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User:Tyingmyshiu/sandbox

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Taste receptors edit

Most taste buds on the tongue and other regions of the mouth can detect umami taste, irrespective of their location. The tongue map in which different tastes are distributed in different regions of the tongue is a common misconception. Biochemical studies have identified the taste receptors responsible for the sense of umami as modified forms of mGluR4, mGluR1, and taste receptor type 1 (T1R1 + T1R3), all of which have been found in all regions of the tongue bearing taste buds.[1][2][3] These receptors are also found in some regions of the duodenum.[4] A 2009 review corroborated the acceptance of these receptors, stating, "Recent molecular biological studies have now identified strong candidates for umami receptors, including the heterodimer T1R1/T1R3, and truncated type 1 and 4 metabotropic glutamate receptors missing most of the N-terminal extracellular domain (taste-mGluR4 and truncated-mGluR1) and brain-mGluR4."[5]

Receptors mGluR1 and mGluR4 are specific to glutamate whereas T1R1 + T1R3 are responsible for the synergism already described by Akira Kuninaka in 1957. However, the specific role of each type of receptor in taste bud cells remains unclear. They are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with similar signaling molecules that include G proteins beta-gamma, PLCB2 and PI3-mediated release of calcium (Ca2+) from intracellular stores.[6] Calcium activates a so-called transient-receptor-potential cation channel TRPM5 that leads to membrane depolarization and the consequent release of ATP and secretion of neurotransmitters including serotonin.[7][8][9][10]

Cells responding to umami taste stimuli do not possess typical synapses, but ATP conveys taste signals to gustatory nerves and in turn to the brain that interprets and identifies the taste quality via the gut-brain axis.[11][12][13]

Affects on Health edit

Umami is seen as a possible way for humans to adjust their caloric intakes by using the benefits of umami satiation and low sodium to eat healthier. It is also seen as a way to regulate appetite, either by satisfying the palate or satiating it for those who need stimulation. The lack of umami taste could decrease caloric intakes, which could lead to poor health.[4] For those who are older, aging, or sick, adjusting the umami levels in food can help to increase salivation due to the gustatory-salivary reflex. [4] This increases the ability to dissolve the components of food, which increases the appeal of the food. This helps those who are struggling to eat have a stronger appetite through the enjoyment of their food. [14] However, constant umami stimulation could lead to the deactivation of umami taste perception. [15] The satisfying affects of the umami taste could also lead to the overconsumption of food, which could lead to obesity. [15]

In regards to those who are aging, sodium can often be a cause for worry in many foods. Umami allows for a reduced salt content in food, which helps those who suffer from high blood pressure. [16] Without sacrificing the taste of food, salt can be reduced for those who need it. Currently, this is not a widespread tactic for food, as most elderly in nursing homes have regulated salt intakes while their glutamate intakes do not coincide accurately. In Japan, where umami would arguably be considered the most mainstream, salt intakes of those in nursing homes ranges from (361-1516mg/100g), while glutamate intake ranges from (16-697mg/100g).[17]

Bibliography:

