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User:The Gentle Daffodil/sandbox

Warfare edit

Main articles: Unmanned combat aerial vehicle, Loitering munition, Unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle, Miniature UAV, Micro air vehicle, and Target drone
 
A Baykar Bayraktar TB2 of the Ukrainian Air Force armed with MAM-L; two ground control stations in the background

With extensive cost reductions and advancements in the UAVs technology, the defense forces around the globe are increasingly using these for various applications such as surveillance, logistics, communication, attack and combat.[1][2][3]

As of 2020, seventeen countries have armed UAVs, and more than 100 countries use UAVs in a military capacity.[4] The global military UAV market is dominated by companies based in the United States, Turkey,[5][6] China,[7] and Israel. By sale numbers, the US held over 60% military-market share in 2017. Top military UAV manufactures are including General Atomics, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Boeing, Baykar,[8][6] TAI[citation needed], CASC and CAIG.[9] China has established and expanded its presence in military UAV market since 2010. Turkey also established and expanded its presence in military UAV market.[5][8][6] Of the 18 countries that are known to have received military drones between 2010 to 2019, the top 12 all purchased their drones from China.[9] Israeli companies mainly focus on small surveillance UAV systems and by quantity of drones, Israel exported 60.7% (2014) of UAV on the market while the United States export 23.9% (2014); top importers of military UAVs are the United Kingdom (33.9%) and India (13.2%). The US alone operated over 9,000 military UAVs in 2014.[10] General Atomics is the dominant manufacturer with the Global Hawk and Predator/Mariner systems product-line.

For intelligence and reconnaissance missions, the inherent stealth of micro UAV flapping-wing ornithopters, imitating birds or insects, offers potential for covert surveillance and makes them difficult targets to bring down.

UAVs are used for reconnaissance, attack, demining, and target practice.

Ukraine and 2022 Russian invasion edit

 
A Bayraktar TB2 of the Ukrainian Air Force armed with MAM-L; two ground control stations in the background

As a part of its military modernization program the Armed Forces of Ukraine purchased 12 Bayraktar TB2s in 2019.[11][12] After successful testing of the aircraft, the Ukrainian Navy made a separate order for 6 Bayraktar TB2s, set to be delivered in 2021, according to navy officials.[13] Meanwhile, Turkish and Ukrainian officials announced the establishment of a joint venture to produce 48 additional Bayraktar TB2s in Ukraine.[14] The first batch of the Bayraktar TB2 complex was delivered to the Navy in July 2021.[15]

During a Russian military buildup in Crimea and near Ukraine's borders, a Bayraktar TB2 conducted a reconnaissance flight over the Donbas region on 9 April 2021. This was the first operationalization of the aircraft by Ukrainian Forces within an active conflict zone.[16][17] In October 2021, a Bayraktar TB2 drone was used for the first time in combat during the war, targeting a Russian separatist artillery position, destroying a D-30 howitzer, and halting the bombardment of Ukrainian troops near Hranitne.[18]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Bayraktar TB2 drones have been used by Ukraine’s armed forces against Russian forces and equipment.[19][20] In January prior to the invasion, the spokesperson for the air force command Lt. Col. Yuri Ignat confirmed that "Ukraine has approximately 20 Bayraktar drones, but we will not stop there".[21]

On 24 February, the day of invasion, the People's Militia of the Luhansk People’s Republic claimed it shot down two TB2 drones near the city of Luhansk.[22] On 27 February, Ukraine’s air force confirmed two strikes by TB2 on Russian convoys in the Kherson and Zhytomyr regions.[23] According to video footages of different occasions released by the armed forces, TB2 drones successfully destroyed Russian command posts, towed artilleries such as 2A65 "Msta-B", military vehicles including a tank; armored vehicles including BMD-2; different types of trucks, surface-to-air missile systems including Buk, Pantsir, Tor; electronic warfare system and multiple rocket launcher (MLRS) such as BM-27 Uragan.[19][20][23][24] The drone also reportedly destroyed two Russian fuel trains.[25] The chief of Ukraine’s air force Lt. Gen. Mykola Oleshchuk called the UAV system "life-giving".[26] On 2 March, Ukrainian defense minister Oleksii Reznikov announced the arrival of additional TB2 drones.[27]

