ие when divided between two syllables (Marienberg → Мариенберг)
|
j |
й at the end of a syllable; at the beginning of a word or between vowels, ja → я, jä → е, je → е, jo → йо, jö → йё, ju → ю, jü → йю; after consonants: ja → ья, jä → ье, je → ье, jo → ьо, jö → ьё, ju → ью, jü → ью; when between parts of a compound word, then ъ instead of ь |
depending on the following vowel: ja → я; je, jä → йе (only at the start of the word or after a vowel, otherwise: е); ju, jü, jui → ю
|
k |
к
|
l |
л before vowels, ль before consonants or at the end of a word (exceptions include Karl → Карл); after l, u becomes ю instead of у (Ludwigsburg → Людвигсбург) |
л
|
ll |
лл except between consonants and vowels; at the end of a word -ь is appended (exceptions include Rheinmetall → Рейнметалл) |
л
|
m |
м
|
n |
н (but -mann → -ман)
|
o |
о
|
oe |
transcribed like ö when it stands for that letter; otherwise, transcribed like o + e |
transcribed like ö when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a long o then transribed as о: Coesfeld → Косфелд; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed like o + e: Buchloe → Бухлое
|
oo |
о (Koopmann → Копман)
|
ö |
э at the beginning of a word, otherwise ё (Österreich (as a last name) → Эстеррайх) |
ьо after a consonant, otherwise йо
|
p |
п
|
ph |
ф |
ф, unless divided by a syllable boundary: Diepholz → Дипхолц
|
qu |
кв (Querfurt → Кверфурт) |
?
|
r |
р
|
s |
з for /z/, с for /s/: Sassnitz → Засниц, Kiste → Кисте |
likewise: з at the start of the word or if between vowels (or between a vowel and a sonorant), in all other cases: с
|
sch |
ш
|
sp |
шп at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwise сп
|
ss |
сс or с (when ss stands for ß, then с), unless divided between two syllables: Ludwigsstadt → Людвигсштадт |
s unless at morpheme boundary
|
st |
шт at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwise ст: Rostock → Росток |
щ at the beginning of a word (including inside compound words), otherwise ст
|
ß |
с
|
t |
т, but the suffix -tion → -цион
|
tsch |
ч (unless divided between two syllables, in which case тш: Altschul → Альтшуль) |
ч
|
tz |
тц between vowels, otherwise ц (Ratzeburg → Ратцебург) |
ц: Рацебург
|
u |
у
|
ue |
transcribed like ü when it stands for that letter; otherwise, transcribed like u + e: Adenauer → Аденауэр |
transcribed like ü when it stands for that letter; if it stands for a long u then transribed as у: Buer → Бур; if the two letters form separate syllables, then transcribed like u + e: Adenauer → Аденауер
|
ü |
и at the beginning of a word, otherwise ю (Neumünster → Ноймюнстер, Uelzen → Ильцен) |
ю
|
v |
ф when pronounced like f; в when pronounced like w
|
w |
в (Wagner → Вагнер)
|
x |
кс
|
y |
и at the beginning of a word and after consonants (even when pronounced as ü) (Bad Pyrmont → Бад-Пирмонт), й after vowels; as a consonant, ya → я (Yanina Wickmayer → Янина Викмайер)
|
z |
ц
|
zsch |
ч (unless divided between two syllables, in which case цш: so, Delitzsch → Делич, but Nietzsche → Ницше)
|