EVERYTHIN IN THIS ARTICLE IS TRUE AND ACCURATE. I WILL FIND SOURCES FOR THE CONTENTS. I WILL SPEND THREE DAYS ON THIS AFTER THE ARBCOM CASE
Fulani herdsmen are nomadic cattle herders and patoralist who often parade cattle in search of grazing pasture.[1][2] They are common in West African countries including Nigeria, Niger, Senegal and Cameroon.[3]
In Cameroon, they live on the hill of Mezam highlands, in Mezam division of the North West region. During the raining season, they move to the top of the mountain because the lowlands are flooded and the uplands have enough pasture for grazing. When the raining season is over, they move to the river valleys where there are enough pasture for grazing.[4] In Niger, they are found in the northern region during the winter and in the southern region during the dry season alongside the Tuareg who breeds goat and sheep[5] In Nigeria, they are found in Lokoja and during a period of low rainfail, they move theie cattle to the bank of River Niger.[6] They are mostly found in Northern Nigeria and other Tse-Tse fly free states of Nigeria[7][8][9]
There two categories of Fulani herdsmen in Nigeria; the semi-nomadic and the nomadic herders who lives in the bush. The nomadic Fulani herdsmen have been linked with numerous communal conflicts in Nigeria. In 2014, the Global Terrorism Index report confirmed the death of 1200 people by Fulani herdsmen.[10]
Source of Income edit
Cattle rearing and diary products are their major sources of income and livelihood. Their social prestige are often measured by the size of the Cattle herd[11] Fulani herdsmen herds different species of cattle. The species includes Zebu, Dwarf Ndama, Biu, Kuri, Red Bororo or Rehaji, Shuwa that is common in Lake Chad basin and White Fulani or Bunaji. Fulani herdsmen prefer the White Fulani to others.[12] Keteku and Muturu are found in Nigeria. Muturu is a non-zebu while Keteku is a product of a cross between Zebu and Zuturu.[13] The dwarf Ndama cattle is commonly herd in Fouta Djallon and Casamance. It is more resistant to trypanosomiasis and other conditions directly associated with high humidity.[14]
but the zebu cattle is the most common in the West African hinterland because of its drought resistant traits. The dwarf Ndama cattle is commonly herd in the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance as result of their resistant to trypanosomiasis and other conditions directly associated with high humidity.
Mezam highland is found in Mezam division of the North West region of Cameroon as seen
the Fulani and Bororo herdsmen move to the mountains and the native to the hill sides where they erect Kraals, inhabit and carry out farming
[15][2] Cattle rearing and diary products are their major sources of income and livelihood and their social prestige are often measured by the size of the Cattle herd[16]
Cattle rearing and diary products are their major sources of income and their wealth are often measured by the size of the Cattle herd being the most treasured animal they herd.[18][19]
The nomadic herdsmen
Fulani men who are traditionally Nomadic, herders and sometimes traders.[20]
They are predominantly herders and pastoralist and are often seen parading with their cattle in search of grazing pasture. They are common in West African countries including Nigeria, Niger, Senegal and Cameroon. The Fulani Herdsmen settled in the Western High Plateau of Bamenda, highlands of the Jos Plateau as well as Adamawa Plateau of Nigeria and the Cameroons.[21] Due to modern civilization, some of the herdsmen now live in towns an cities but a vast majority of them are still either live a fully nomadic, or semi-nomadic life.[22]
Source of Income edit
Cattle, goat and sheep trading is their primary source of income and livelihood. Their wealth and riches are often measured by the size of the Cattle herd being the most treasured animal they herd.[23] Traditionally, the herdsmen often loaned a cow (habbanaya) to another until she calves and after weaning the calf, the cow is returned to its owner. These herdsmen herds several species of cattle species of cattle, but the zebu cattle is the most common in the West African hinterland because of its drought resistant traits. The dwarf Ndama cattle is commonly herd in the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance as result of their resistant to trypanosomiasis and other conditions directly associated with high humidity.[24]
Residence edit
Fulani herdsmen does not have a permanent residence but traditionally, they live in domed houses called "Suudu hudo" or "Bukkaru" built from grasses. During the dry season, it is often supported with compact millet stalk pillars, and by reed mats held together and tied against wood poles, in the wet or rainy season.[25][26] The advantage of the "Bukkaru" house is that it is mobile, easy to set up and dismantle as a typical house of nomadic societies. When it is time to relocate, the houses are dismantled and loaded onto a camel, horses, donkeys and sometimes cattle for transport.[26][27] In recent times several herdsmen now live in mud or concrete block houses.[28]
References edit