The popularity of the drone in Ukraine led to a song, Bayraktar being written about the drone while throwing insults at the Russian army and the invasion.[28]

  1. ^ Motwani, Sachin (September 2020). "Tactical Drone for Point-to-Point data delivery using Laser-Visible Light Communication (L-VLC)". 2020 3rd International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet). Marrakech, Morocco: IEEE: 1–8. doi:10.1109/CommNet49926.2020.9199639. ISBN 978-1-7281-8704-4. S2CID 221846385.
  2. ^ Vergouw, Bas; Nagel, Huub; Bondt, Geert; Custers, Bart (2016), Custers, Bart (ed.), "Drone Technology: Types, Payloads, Applications, Frequency Spectrum Issues and Future Developments", The Future of Drone Use: Opportunities and Threats from Ethical and Legal Perspectives, Information Technology and Law Series, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, pp. 21–45, doi:10.1007/978-94-6265-132-6_2, ISBN 978-94-6265-132-6, retrieved 2021-06-21
  3. ^ "unmanned aerial vehicle | Definition, History, Types, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  4. ^ Horowitz, Michael C. (2020). "Do Emerging Military Technologies Matter for International Politics?". Annual Review of Political Science. 23: 385–400. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032725.
  5. ^ a b "Strengthening Turkish Policy on Drone Exports". Carnegie Endowment for International. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b c "Turkey's defense industry targets more than $4 billion in exports this year: Official". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  7. ^ "Combat drones in China are coming to a conflict near you". www.intelligent-aerospace.com.
  8. ^ a b "Turkish defence industry grows as Akinci UCAV signs first export deal". TRTWORLD. 23 January 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  9. ^ a b "Market for Military Drones will Surge". 27 October 2016.
  10. ^ Arnett, George (16 March 2015). "The numbers behind the worldwide trade in UAVs". The Guardian.
  11. ^ "Ukraine to buy five more Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones in 2021". Daily Sabah. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  12. ^ Axe, David (9 April 2021). "Ukraine Might Field A Drone Strike Force—And It Could Knock Out Russian Tanks". Forbes. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  13. ^ "Ukrainian Navy to receive Turkey's Bayraktar TB2 UAVs this year". Ukrinform.net. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  14. ^ "Ukrainian Navy Will Receive Turkish Bayraktar TB2 Drones This Year". Thedefensepost.com. 28 January 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bay1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ "Ukraine flies its first Turkish-made armed drone over Donbas". Aerotime.aero. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  17. ^ "Ukraine flies first Turkish-made strike drone over Donbas". Unian.info. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  18. ^ "Ukrainian Military Deploys Turkish-made Bayraktar Drone in Donbas". Defense World Net. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  19. ^ a b "Ukraine posts videos it says show Bayraktar drones blowing up Russian armor, further cementing their heroic status". Business Insider. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  20. ^ a b "Defending Ukraine - Listing Russian Army Equipment Destroyed By Bayraktar TB2s". Oryx. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference AlM was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ "Ukraine's Turkish-made Bayraktar drones shot down – Russia". Aero Time Hub. 24 February 2022.
  23. ^ a b "Ukraine credits Turkish drones with eviscerating Russian tanks and armor in their first use in a major conflict". Business Insider. 28 February 2022.
  24. ^ "Ukraine's Secret Weapon Against Russia: Turkish Drones". Time. 1 March 2022.
  25. ^ "A cheap drone is giving Ukraine's military an edge against Russia". Quartz. 3 March 2022.
  26. ^ "Ukraine Says It Used Turkish-Made Drones to Hit Russian Targets". Wall Street Journal. 27 February 2022.
  27. ^ "Ukraine receives new batch of Bayraktar TB-2 drones from Turkey". Aero Time Hub. 2 March 2022.
  28. ^ Kornhaber, Spencer (2022-03-10). "The Military Weapon That Has Become a Musical Touchstone in Ukraine". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
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