  • [4]
    • Patients were fed umami deficient food, to which they complained of being hungry, which also correlated with weight loss. This lead to poor health in the patients.
    • Umami stimulation increases salivary flow rate because of the gustatory-salivary reflex.
    • Loss of appetite in the elderly is common, as gustatory function diminishes with age.
    • Patients with the loss of umami taste also exhibited poor health.
    • T1R receptors express the umami taste. They are not only found on the tongue, but also in the duodenum.
    • An umami taste test was developed by this group, which could be used to indicate normal and abnormal umami taste sensations.
    • MSG was used to simulate the umami sensation.
    • Improvements were made to the elderly patients umami sensitivity. This also increased the patients appetites, as well as overall health.
    • Umami induces salivation in humans.
  • [15]
    • Constant umami stimulation could cause deactivation of the umami taste.
    • It can also lead to the overconsumption of food, and therefore obesity.
  1. ^ Chaudhari N, Landin AM, Roper SD (February 2000). "A metabotropic glutamate receptor variant functions as a taste receptor". Nature Neuroscience. 3 (2): 113–19. doi:10.1038/72053. PMID 10649565. S2CID 16650588.
  2. ^ Nelson G, Chandrashekar J, Hoon MA, Feng L, Zhao G, Ryba NJ, Zuker CS (March 2002). "An amino-acid taste receptor". Nature. 416 (6877): 199–202. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..199N. doi:10.1038/nature726. PMID 11894099. S2CID 1730089.
  3. ^ San Gabriel A, Uneyama H, Yoshie S, Torii K (January 2005). "Cloning and characterization of a novel mGluR1 variant from vallate papillae that functions as a receptor for L-glutamate stimuli". Chemical Senses. 30 Suppl 1 (Suppl): i25–26. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh095. PMID 15738140.
  4. ^ a b c d Sasano, Takashi; Satoh-Kuriwada, Shizuko; Shoji, Noriaki (2015-01-26). "The important role of umami taste in oral and overall health". Flavour. 4 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/2044-7248-4-10. ISSN 2044-7248.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Thomas E. Finger, ed. (2009). International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste, Volume 1170. Hoboken, NJ: The Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
  6. ^ Kinnamon SC (February 2012). "Taste receptor signalling – from tongues to lungs". Acta Physiologica. 204 (2): 158–68. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.2011.02308.x. PMC 3704337. PMID 21481196.
  7. ^ Pérez CA, Huang L, Rong M, Kozak JA, Preuss AK, Zhang H, Max M, Margolskee RF (November 2002). "A transient receptor potential channel expressed in taste receptor cells". Nature Neuroscience. 5 (11): 1169–76. doi:10.1038/nn952. PMID 12368808. S2CID 9010248.
  8. ^ Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J, Mueller KL, Cook B, Wu D, Zuker CS, Ryba NJ (February 2003). "Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways". Cell. 112 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0. PMID 12581520. S2CID 718601.
  9. ^ Dando R, Roper SD (December 2009). "Cell-to-cell communication in intact taste buds through ATP signalling from pannexin 1 gap junction hemichannels". The Journal of Physiology. 587 (Pt 24): 5899–906. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.180083. PMC 2808547. PMID 19884319.
  10. ^ Roper SD (August 2007). "Signal transduction and information processing in mammalian taste buds". Pflügers Archiv. 454 (5): 759–76. doi:10.1007/s00424-007-0247-x. PMC 3723147. PMID 17468883.
  11. ^ Torii K, Uneyama H, Nakamura E (April 2013). "Physiological roles of dietary glutamate signaling via gut-brain axis due to efficient digestion and absorption". Journal of Gastroenterology. 48 (4): 442–51. doi:10.1007/s00535-013-0778-1. PMC 3698427. PMID 23463402.
  12. ^ Clapp TR, Yang R, Stoick CL, Kinnamon SC, Kinnamon JC (January 2004). "Morphologic characterization of rat taste receptor cells that express components of the phospholipase C signaling pathway". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 468 (3): 311–21. doi:10.1002/cne.10963. PMID 14681927.
  13. ^ Iwatsuki K, Ichikawa R, Hiasa M, Moriyama Y, Torii K, Uneyama H (October 2009). "Identification of the vesicular nucleotide transporter (VNUT) in taste cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 388 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.069. PMID 19619506.
  14. ^ Mouritsen, Ole G.; Styrbæk, Klavs; Mouritsen, Jonas Drotner; Johansen, Mariela (2014). Umami: Unlocking the Secrets of the Fifth Taste. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/mour16890.14#metadata_info_tab_contents.
  15. ^ a b c Zhang, Yin; Zhang, Longyi; Venkitasamy, Chandrasekar; Pan, Zhongli; Ke, Huan; Guo, Siya; Wu, Di; Wu, Wanxia; Zhao, Liming (2019-07-05). "Potential effects of umami ingredients on human health: Pros and cons". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 60 (13): 2294–2302. doi:10.1080/10408398.2019.1633995. ISSN 1040-8398.
  16. ^ Mouritsen, Ole G.; Styrbæk, Klavs; Mouritsen, Jonas Drotner; Johansen, Mariela (2014). Umami: Unlocking the Secrets of the Fifth Taste. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/mour16890.14#metadata_info_tab_contents.
  17. ^ Mouritsen, Ole G.; Styrbæk, Klavs; Mouritsen, Jonas Drotner; Johansen, Mariela (2014). Umami: Unlocking the Secrets of the Fifth Taste. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/mour16890.14#metadata_info_tab_contents.
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