- ^ Nzeh, Emeka (2015). "T h e E ffe c ts of Migration by Nomadic Farmers in the Livelihoods of Rural Crop Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria" (PDF). Globa l Journal of Science Frontier Research : D Agriculture and Veterinary. 15 (3(1)): 9. ISSN 2249-4626. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
- ^ a b Mrietus, Tenuche; Olarenwaju, Ifatimehin (September 2009). [www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJPSIR/article-full-text-pdf/1A553A540459[%5b%5bPredatory publishing|predatory publisher%5d%5d] "Resource conflict among farmers and Fulani herdsmen: Implications for resource sustainability"]. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations. 3 (9): 360–364. ISSN 1996-0832. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ Kwasi, Gyan-Apenteng (18 November 2011). "The Fulani Menace that could save our Country". Ghana: Ghana web. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
{{cite news}}:|archive-date=requires|archive-url=(help) - ^ Ngwatung, Afungang. "Erosion, mass movement and landscape dynamics in the Mezam Highlands of Cameroon". academia.edu. 1st International Meeting – Geography & Politics, Policies and Planning. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^ Fuglestad, Finn (2016). "Niger" (Online). Encyclopedia britannica. Encyclopedia britannica. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
- ^ Lizzie Williams; Mark Shenley (2012). Nigeria. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 252–. ISBN 978-1-84162-397-9.
- ^ Ducrotoy, Marie J.; Bertu, Wilson J.; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Gusi, Amahyel M.; Bryssinckx, Ward; Welburn, Sue; Moriyón, Ignacio (24 July 2014). "Brucellosis as an Emerging Threat in Developing Economies: Lessons from Nigeria". PLoS Negleted Tropical Diseases. 8(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0003008. PMC 4109902.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Jos Plateau". Encyclopedia britannica. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ Chiegeonu Aga. Nigeria: State by State. Lulu.com. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-1-105-86432-2.
- ^ Mikailu, Naziru (28 April 2016). "Nigeria's Buhari orders crackdown on Fulani cattle raiders". Africa: BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
- ^ I.S, Usman; A.A, Girei; A, Saliu (April 2015). "Study on Indigenous Control Methods o f Helminthosis in Cattle by Nomadic Cattle Fulani's i n Adamawa State, Nigeria" (PDF). American Research Journal of Agriculture. 1 (2). ISSN 2378-9018. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ Graham Connah (19 February 1981). Three Thousand Years in Africa: Man and His Environment in the Lake Chad Region of Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-0-521-22848-0.
- ^ Financial costs of disease burden, morbidity and mortality from priority livestock diseases in Nigeria. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). 29 July 2013. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-92-9146-320-6.
- ^ "Proceedings of the FAO expert consultation on the genetic aspects of trypanotolerance". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISSN 0254-6019. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Nzeh, Emeka (2015). "The E ffects of Migration by Nomadic Farmers in the Livelihoods of Rural Crop Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria" (PDF). Globa l Journal of Science Frontier Research : D Agriculture and Veterinary. 15 (3 (1)). ISSN 2249-4626. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
- ^ I.S, Usman; A.A, Girei; A, Saliu (April 2015). "Study on Indigenous Control Methods o f Helminthosis in Cattle by Nomadic Cattle Fulani's i n Adamawa State, Nigeria" (PDF). American Research Journal of Agriculture. 1 (2). ISSN 2378-9018. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ Gaffey, Conor (20 April 2016). "Nigeria's Herdsmen and Farmers Are Locked in a Deadly, Forgotten Conflict". News Week. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ Hamzat, Ajibola (8 January 2016). "Menace of Fulani herdsmen". Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "Need to address Boko Haram, Fulani herdsmen crises". The Nation Newspaper. 26 March 2016. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "Guinea". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ "DAGRIS". Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
- ^ "Courtship by the river as cows return home - Arts and Culture". africareview.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
- ^ Chris Caldicott (1996-11-02). "Take me to the river - Travel". The Independent. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
- ^ 15 November 2012 (2012-11-15). "Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): a celebration of greener pastures". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic (1986), p. 7, books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ: "The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'"
- ^ a b "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
- ^ "Association of Concerned Africa Scholars " Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan". Concernedafricascholars.org. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
- ^ Schlee, Gunther; Watson, Elizabeth, eds. (2013-10-15). "Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands". ISBN 9781845459635.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)