Edits for HPA Axis Edits:
(Underneath Stress and Development Section)
Chemical Stress During Development
Not only do stressful events disrupt HPA axis development, but certain chemical exposures can as well. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), well studied among hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroidal (HPT) steroid axes[1], are the chemicals also responsible for affecting HPA axis health. There are many points along the HPA axis leading to cortisol production that can be disrupted through chemical interactions. Targets can include enzymes, receptors, or cells of specific organs related to cortisol production[2].
HPA axis disruption and pathologies is difficult to track regarding trace environmental chemical exposure, but alcohol and tobacco are examples of exposures that affect this axis in often unpredictable ways [3][2]. Results of alcohol consumption and other drugs often heighten or dampen HPA responses dependent on developmental stage of exposure, whether prenatal, neonatal, adolescent, or otherwise[4].
Although there is evidence of chemical exposures affecting both HPG and HPT axes during critical life stages, more evidence is necessary regarding the HPA axis. Similar to early life stressors, chemical exposures before full maturity can affect overall neural development of the HPA axis[5].
- ^ Gore, Andrea C. (2010). "Neuroendocrine targets of endocrine disruptors". Hormones (Athens, Greece). 9 (1): 16–27. ISSN 1109-3099. PMC 2896297. PMID 20363718.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals - 2012 : an assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disruptors prepared by a group of experts for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and WHO. Bergman, Åke., Heindel, Jerrold J., Jobling, Susan., Kidd, Karen A., Zoeller, R. Thomas., World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: United National Environment Programme. 2013. ISBN 9789241505031. OCLC 840840540.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Odermatt, Alex; Gumy, Christel (2008-11-15). "Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid action: why should we consider influences by environmental chemicals?". Biochemical Pharmacology. 76 (10): 1184–1193. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.019. ISSN 1873-2968. PMID 18765234.
- ^ Rachdaoui, Nadia; Sarkar, Dipak K. (2013-9). "Effects of Alcohol on the Endocrine System". Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America. 42 (3): 593–615. doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.008. ISSN 0889-8529. PMC 3767933. PMID 24011889.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Gore, A. C.; Chappell, V. A.; Fenton, S. E.; Flaws, J. A.; Nadal, A.; Prins, G. S.; Toppari, J.; Zoeller, R. T. (2015-12). "EDC-2: The Endocrine Society's Second Scientific Statement on Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals". Endocrine Reviews. 36 (6): E1–E150. doi:10.1210/er.2015-1010. ISSN 0163-769X. PMC 4702494. PMID 26544531.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)